Articles | Volume 10, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
06 May 2014
Review article |
| 06 May 2014
Physical forcing and physical/biochemical variability of the Mediterranean Sea: a review of unresolved issues and directions for future research
P. Malanotte-Rizzoli
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
V. Artale
ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Centri ricerca Frascati e Roma, Rome, Italy
G. L. Borzelli-Eusebi
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
S. Brenner
Department of Geography and Environment, Bar llan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
A. Crise
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
M. Gacic
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
N. Kress
National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
S. Marullo
ENEA, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Centri ricerca Frascati e Roma, Rome, Italy
M. Ribera d'Alcalà
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
S. Sofianos
University of Athens, Division of Environmental Physics, Ocean Physics and Modeling Group, Athens, Greece
T. Tanhua
GEOMAR Helmholz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
A. Theocharis
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
M. Alvarez
Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Calle del Corazon de Maria 8, Madrid 28020, Spain
Y. Ashkenazy
Department of Solar Energy & Environmental Physics, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
A. Bergamasco
CNR ISMAR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Venice, Italy
V. Cardin
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
S. Carniel
CNR ISMAR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Venice, Italy
G. Civitarese
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
F. D'Ortenzio
Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, UMR7093, Villefraneche-sur-mer, France
J. Font
Institut de Ciencies del Mar – CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
E. Garcia-Ladona
Institut de Ciencies del Mar – CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
J. M. Garcia-Lafuente
Physical Oceanography Group University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
M. Gregoire
Universite de Liege – Laboratoire d'Oceanologie – Centre MARE, Liege, Belgium
D. Hainbucher
University of Hamburg – Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg, Germany
H. Kontoyannis
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
V. Kovacevic
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
E. Kraskapoulou
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
G. Kroskos
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
A. Incarbona
Universita di Palermo, Dipartimenti di Geologia & Geodesia, Palermo, Italy
M. G. Mazzocchi
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
M. Orlic
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science Andrija Mohoroviviv Geophysical Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
E. Ozsoy
Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Turkey
A. Pascual
Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudio Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Balearic Islands, Spain
P.-M. Poulain
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, Trieste, Italy
W. Roether
University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
A. Rubino
Universita Ca' Forscari di Venezia, Venice, Italy
K. Schroeder
CNR ISMAR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Venice, Italy
J. Siokou-Frangou
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
E. Souvermezoglou
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
M. Sprovieri
CNR IAMC, Unita Operativa di Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy
J. Tintoré
Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudio Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Balearic Islands, Spain
G. Triantafyllou
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Sounio Ave., P.O. Box 712, Athens, Greece
Related authors
No articles found.
Beatrice Giambenedetti, Nadia Lo Bue, and Vincenzo Artale
Ocean Sci., 20, 1209–1228, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a simplified model to investigate how changes in abyssal stratification can impact the propagation of vortices in the ocean. Although abyssal stratification is typically considered stable, observations have shown that this is not always a good approximation. We found that changes in deep stratification can introduce variability into the patterns of the vortices. Despite the assumptions made in our model, our results are supported by seafloor observations in the Ionian Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Antonio Sánchez-Román, Flora Gues, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ananda Pascual, and Marie Drévillon
State Planet, 4-osr8, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-4-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the changing pattern of the Gulf Stream over the last 3 decades as observed in the altimetric record (1993–2022). Changes in the Gulf Stream path have an effect on its speed (and associated energy) and also on waters transported towards the subpolar North Atlantic, impacting Europe's climate. The observed shifts in the paths seem to be linked to variability in the North Atlantic Ocean during winter that may play an important role.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Malek Belgacem, Katrin Schroeder, Siv K. Lauvset, Marta Álvarez, Jacopo Chiggiato, Mireno Borghini, Carolina Cantoni, Tiziana Ciuffardi, and Stefania Sparnocchia
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-365, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-365, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Having consistent dissolved Oxygen (O2) data is crucial for understanding the health of our oceans. By monitoring O2 levels, we can spot changes in water quality. Reliable data helps scientist and policymakers make informed decisions to protect marine environments, ensuring practices that benefit both wildlife and people. The Mediterranean Sea is particularly sensitive to climate change. O2WMED dataset- a compilation of data that provides a clear picture of O2 changes over the past 20 years.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Bonaldo, Sandro Carniel, Renato R. Colucci, Cléa Denamiel, Petra Pranic, Fabio Raicich, Antonio Ricchi, Lorenzo Sangelantoni, Ivica Vilibic, and Maria Letizia Vitelletti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1468, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a high-resolution modelling effort to investigate the possible end-of-century evolution of the main physical processes in the Adriatic Sea in a severe climate change scenario, with an ensemble approach (viz., use a of multiple simulations) allowing to control the uncertainty of the predictions. Our model exhibits a satisfactory capability to reproduce the recent past and provides a ground for a set of multidisciplinary studies in this area over a multi-decadal horizon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mian Liu and Toste Tanhua
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1362, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the distribution of water masses in the Atlantic Ocean, the water mass ages are shown by using CFC-12 and SF6. The ages increase with pressure and along the pathway. The central waters in the upper layer obtain the lowest ages. In all the other three deeper layers, the ages increase with the distance from formation area. The age is also used to calculate the oxygen utilization rate (OUR) in water masses. The western basin exhibits lower age with higher OUR due to the better ventilation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nico Lange, Björn Fiedler, Marta Álvarez, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Heather Benway, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Laurent Coppola, Kim Currie, Susana Flecha, Dana S. Gerlach, Makio Honda, I. Emma Huertas, Siv K. Lauvset, Frank Muller-Karger, Arne Körtzinger, Kevin M. O'Brien, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Fernando C. Pacheco, Digna Rueda-Roa, Ingunn Skjelvan, Masahide Wakita, Angelicque White, and Toste Tanhua
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1901–1931, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1901-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1901-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Synthesis Product for Ocean Time Series (SPOTS) is a novel achievement expanding and complementing the biogeochemical data landscape by providing consistent and high-quality biogeochemical time-series data from 12 ship-based fixed time-series programs. SPOTS covers multiple unique marine environments and time-series ranges, including data from 1983 to 2021. All in all, it facilitates a variety of applications that benefit from the collective value of biogeochemical time-series observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yasser O. Abualnaja, Alexandra Pavlidou, James H. Churchill, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Dimitris Velaoras, Harilaos Kontoyiannis, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Helen Kaberi, Theodoros Kannelopoulos, Constantine Parinos, Christina Zeri, Dionysios Ballas, Elli Pitta, Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou, Afroditi Androni, Styliani Chourdaki, Vassileia Fioraki, Stylianos Iliakis, Georgia Kabouri, Angeliki Konstantinopoulou, Georgios Krokos, Dimitra Papageorgiou, Alkiviadis Papageorgiou, Georgios Pappas, Elvira Plakidi, Eleni Rousselaki, Ioanna Stavrakaki, Eleni Tzempelikou, Panagiota Zachioti, Anthi Yfanti, Theodore Zoulias, Abdulah Al Amoudi, Yasser Alshehri, Ahmad Alharbi, Hammad Al Sulami, Taha Boksmati, Rayan Mutwalli, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1703–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Felipe L. L. Amorim, Julien Le Meur, Achim Wirth, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 20, 463–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysis of a high-frequency time series of thermohaline data measured at the EMSO-E2M3A regional facility in the southern Adriatic Pit (SAP) reveals a significant change in the double-diffusive regime in 2017 associated with the intrusion of extremely salty waters into the area, suggesting salt fingering as the dominant regime. The strong heat loss at the surface during this winter allowed deep convection to transport this high-salinity water from the intermediate to deep layers of the pit.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Riccardo Martellucci, Michele Giani, Elena Mauri, Laurent Coppola, Melf Poulsen, Marine Fourrier, Sara Pensieri, Vanessa Cardin, Carlotta Dentico, Roberto Bozzano, Carolina Cantoni, Anna Lucchetta, and Ingunn Skjelvan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-457, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-457, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The ATL2MED experiment was a collaborative project involving European academic institutions and Saildrone Inc. These ASVs embarked on a nine-month mission that ranged from the tropical eastern North Atlantic to the Adriatic Sea, covering a region characterised by a transition zone between temperate and tropical climate belts. Nevertheless, challenges exist, with biofouling being one of the major problems affecting the measurement such as conductivity, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Anna Rubio, Emma Reyes, Lohitzune Solabarrieta, Silvia Piedracoba, Joaquín Tintoré, and Julien Mader
State Planet, 1-osr7, 8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-8-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-8-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling is an important process that impacts water quality and aquaculture production in coastal areas. In this work we present a new methodology to monitor this phenomenon in two different regions by using surface current estimations provided by remote sensing technology called high-frequency radar.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Antonio Sánchez-Román, M. Isabelle Pujol, Yannice Faugère, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses the performance of the latest version (DT2021) of global gridded altimetry products distributed through the CMEMS and C3S Copernicus programs on the retrieval of sea level in the coastal zone of the European seas with respect to the previous DT2018 version. This comparison is made using an external independent dataset. DT2021 sea level products better solve the signal in the coastal band.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesco Paladini de Mendoza, Katrin Schroeder, Leonardo Langone, Jacopo Chiggiato, Mireno Borghini, Patrizia Giordano, Giulio Verazzo, and Stefano Miserocchi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5617–5635, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the dataset of continuous monitoring in the southern Adriatic Margin, providing a unique observatory of deep-water dynamics. The study area is influenced by episodic dense-water cascading, which is a fundamental process for water renewal and deep-water dynamics. Information about the frequency and intensity variations of these events is observed along a time series. The monitoring activities are still ongoing and the moorings are part of the EMSO-ERIC network.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rainer Kiko, Marc Picheral, David Antoine, Marcel Babin, Léo Berline, Tristan Biard, Emmanuel Boss, Peter Brandt, Francois Carlotti, Svenja Christiansen, Laurent Coppola, Leandro de la Cruz, Emilie Diamond-Riquier, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Lee Karp-Boss, Johannes Karstensen, Dong-gyun Kim, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Fabien Lombard, Rubens M. Lopes, Claudie Marec, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Daniela Niemeyer, Margaux Noyon, Stephanie H. O'Daly, Mark D. Ohman, Jessica L. Pretty, Andreas Rogge, Sarah Searson, Masashi Shibata, Yuji Tanaka, Toste Tanhua, Jan Taucher, Emilia Trudnowska, Jessica S. Turner, Anya Waite, and Lars Stemmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4315–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The term
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
marine particlescomprises detrital aggregates; fecal pellets; bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton; and even fish. Here, we present a global dataset that contains 8805 vertical particle size distribution profiles obtained with Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. These data are valuable to the scientific community, as they can be used to constrain important biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the flux of carbon to the deep sea.
Nydia Catalina Reyes Suárez, Valentina Tirelli, Laura Ursella, Matjaž Ličer, Massimo Celio, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 1321–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Explaining the dynamics of jellyfish blooms is a challenge for scientists. Biological and meteo-oceanographic data were combined on different timescales to explain the exceptional bloom of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea) in April 2021. The bloom was associated with anomalously warm seasonal sea conditions. Then, a strong bora wind event enhanced upwelling and mixing of the water column, causing jellyfish to rise to the surface and accumulate along the coast.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrea Pisano, Daniele Ciani, Salvatore Marullo, Rosalia Santoleri, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4111–4128, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new operational diurnal sea surface temperature (SST) product has been developed within the Copernicus Marine Service, providing gap-free hourly mean SST fields from January 2019 to the present. This product is able to accurately reproduce the diurnal cycle, the typical day–night SST oscillation mainly driven by solar heating, including extreme diurnal warming events. This product can thus represent a valuable dataset to improve the study of those processes that require a subdaily frequency.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Begoña Pérez Gómez, Ivica Vilibić, Jadranka Šepić, Iva Međugorac, Matjaž Ličer, Laurent Testut, Claire Fraboul, Marta Marcos, Hassen Abdellaoui, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Darko Barbalić, Benjamín Casas, Antonio Castaño-Tierno, Srđan Čupić, Aldo Drago, María Angeles Fraile, Daniele A. Galliano, Adam Gauci, Branislav Gloginja, Víctor Martín Guijarro, Maja Jeromel, Marcos Larrad Revuelto, Ayah Lazar, Ibrahim Haktan Keskin, Igor Medvedev, Abdelkader Menassri, Mohamed Aïssa Meslem, Hrvoje Mihanović, Sara Morucci, Dragos Niculescu, José Manuel Quijano de Benito, Josep Pascual, Atanas Palazov, Marco Picone, Fabio Raicich, Mohamed Said, Jordi Salat, Erdinc Sezen, Mehmet Simav, Georgios Sylaios, Elena Tel, Joaquín Tintoré, Klodian Zaimi, and George Zodiatis
Ocean Sci., 18, 997–1053, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas reveals the existence of 240 presently operational tide gauges. Information is provided about the type of sensor, time sampling, data availability, and ancillary measurements. An assessment of the fit-for-purpose status of the network is also included, along with recommendations to mitigate existing bottlenecks and improve the network, in a context of sea level rise and increasing extremes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emma Reyes, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Vanessa Cardin, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Maria J. Fernandes, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Pablo Lorente, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Adèle Révelard, Catalina Reyes-Suárez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Alejandro Orfila
Ocean Sci., 18, 797–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work reviews the existing advanced and emerging scientific and societal applications using HFR data, developed to address the major challenges identified in Mediterranean coastal waters organized around three main topics: maritime safety, extreme hazards and environmental transport processes. It also includes a discussion and preliminary assessment of the capabilities of existing HFR applications, finally providing a set of recommendations towards setting out future prospects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes, Jorge Sánchez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Laura Ursella, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 761–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing technology that can provide maps of the surface circulation over broad coastal areas, along with wave and wind information. The main goal of this work is to showcase the current status of the Mediterranean HFR network as well as present and future applications of this sensor for societal benefit such as search and rescue operations, safe vessel navigation, tracking of marine pollutants, and the monitoring of extreme events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Giusy Fedele, Elena Mauri, Giulio Notarstefano, and Pierre Marie Poulain
Ocean Sci., 18, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atlantic Water (AW) and Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) are important water masses that play a crucial role in the internal variability of the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. This work aims to characterize the inter-basin and inter-annual variability of AW and LIW in the Mediterranean Sea, taking advantage of the large observational dataset provided by Argo floats from 2001 to 2019. A clear salinification and warming trend characterizes AW and LIW over the last 2 decades.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Malek Belgacem, Katrin Schroeder, Alexander Barth, Charles Troupin, Bruno Pavoni, Patrick Raimbault, Nicole Garcia, Mireno Borghini, and Jacopo Chiggiato
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5915–5949, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea exhibits an anti-estuarine circulation, responsible for its low productivity. Understanding this peculiar character is still a challenge since there is no exact quantification of nutrient sinks and sources. Because nutrient in situ observations are generally infrequent and scattered in space and time, climatological mapping is often applied to sparse data in order to understand the biogeochemical state of the ocean. The dataset presented here partly addresses these issues.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Irini Tsiodra, Georgios Grivas, Kalliopi Tavernaraki, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Maria Apostolaki, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Alexandra Gogou, Constantine Parinos, Konstantina Oikonomou, Maria Tsagkaraki, Pavlos Zarmpas, Athanasios Nenes, and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17865–17883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze observations from year-long measurements at Athens, Greece. Nighttime wintertime PAH levels are 4 times higher than daytime, and wintertime values are 15 times higher than summertime. Biomass burning aerosol during wintertime pollution events is responsible for these significant wintertime enhancements and accounts for 43 % of the population exposure to PAH carcinogenic risk. Biomass burning poses additional health risks beyond those associated with the high PM levels that develop.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Piero Lionello, David Barriopedro, Christian Ferrarin, Robert J. Nicholls, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, Marco Reale, Georg Umgiesser, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this review we describe the factors leading to the extreme water heights producing the floods of Venice. We discuss the different contributions, their relative importance, and the resulting compound events. We highlight the role of relative sea level rise and the observed past and very likely future increase in extreme water heights, showing that they might be up to 160 % higher at the end of the 21st century than presently.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Alex Santana, Emma Reyes, and Joaquín Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 17, 1157–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Correct surface ocean circulation forecasts are highly relevant to search and rescue, oil spills, and ecological processes, among other things. High-frequency radar (HFR) is a remote sensing technology that measures surface currents in coastal areas with high temporal and spatial resolution. We performed a series of experiments in which we use HFR observations from the Ibiza Channel to improve the forecasts provided by a regional ocean model in the western Mediterranean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Miroslav Gačić, Laura Ursella, Vedrana Kovačević, Milena Menna, Vlado Malačič, Manuel Bensi, Maria-Eletta Negretti, Vanessa Cardin, Mirko Orlić, Joël Sommeria, Ricardo Viana Barreto, Samuel Viboud, Thomas Valran, Boris Petelin, Giuseppe Siena, and Angelo Rubino
Ocean Sci., 17, 975–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Experiments in rotating tanks can simulate the Earth system and help to represent the real ocean, where rotation plays an important role. We wanted to show the minor importance of the wind in driving the flow in the Ionian Sea. We did this by observing changes in the water current in a rotating tank affected only by the pumping of dense water into the system. The flow variations were similar to those in the real sea, confirming the scarce importance of the wind for the flow in the Ionian Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Konstantinos Kampouris, Vassilios Vervatis, John Karagiorgos, and Sarantis Sofianos
Ocean Sci., 17, 919–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The wind is a source of uncertainty in oil spill modeling. We performed oil spill ensemble simulations using an atmospheric ensemble to quantify this uncertainty. We investigate the reliability of oil spill ensemble prediction used as an important forecasting tool to better plan mitigation procedures in the event of an oil spill.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gerd Krahmann, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Andrew W. Dale, Marcus Dengler, Anja Engel, Nicolaas Glock, Patricia Grasse, Johannes Hahn, Helena Hauss, Mark Hopwood, Rainer Kiko, Alexandra Loginova, Carolin R. Löscher, Marie Maßmig, Alexandra-Sophie Roy, Renato Salvatteci, Stefan Sommer, Toste Tanhua, and Hela Mehrtens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The project "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" (SFB 754) was a multidisciplinary research project active from 2008 to 2019 aimed at a better understanding of the coupling between the tropical climate and ocean circulation and the ocean's oxygen and nutrient balance. On 34 research cruises, mainly in the Southeast Tropical Pacific and the Northeast Tropical Atlantic, 1071 physical, chemical and biological data sets were collected.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pingyang Li and Toste Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 17, 509–525, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of transient tracer distribution provide essential information on ocean ventilation. The use of several commonly used transient traces is limited as their atmospheric mole fractions do not monotonically change. Here we explore new potential oceanic transient tracers with an analytical system that simultaneously measures a large range of compounds. Combined with the known atmospheric history and seawater solubility, we discuss the utility of selected HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs as tracers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mian Liu and Toste Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 17, 463–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have characterized the major water masses in the Atlantic Ocean based on the properties found in their formation areas using six properties taken from the GLODAPv2 data product, including both conservative (conservative temperature and absolute salinity) and non-conservative (oxygen, silicate, phosphate and nitrate) properties. The distributions of the water masses are estimated by using the optimum multi-parameter (OMP) model, and we have mapped the distributions of the water masses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jaime Pitarch, Marco Bellacicco, Salvatore Marullo, and Hendrik J. van der Woerd
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 481–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-481-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-481-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean monitoring is crucial to understand the regular seasonality and the drift induced by climate change. Satellites offer a possibility to monitor the complete surface of the Earth within a few days with a harmonized methodology, reaching resolutions of few kilometres. We revisit traditional ship survey optical parameters such as the
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Secchi disk depthand the
Forel–Ule indexand derive them from satellite observations. Our time series is 21 years long and has global coverage.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dagmar Hainbucher, Marta Álvarez, Blanca Astray Uceda, Giancarlo Bachi, Vanessa Cardin, Paolo Celentano, Spyros Chaikalis, Maria del Mar Chaves Montero, Giuseppe Civitarese, Noelia M. Fajar, Francois Fripiat, Lennart Gerke, Alexandra Gogou, Elisa F. Guallart, Birte Gülk, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Nico Lange, Andrea Rochner, Chiara Santinelli, Tobias Steinhoff, Toste Tanhua, Lidia Urbini, Dimitrios Velaoras, Fabian Wolf, and Andreas Welsch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2747–2763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report on data from an oceanographic cruise in the Mediterranean Sea (MSM72, March 2018). The main objective of the cruise was to contribute to the understanding of long-term changes and trends in physical and biogeochemical parameters, such as the anthropogenic carbon uptake, and further assess the hydrographical situation after the Eastern and Western Mediterranean Transients. Multidisciplinary measurements were conducted on a predominantly
zonal section throughout the Mediterranean Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Malek Belgacem, Jacopo Chiggiato, Mireno Borghini, Bruno Pavoni, Gabriella Cerrati, Francesco Acri, Stefano Cozzi, Alberto Ribotti, Marta Álvarez, Siv K. Lauvset, and Katrin Schroeder
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1985–2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1985-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1985-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term time series are a fundamental prerequisite to understanding and detecting climate shifts and trends. In marginal seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, there are still monitoring gaps. An extensive dataset of dissolved inorganic nutrient profiles were collected between 2004 and 2017 in the western Mediterranean Sea to provide to the scientific community a publicly available, long-term, quality-controlled, internally consistent new database.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, and Alex Kozyr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1725–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work offers a vision of the global ocean regarding the carbon cycle and the implications of ocean acidification through a climatology of a changing variable in the context of climate change: total dissolved inorganic carbon. The climatology was designed through artificial intelligence techniques to represent the mean state of the present ocean. It is very useful to introduce in models to evaluate the state of the ocean from different perspectives.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalia Stamataki, Yannis Hatzonikolakis, Kostas Tsiaras, Catherine Tsangaris, George Petihakis, Sarantis Sofianos, and George Triantafyllou
Ocean Sci., 16, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-927-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-927-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the accumulation of microplastics on wild and cultured mussels through a dynamic energy budget model, resulting in a comparable contamination level but different cleaning time for the mussels. Our main findings highlight that microplastics contamination is strongly dependent on the variability of specific environmental aspects and improve the knowledge of the transport and accumulation of microplastics in the mussels, enlightening future work on a biomagnification scenario.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zvjezdana B. Klaić, Karmen Babić, and Mirko Orlić
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3399–3416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fine-resolution lake temperature measurements (2 min, 15 depths) show different lake responses to atmospheric forcings: (1) continuous diurnal oscillations in the temperature in the first 5 m of the lake, (2) occasional diurnal oscillations in the temperature at depths from 7 to 20 m, and (3) occasional surface and internal seiches. Due to the sloped lake bottom, surface seiches produced the high-frequency oscillations in the lake temperatures with periods of 9 min at depths from 9 to 17 m.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Murat Gunduz, Emin Özsoy, and Robinson Hordoir
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 121–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-121-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Bosphorus exchange is of critical importance for hydrodynamics and hydroclimatology of the Black Sea. In this study, we report on the development of a medium-resolution circulation model of the Black Sea, making use of surface atmospheric forcing with high space and time resolution, climatic river fluxes and strait exchange, enabled by adding elementary details of strait and coastal topography and seasonal hydrology specified in an artificial box on the Marmara Sea side.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Henry C. Bittig, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Steve D. Jones, Sara Jutterström, Maren K. Karlsen, Alex Kozyr, Siv K. Lauvset, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Maciej Telszewski, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2019 is the first update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 840 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2017.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Evan Mason, Simón Ruiz, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Guillaume Reffray, Marcos García-Sotillo, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 15, 1111–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1111-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1111-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) provides oceanographic products and services. Using a mesoscale eddy tracker, we evaluate the performance of three CMEMS model products in the western Mediterranean. Performance testing provides valuable feedback to the model developers. The eddy tracker allows us to construct 3-D eddy composites for each model in the Alboran Sea gyres. Comparison of the composites with data from Argo floats highlights the importance of data assimilation for these models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Melchor González-Dávila, Emil Jeansson, Alex Kozyr, and Steven M. A. C. van Heuven
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1109–1127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we are contributing to the knowledge of the consequences of climate change in the ocean. We have focused on a variable related to this process: total alkalinity. We have designed a monthly climatology of total alkalinity using artificial intelligence techniques, that is, a representation of the average capacity of the ocean in the last decades to decelerate the consequences of climate change. The climatology is especially useful to infer the evolution of the ocean through models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Guerra, Katrin Schroeder, Mireno Borghini, Elisa Camatti, Marco Pansera, Anna Schroeder, Stefania Sparnocchia, and Jacopo Chiggiato
Ocean Sci., 15, 631–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-631-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-631-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a survival strategy adopted by zooplankton that was investigated in the Corsica Channel using acoustic data from April 2014 to November 2016. The principal aim of the study is to characterize migratory patterns and biomass temporal evolution along the water column. In addition, net samples were taken during summer 2015 at the same location. During the investigated period, zooplankton had a well-defined daily and seasonal cycle, with peaks in late winter.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
William J. Jenkins, Scott C. Doney, Michaela Fendrock, Rana Fine, Toshitaka Gamo, Philippe Jean-Baptiste, Robert Key, Birgit Klein, John E. Lupton, Robert Newton, Monika Rhein, Wolfgang Roether, Yuji Sano, Reiner Schlitzer, Peter Schlosser, and Jim Swift
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 441–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-441-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-441-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an assembled dataset containing measurements of certain trace substances in the ocean, their distributions, and evolution with time. These substances, called tracers, result from a combination of natural and artificial processes, and their distribution and evolution provide important clues about ocean circulation, mixing, and ventilation. In addition, they give information about the global hydrologic cycle and volcanic and hydrothermal processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Vassilios D. Vervatis, Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Nadia Ayoub, Sarantis Sofianos, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, Marios Kailas, John Karagiorgos, and Malek Ghantous
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-31, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Our contributions were specifically targeted at the generation of ensembles, in particular (but not solely) for high-resolution ocean configurations including regional and coastal physics and biogeochemistry. The most important paradigm of this work was to adopt a balanced approach building ocean biogeochemical model ensembles and testing their relevance against observational networks monitoring upper-ocean properties, in the sense of nonzero joint probabilities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yuri Cotroneo, Giuseppe Aulicino, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Sánchez Román, Marc Torner Tomàs, Ananda Pascual, Giannetta Fusco, Emma Heslop, Joaquín Tintoré, and Giorgio Budillon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present data collected from the first three glider surveys in the Algerian Basin conducted during the ABACUS project. After collection, data passed a quality control procedure and were then made available through an unrestricted repository. The main objective of our project is monitoring the basin circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. Temperature and salinity data collected in the first 975 m of the water column allowed us to identify the main water masses and describe their characteristics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charles Troupin, Ananda Pascual, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Olita, Benjamin Casas, Félix Margirier, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Giulio Notarstefano, Marc Torner, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Miquel Àngel Rújula, Cristian Muñoz, Eva Alou, Inmaculada Ruiz, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, John T. Allen, Amala Mahadevan, and Joaquín Tintoré
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The AlborEX (the Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of an experiment in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) that took place between 25 and 31 May 2014, and use a wide range of oceanographic sensors. The dataset provides information on mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes taking place in a frontal area. This paper presents the measurements obtained from these sensors and describes their particularities: scale, spatial and temporal resolutions, measured variables, etc.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mian Liu and Toste Tanhua
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-140, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-140, 2019
Publication in OS not foreseen
Pingyang Li, Jens Mühle, Stephen A. Montzka, David E. Oram, Benjamin R. Miller, Ray F. Weiss, Paul J. Fraser, and Toste Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 15, 33–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-33-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-33-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Use of CFCs as oceanic transient tracers is difficult for recently ventilated water masses as their atmospheric mole fractions have been decreasing. To explore novel tracers, we synthesized consistent annual mean atmospheric histories of HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 (CF4) and PFC-116 in both hemispheres and reconstructed their solubility functions in water and seawater. This work is also potentially useful for tracer studies in a range of natural waters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roberta Sciascia, Maristella Berta, Daniel F. Carlson, Annalisa Griffa, Monica Panfili, Mario La Mesa, Lorenzo Corgnati, Carlo Mantovani, Elisa Domenella, Erick Fredj, Marcello G. Magaldi, Raffaele D'Adamo, Gianfranco Pazienza, Enrico Zambianchi, and Pierre-Marie Poulain
Ocean Sci., 14, 1461–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1461-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1461-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the role of ocean currents in the recruitment of commercially important fish is an important step toward developing sustainable resource management guidelines. Here, we attempt to elucidate the role of surface ocean transport in supplying recruits of European sardines to the Gulf of Manfredonia, a known recruitment area in the Adriatic Sea. We find that transport to the Gulf of Manfredonia from remote spawing areas in the Adriatic is more likely than local spawning and retention.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Athanasia Iona, Athanasios Theodorou, Sarantis Sofianos, Sylvain Watelet, Charles Troupin, and Jean-Marie Beckers
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1829–1842, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1829-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1829-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper introduces a new product composed of a set of climatic indices from 1950 to 2015 for the Mediterranean Sea. It is produced from a high-resolution decadal climatology of temperature and salinity on a 1/8 degree regular grid based on the SeaDataNet V2 historical data collection. The climatic indices can contribute to the studies of the long-term variability of the Mediterranean Sea and the better understanding of the complex response of the region to the ongoing global climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Reiner Onken, Heinz-Volker Fiekas, Laurent Beguery, Ines Borrione, Andreas Funk, Michael Hemming, Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Karen J. Heywood, Jan Kaiser, Michaela Knoll, Baptiste Mourre, Paolo Oddo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Bastien Y. Queste, Aniello Russo, Kiminori Shitashima, Martin Siderius, and Elizabeth Thorp Küsel
Ocean Sci., 14, 321–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-321-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-321-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In June 2014, high-resolution oceanographic data were collected in the
western Mediterranean Sea by two research vessels, 11 gliders, moored
instruments, drifters, and one profiling float. The objective
of this article is to provide an overview of the data set which
is utilised by various ongoing studies, focusing on (i) water masses and circulation, (ii) operational forecasting, (iii) data assimilation, (iv) variability of the ocean, and (v) new payloads
for gliders.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ivica Vilibić, Hrvoje Mihanović, Ivica Janeković, Cléa Denamiel, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Mirko Orlić, Natalija Dunić, Vlado Dadić, Mira Pasarić, Stipe Muslim, Riccardo Gerin, Frano Matić, Jadranka Šepić, Elena Mauri, Zoi Kokkini, Martina Tudor, Žarko Kovač, and Tomislav Džoić
Ocean Sci., 14, 237–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-237-2018, 2018
Jordi Isern-Fontanet, Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy, Antonio Turiel, and Emilio García-Ladona
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 613–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-613-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-613-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean currents play a key role in Earth’s climate – they are of major importance for navigation and human activities at sea and impact almost all processes that take place in the ocean. Nevertheless, their observation and forecasting are still difficult. Here, we review the main techniques used to derive surface currents from satellite measurements and the existing approaches to assimilate this information into ocean models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sandro Carniel, Judith Wolf, Vittorio E. Brando, and Lakshmi H. Kantha
Ocean Sci., 13, 495–501, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-495-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-495-2017, 2017
James C. Orr, Raymond G. Najjar, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, John L. Bullister, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Jean-Claude Dutay, Heather Graven, Stephen M. Griffies, Jasmin G. John, Fortunat Joos, Ingeborg Levin, Keith Lindsay, Richard J. Matear, Galen A. McKinley, Anne Mouchet, Andreas Oschlies, Anastasia Romanou, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, Toste Tanhua, and Andrew Yool
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is a model comparison effort under Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Its physical component is described elsewhere in this special issue. Here we describe its ocean biogeochemical component (OMIP-BGC), detailing simulation protocols and analysis diagnostics. Simulations focus on ocean carbon, other biogeochemical tracers, air-sea exchange of CO2 and related gases, and chemical tracers used to evaluate modeled circulation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maher Bouzaiene, Milena Menna, Pierre-Marie Poulain, and Dalila Elhmaidi
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-34, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-34, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The South Western Mediterranean, connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, is a study area useful to describe the interaction between the light Atlantic Water and the denser Mediterranean Water. The spreading of fluid particles, estimated through the analysis of drifter data, is dominated by large mesoscale eddies at short times and small separation distances, and by small mesoscale structures for scale ranging between 3 and 11 km.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Oded Padon and Yosef Ashkenazy
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-29, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Dead Sea is the saltiest and lowest terminal lake in the world and it constitutes a unique environment-it is important from economic, environmental, and touristic points of view. Non-hydrostatic effects may significantly affect the Dead Sea circulation. Using a state-of-the-art ocean model we study the non-hydrostatic effects in the Dead Sea on the flow and show the such effects cannot be ignored. These effects are significant during the winter due to deep convection.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leif G. Anderson, Göran Björk, Ola Holby, Sara Jutterström, Carl Magnus Mörth, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Igor Semiletov, Christian Stranne, Tim Stöven, Toste Tanhua, Adam Ulfsbo, and Martin Jakobsson
Ocean Sci., 13, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use data collected in 2014 to show that the outflow of nutrient-rich water occurs much further to the west than has been reported in the past. We suggest that this is due to much less summer sea-ice coverage in the northwestern East Siberian Sea than in the past decades. Further, our data support a more complicated flow pattern in the region where the Mendeleev Ridge reaches the shelf compared to the general cyclonic circulation within the individual basins as suggested historically.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Antonio Sánchez-Román, Simón Ruiz, Ananda Pascual, Baptiste Mourre, and Stéphanie Guinehut
Ocean Sci., 13, 223–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-223-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we investigate the capability of the Argo array in the Mediterranean Sea to capture mesoscale circulation structures (diameter of around 150 km). To do that we conduct several experiments to simulate different spatial sampling configurations of the Argo array in the basin. Results show that the actual Argo array in the Mediterranean (2° × 2°) might be enlarged until a spatial resolution of nearly 75 × 75 km (450 floats) in order to capture the mesoscale signal.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jesús García-Lafuente, Cristina Naranjo, Simone Sammartino, José C. Sánchez-Garrido, and Javier Delgado
Ocean Sci., 13, 195–207, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-195-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-195-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the influence of the Western Alboran circulation on the composition of the outflow through the Strait of Gibraltar, which is mainly composed by intermediate and Deep Mediterranean Water. While the effect of the gyre in the deep water proportion was already reported, the effect on the intermediate flow has not been addressed yet. The size of the gyre was compared with the characteristic of the outflow in the strait. Results show the intermediate flow benefits from a weak gyre.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Anne Mouchet, Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde, Paolo Montagna, Toste Tanhua, Giuseppe Siani, and Philippe Jean-Baptiste
Biogeosciences, 14, 1197–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1197-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1197-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution dynamical model was used to give the first simulation of the distribution of natural and anthropogenic radiocarbon (14C) across the whole Mediterranean Sea. The model correctly simulates the main features of 14C distribution during and after the bomb perturbation. The results demonstrate the major influence of the flux of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar, and a significant increase in 14C in the Aegean deep water during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient event.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Meike Becker, Nils Andersen, Helmut Erlenkeuser, Matthew P. Humphreys, Toste Tanhua, and Arne Körtzinger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 559–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-559-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-559-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) can be used to quantify fluxes within the marine carbon system such as the exchange between ocean and atmosphere or the amount of anthropogenic carbon in the water column. In this study, an internally consistent δ13C-DIC dataset for the North Atlantic is presented. The data have undergone a secondary quality control during which systematic biases between the respective cruises have been quantified and adjusted.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Björn Fiedler, Damian S. Grundle, Florian Schütte, Johannes Karstensen, Carolin R. Löscher, Helena Hauss, Hannes Wagner, Alexandra Loginova, Rainer Kiko, Péricles Silva, Toste Tanhua, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 13, 5633–5647, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5633-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5633-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen-depleted mesoscale features in the open eastern tropical North Atlantic, which are formed in the Mauritanian upwelling region, were discovered recently. This study examines biogeochemical structure and magnitudes of related processes within these isolated water masses. We found very low oxygen concentrations and strongly enhanced acidity at near-surface depth. Oxygen utilization and downward carbon export were found to exceed known values for this ocean region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simona Aracri, Katrin Schroeder, Jacopo Chiggiato, Harry Bryden, Elaine McDonagh, Simon Josey, Yann Hello, and Mireno Borghini
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-65, 2016
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The abyssal velocity of the Northern Current, in the north-western Mediterranean has been estimated using for the first time MERMAIDs, i.e. submarine drifting instruments that record seismic waves. In this study the Northern Current shows an intense activity even in deep layers of the water column. Through pseudo-eulerian statistics different components of the observed variability are analysed and described, revealing the turbulent nature of the Liguro-Provençal basin abyssal circulation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Evan Mason, Arthur Capet, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 12, 1003–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1003-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1003-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical velocity in the ocean makes an important contribution to the modulation of marine ecosystems through its impact on fluxes of nutrients and phytoplankton. Here, we estimate full 3-D current velocity fields from an observation-based data product. The 3-D currents are used to force a set of particle-tracking (Lagrangian) experiments. The Lagrangian results show that vertical motions induce local increases in nitrate uptake reaching up to 30 %.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Zanchettin, Myriam Khodri, Claudia Timmreck, Matthew Toohey, Anja Schmidt, Edwin P. Gerber, Gabriele Hegerl, Alan Robock, Francesco S. R. Pausata, William T. Ball, Susanne E. Bauer, Slimane Bekki, Sandip S. Dhomse, Allegra N. LeGrande, Graham W. Mann, Lauren Marshall, Michael Mills, Marion Marchand, Ulrike Niemeier, Virginie Poulain, Eugene Rozanov, Angelo Rubino, Andrea Stenke, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Fiona Tummon
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2701-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2701-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating volcanically-forced climate variability is a challenging task for climate models. The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to volcanic forcing (VolMIP) – an endorsed contribution to CMIP6 – defines a protocol for idealized volcanic-perturbation experiments to improve comparability of results across different climate models. This paper illustrates the design of VolMIP's experiments and describes the aerosol forcing input datasets to be used.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Are Olsen, Robert M. Key, Steven van Heuven, Siv K. Lauvset, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Pérez, and Toru Suzuki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The GLODAPv2 data product collects data from more than 700 hydrographic cruises into a global and internally calibrated product. It provides access to the data from almost all ocean carbon cruises carried out since the 1970s and is a unique resource for marine science, in particular regarding the ocean carbon cycle. GLODAPv2 will form the foundation for future routine synthesis of hydrographic data of the same sort.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Siv K. Lauvset, Robert M. Key, Are Olsen, Steven van Heuven, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Perez, Toru Suzuki, and Sylvain Watelet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the mapped climatologies that are part of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 (GLODAPv2). GLODAPv2 is a uniformly calibrated open ocean data product on inorganic carbon and carbon-relevant variables. Global mapped climatologies of the total dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, saturation state of calcite and aragonite, anthropogenic carbon, preindustrial carbon content, inorganic macronutrients, oxygen, salinity, and temperature have been created.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jun She, Icarus Allen, Erik Buch, Alessandro Crise, Johnny A. Johannessen, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Urmas Lips, Glenn Nolan, Nadia Pinardi, Jan H. Reißmann, John Siddorn, Emil Stanev, and Henning Wehde
Ocean Sci., 12, 953–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-953-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-953-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This white paper addresses key scientific challenges and research priorities for the development of operational oceanography in Europe for the next 5–10 years. Knowledge gaps and deficiencies are identified in relation to common scientific challenges in four EuroGOOS knowledge areas: European ocean observations, modelling and forecasting technology, coastal operational oceanography, and operational ecology.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yosef Ashkenazy, Erick Fredj, Hezi Gildor, Gwo-Ching Gong, and Hung-Jen Lee
Ocean Sci., 12, 733–742, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-733-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-733-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Nan-Wan Bay in Taiwan and the Gulf of Elat in Israel are two different coastal environments, and as such, their currents are expected to have different statistical properties. We find that in spite of these differences, the statistical properties of the surface currents are similar in both basins. Still, surface currents are temporally asymmetric in Nan-Wan but not in Elat; we attribute this difference to the strong tides that exist in Nan-Wan but not in Elat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Renata Archetti, Agnese Paci, Sandro Carniel, and Davide Bonaldo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1107–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An application to monitor the response of a beach to single storms, in order to predict shoreline changes and to plan the defence of the shore zone is presented. On the study area, Jesolo (Italy), video and current stations were installed. The methodology, which is economically attractive, proves to be a valuable system for providing detailed indications on beach erosion processes and can be used for improving the collaboration between coastal scientists and managers to solve beach-maintenance problems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marcos García Sotillo, Emilio Garcia-Ladona, Alejandro Orfila, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, José Cristobal Maraver, Daniel Conti, Elena Padorno, José Antonio Jiménez, Este Capó, Fernando Pérez, Juan Manuel Sayol, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Arancha Amo, Ana Rietz, Charles Troupin, Joaquín Tintore, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 141–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-141-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-141-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An intensive drifter deployment was carried out in the Strait of Gibraltar: 35 satellite tracked drifters were released, coordinating to this aim 4 boats, covering an area of about 680 NM2 in 6 hours. This MEDESS-GIB Experiment is the most important exercise in the Mediterranean in terms of number of drifters released. The MEDESS-GIB dataset provides a complete Lagrangian view of the surface inflow of Atlantic waters through the Strait of Gibraltar and its later evolution along the Alboran Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Lakshmi Kantha, Alvise Benetazzo, Andrea Bergamasco, Davide Bonaldo, Francesco Barbariol, Vlado Malačič, Mauro Sclavo, and Sandro Carniel
Ocean Sci., 12, 433–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Between January 30th and February 4th we collected the first turbulence observations in the Gulf of Trieste under different wind forcing and water column structure. The vertical profiles of the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rates showed that the presence near the sea floor of different water masses, inflowing from the open sea, can prevent the complete mixing of the water column. This dumping effect is enhanced when these masses present higher suspended sediment concentrations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesco Barbariol, Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Carlotta Scotton, Alvise Benetazzo, Sandro Carniel, and Mauro Sclavo
Ocean Sci., 12, 403–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-403-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-403-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The analysis presented in the paper aims at extending the classification capabilities of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) within the context of ocean waves. Indeed, the intrinsic SOM difficulty in representing extremes of the wave climate is discussed and alternative strategies are proposed in order to represent the whole wave climate at a given location. Among them, a two-step SOM together with a double-side map provides the best results.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tim Stöven, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, and Wilken-Jon von Appen
Ocean Sci., 12, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-319-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-319-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes transient tracer distributions of CFC-12 and SF6 in the Fram Strait in 2012. The SF6 excess and the anthropogenic carbon content in this area was estimated assuming a standard parameterization of the inverse-Gaussian–transit-time distribution. Hydrographic data were obtained along a mooring array at 78°50’N and a mean velocity field was used for flux estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Shabrang, M. Menna, C. Pizzi, H. Lavigne, G. Civitarese, and M. Gačić
Ocean Sci., 12, 233–241, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-233-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-233-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The interannual variation of the strength of the SAG in relation to NAO was studied. The intensity of the gyre is associated with the large-scale climatic variations via the wind-stress curl forcing. However due to the rather important contribution of the vorticity advection from the Ionian, which is more significant during the anticyclonic BiOS, there is no clear evidence of a direct effect of large-scale atmospheric circulation (NAO) on the interannual variability of the intensity of the SAG.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Stramma, R. Czeschel, T. Tanhua, P. Brandt, M. Visbeck, and B. S. Giese
Ocean Sci., 12, 153–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-153-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-153-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface circulation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic OMZ is derived from velocity, float and tracer data and data assimilation results, and shows a cyclonic flow around the Guinea Dome reaching into the oxygen minimum zone. The stronger cyclonic flow around the Guinea Dome in 2009 seem to be connected to a strong Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) event.
A continuous deoxygenation trend of the low oxygen layer was confirmed.
Eddy influence is weak south of the Cape Verde Islands.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Ličer, P. Smerkol, A. Fettich, M. Ravdas, A. Papapostolou, A. Mantziafou, B. Strajnar, J. Cedilnik, M. Jeromel, J. Jerman, S. Petan, V. Malačič, and S. Sofianos
Ocean Sci., 12, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-71-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compare the northern Adriatic response to an extreme bora event, as simulated by one-way and two-way (i.e. with ocean feedback to the atmosphere) atmosphere-ocean coupling. We show that two-way coupling yields significantly better estimates of heat fluxes, most notably sensible heat flux, across the air-sea interface. When compared to observations in the northern Adriatic, two-way coupled system consequently leads to a better representation of ocean temperatures throughout the event.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Walter, A. Kock, T. Steinhoff, B. Fiedler, P. Fietzek, J. Kaiser, M. Krol, M. E. Popa, Q. Chen, T. Tanhua, and T. Röckmann
Biogeosciences, 13, 323–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Oceans are a source of H2, an indirect greenhouse gas. Measurements constraining the temporal and spatial patterns of oceanic H2 emissions are sparse and although H2 is assumed to be produced mainly biologically, direct evidence for biogenic marine production was lacking. By analyzing the H2 isotopic composition (δD) we were able to constrain the global H2 budget in more detail, verify biogenic production and point to additional sources. We also showed that current models are reasonably working.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Pedrosa-Pàmies, C. Parinos, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Gogou, A. Calafat, M. Canals, I. Bouloubassi, and N. Lampadariou
Biogeosciences, 12, 7379–7402, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7379-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7379-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A multi-proxy approach is applied in surface sediments collected from deep slopes and basins (1018-4087 m depth) of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea. This study sheds new light on the sources and transport mechanisms along with the impact of preservation vs. diagenetic processes on the composition of sedimentary organic matter in the deep basins of the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
V. E. Brando, F. Braga, L. Zaggia, C. Giardino, M. Bresciani, E. Matta, D. Bellafiore, C. Ferrarin, F. Maicu, A. Benetazzo, D. Bonaldo, F. M. Falcieri, A. Coluccelli, A. Russo, and S. Carniel
Ocean Sci., 11, 909–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-909-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-909-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sea surface temperature and turbidity, derived from satellite imagery, were used to characterize river plumes in the northern Adriatic Sea during a significant flood event in November 2014. Circulation patterns and sea surface salinity, from an operational coupled ocean-wave model, supported the interpretation of the plumes' interaction with the receiving waters and among them.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Sammartino, A. Di Cicco, S. Marullo, and R. Santoleri
Ocean Sci., 11, 759–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-759-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-759-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the seasonal and year-to-year variability of the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) in the Mediterranean Sea using the time series of Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) observations (1998 to 2010). We used a chlorophyll-a-based model to estimate the phytoplankton composition. Our results, based on ocean colour data, confirm the seasonal and inter-annual pattern of the phytoplankton community observed from in situ data and in previous studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
T. Stöven, T. Tanhua, M. Hoppema, and J. L. Bullister
Ocean Sci., 11, 699–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-699-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-699-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We use a suite of transient tracer measurements from a Southern Ocean sector southeast of Africa collected from 1998 and 2012 to quantify ventilation and change in ventilation. We found that the ventilation can be constrained by an inverse Gaussian transit time distribution north of the Subantarctic Front. We do not find any significant changes in upper ocean ventilation during this time period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
D. Hainbucher, V. Cardin, G. Siena, U. Hübner, M. Moritz, U. Drübbisch, and F. Basan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 231–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-231-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-231-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We report on data from an oceanographic cruise in the Mediterranean in April 2014. Data were taken on a west-east section starting at the Strait of Gibraltar and ending south-east of Crete, as well on sections in the Ionian and Adriatic Sea. The measurements include salinity, temperature, oxygen and currents. We study the mesoscale eddy field and support long-term investigations of the hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. Lavigne, F. D'Ortenzio, M. Ribera D'Alcalà, H. Claustre, R. Sauzède, and M. Gacic
Biogeosciences, 12, 5021–5039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5021-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5021-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The spatiotemporal variability in the vertical distribution of the chlorophyll concentration in the Mediterranean Sea is investigated. Results are based on a large database of fluorescence profiles intercalibrated from ocean color satellite data. They indicate that two types of chlorophyll seasonality coexist in the Mediterranean Sea. The shape of the chlorophyll profile is very dynamic during winter, and the deep chlorophyll maximum is a dominant feature of Mediterranean chlorophyll profile.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Ayache, J.-C. Dutay, P. Jean-Baptiste, K. Beranger, T. Arsouze, J. Beuvier, J. Palmieri, B. Le-vu, and W. Roether
Ocean Sci., 11, 323–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-323-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic tritium invasion, and its decay product helium-3, was simulated for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, using a high-resolution regional model (NEMO-MED12). The simulation covers the entire tritium (3H) transient generated by the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests performed in the 1950s and early 1960s and run until 2011. The model correctly simulates the main features of the thermohaline circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, with a realistic time compared to observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. Brandt, H. W. Bange, D. Banyte, M. Dengler, S.-H. Didwischus, T. Fischer, R. J. Greatbatch, J. Hahn, T. Kanzow, J. Karstensen, A. Körtzinger, G. Krahmann, S. Schmidtko, L. Stramma, T. Tanhua, and M. Visbeck
Biogeosciences, 12, 489–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-489-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-489-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Our observational study looks at the structure of the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in comparison with the less-ventilated, eastern tropical South Pacific OMZ. We quantify the OMZ’s oxygen budget composed of consumption, advection, lateral and vertical mixing. Substantial oxygen variability is observed on interannual to multidecadal timescales. The deoxygenation of the ETNA OMZ during the last decades represents a substantial imbalance of the oxygen budget.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
V. Cardin, G. Civitarese, D. Hainbucher, M. Bensi, and A. Rubino
Ocean Sci., 11, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-53-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-53-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study reveal that the thermohaline properties in the study area in 2011 lie between the thermohaline characteristics of the EMT and those of the pre-EMT phase, indicating a possible slow return towards the latter. It highlights the relationship between the hydrological property distribution of the upper layer in the Levantine basin and the alternate circulation regimes in the Ionian, which modulates the salinity distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Oviedo, P. Ziveri, M. Álvarez, and T. Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 11, 13–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-13-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-13-2015, 2015
M. Lipizer, E. Partescano, A. Rabitti, A. Giorgetti, and A. Crise
Ocean Sci., 10, 771–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-771-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-771-2014, 2014
M.-H. Rio, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, M. Menna, B. Barceló, and J. Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 10, 731–744, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, 2014
M. D. Krom, N. Kress, and K. Fanning
Biogeosciences, 11, 4211–4223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4211-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4211-2014, 2014
M. Borghini, H. Bryden, K. Schroeder, S. Sparnocchia, and A. Vetrano
Ocean Sci., 10, 693–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-693-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-693-2014, 2014
D. Hainbucher, A. Rubino, V. Cardin, T. Tanhua, K. Schroeder, and M. Bensi
Ocean Sci., 10, 669–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-669-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-669-2014, 2014
A. Olita, S. Sparnocchia, S. Cusí, L. Fazioli, R. Sorgente, J. Tintoré, and A. Ribotti
Ocean Sci., 10, 657–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-657-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-657-2014, 2014
M. Gačić, G. Civitarese, V. Kovačević, L. Ursella, M. Bensi, M. Menna, V. Cardin, P.-M. Poulain, S. Cosoli, G. Notarstefano, and C. Pizzi
Ocean Sci., 10, 513–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-513-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-513-2014, 2014
M. Gunduz and E. Özsoy
Ocean Sci., 10, 459–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-459-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-459-2014, 2014
T. Stöven and T. Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 10, 439–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-439-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-439-2014, 2014
M. Menna and P.-M. Poulain
Ocean Sci., 10, 155–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-155-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-155-2014, 2014
M. Álvarez, H. Sanleón-Bartolomé, T. Tanhua, L. Mintrop, A. Luchetta, C. Cantoni, K. Schroeder, and G. Civitarese
Ocean Sci., 10, 69–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014, 2014
A. Schneider, T. Tanhua, W. Roether, and R. Steinfeldt
Ocean Sci., 10, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1-2014, 2014
S. Stavrakakis, A. Gogou, E. Krasakopoulou, A. P. Karageorgis, H. Kontoyiannis, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, L. Perivoliotis, G. Kambouri, I. Stavrakaki, and V. Lykousis
Biogeosciences, 10, 7235–7254, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7235-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7235-2013, 2013
W. Roether, P. Jean-Baptiste, E. Fourré, and J. Sültenfuß
Ocean Sci., 9, 837–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-837-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-837-2013, 2013
C. Parinos, A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, R. Pedrosa-Pàmies, I. Hatzianestis, A. Sanchez-Vidal, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, G. Krokos, and V. Lykousis
Biogeosciences, 10, 6069–6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013, 2013
N. Preto, C. Agnini, M. Rigo, M. Sprovieri, and H. Westphal
Biogeosciences, 10, 6053–6068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6053-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6053-2013, 2013
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
T. Tanhua, D. Hainbucher, K. Schroeder, V. Cardin, M. Álvarez, and G. Civitarese
Ocean Sci., 9, 789–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-789-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-789-2013, 2013
P.-M. Poulain and S. Hariri
Ocean Sci., 9, 713–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-713-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-713-2013, 2013
T. Tanhua, D. Hainbucher, V. Cardin, M. Álvarez, G. Civitarese, A. P. McNichol, and R. M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 289–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-289-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-289-2013, 2013
T. Fischer, D. Banyte, P. Brandt, M. Dengler, G. Krahmann, T. Tanhua, and M. Visbeck
Biogeosciences, 10, 5079–5093, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5079-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5079-2013, 2013
F. Mapelli, M. M. Varela, M. Barbato, R. Alvariño, M. Fusi, M. Álvarez, G. Merlino, D. Daffonchio, and S. Borin
Ocean Sci., 9, 585–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-585-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-585-2013, 2013
C. Theodosi, C. Parinos, A. Gogou, A. Kokotos, S. Stavrakakis, V. Lykousis, J. Hatzianestis, and N. Mihalopoulos
Biogeosciences, 10, 4449–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4449-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4449-2013, 2013
H. Mihanović, I. Vilibić, S. Carniel, M. Tudor, A. Russo, A. Bergamasco, N. Bubić, Z. Ljubešić, D. Viličić, A. Boldrin, V. Malačič, M. Celio, C. Comici, and F. Raicich
Ocean Sci., 9, 561–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013, 2013
S. Efrati, Y. Lehahn, E. Rahav, N. Kress, B. Herut, I. Gertman, R. Goldman, T. Ozer, M. Lazar, and E. Heifetz
Biogeosciences, 10, 3349–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3349-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3349-2013, 2013
S. Khatiwala, T. Tanhua, S. Mikaloff Fletcher, M. Gerber, S. C. Doney, H. D. Graven, N. Gruber, G. A. McKinley, A. Murata, A. F. Ríos, and C. L. Sabine
Biogeosciences, 10, 2169–2191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013, 2013
M. Gačić, K. Schroeder, G. Civitarese, S. Cosoli, A. Vetrano, and G. L. Eusebi Borzelli
Ocean Sci., 9, 83–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-83-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-83-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Approach: In situ Observations | Depth range: All Depths | Geographical range: Mediterranean Sea | Phenomena: Current Field
Extreme winter 2012 in the Adriatic: an example of climatic effect on the BiOS rhythm
Tidal variability of the motion in the Strait of Otranto
M. Gačić, G. Civitarese, V. Kovačević, L. Ursella, M. Bensi, M. Menna, V. Cardin, P.-M. Poulain, S. Cosoli, G. Notarstefano, and C. Pizzi
Ocean Sci., 10, 513–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-513-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-513-2014, 2014
L. Ursella, V. Kovačević, and M. Gačić
Ocean Sci., 10, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-49-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-49-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Adani, M., Dobricic, S., and Pinardi, N.: Quality assessment of a 1985–2007 Mediterranean Sea reanalysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28, 569–589, 2011.
Ait-Ameur, N. and Goyet, C.: Distribution and transport of natural and anthropogenic CO2 in the Gulf of Cadiz, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 1329–1343, 2006.
Alemany, F., Quintanilla, L., Velez-Belchí, P., García, A., Cortés, D., Rodríguez, J. M., Fernández de Puelles, M. L., González-Pola, C., and López-Jurado, J. L.: Characterization of the spawning habitat of Atlantic bluefin tuna and related species in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), Prog. Oceanogr., 86, 21–38, 2010.
Alhammoud, B., Beranger, K., Mortier, L., Crepon, M., and Dekeyser, I.: Surface circulation of the Levantine Basin: comparison of model results with observations, Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 299–320, 2005.
Allen, J. I., Blackford, J. C., and Radford, P. J.: A 1-D vertically resolved modelling study of the ecosystem dynamics of the middle and southern Adriatic sea, J. Marine Syst., 18, 265–286, 1998.
Allen, J. T., Smeed, D. A., Tintoré, J., and Ruiz, S.: Mesoscale subduction at the Almeria–Oran front, Part 1: Agesotrophic flow, J. Marine Syst., 30, 263–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00062-8, 2001.
Anderson, T. R. and Turley, C. M.: Low bacterial growth efficiency in the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea: a modelling analysis, J. Plankton Res., 25, 1011–1019, 2003.
Arhonditsis, G. B. and Brett, M. T.: Evaluation of the current state of mechanistic aquatic biogeochemical modeling, Marine Ecol. Prog. Ser., 271, 13–26, 2004.
Artale, V., Calmanti, S., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Pisacane, G., Rupolo, V., and Tsimplis, M.: The Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea as connected systems, in: Mediterranean Climate Variability, edited by: Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Boscolo, R., Elsevier, 283–323, 2006.
Ashkenazy, Y., Stone, P. H., and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.: Box modelling of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Physica A, 391, 1519–1531, 2012.
Astraldi, M., Balopoulos, E., Candela, J., Font, J., Gacic, M., Gasparini, G. P., Manca, B., Theocharis, A., and Tintore, J.: The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 65–108, 1999.
Baldacci, A., Corsini, G., Grasso, R., Manzella, G., Allen, J. T., Cipollini, P., Guymer, T. H., and Snaith, H. M.: A study of the Alboran Sea mesoscale system by means of empirical orthogonal function decomposition of satellite data, J. Marine Syst., 29, 293–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(01)00021-5, 2001.
Barausse, A. and Palmierim L.: A Comparative Analysis of Trophic Structure and Functioning in Large- Scale Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems, in: The Mediterranean Sea, its history and present challenges, edited by: Goffredo, S. and Dubinsky, Z., 678 pp., Springer, 2013.
Barron, C. N. and Kara, A. B.: Satellite based daily SSTs over the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026356, 2006.
Bethoux, J. P., Gentili, B., Morin, P., Nicolas, E., Pierre, C., and Ruiz-Pino, D.: The Mediterranean Sea: a miniature ocean for climatic and environmental studies and a key for the climatic functioning of the North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 131–146, 1999.
Beuvier, J., Sevault, F., Hermann, M., Kontoyiannis, H., Ludwig, W., Rixen, M., Stanev, E., Béranger, K., and Somot, S.: Modelling the Mediterranean Sea inter annual variability during 1961–2000: focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005950, 2010.
Bianchi, C. N. and Morri, C.: Marine biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: situation, problems and prospects for future research, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40, 367–376, 2000.
Bignami, F., Mattietti, G., Rotundi, A., and Salusti, E.: On a Suigimoto-Whitehead effect in the Mediterranean Sea: sinking and mixing of a bottom current in the Bari Canyon, southern Adriatic Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 37, 657–665, 1990.
Bignami, F., Böhm, E., D'Acunzo, E., D'Archino, R., and Salusti, E.: On the dynamics of surface cold filaments in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Marine Syst., 74, 429–442, 2008.
Bingel, F., Özsoy, E., and Ünluata, Ü.: A review of the state of the fisheries and the environment of the northeastern Mediterranean (Northern levantine Basin), General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean,No 65, 74 pp,Rome, FAO, 1993.
Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Miglietta, M. P., Parsons, T., and Piraino, S.: Gelatinous plankton: irregularities rule the world (sometimes), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 356, 299–312, 2008.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates, Science, 278, 1257–1266, 1997.
Borzelli, G. L. E.: Scales and variability of the sea surface temperature distribution in the Adriatic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C11S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004396, 2008.
Borzelli, G. and Ligi, R.: Empirical orthogonal function analysis of sst image series: a physical interpretation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 682–690, 1999a.
Borzelli, G. and Ligi, R.: Autocorrelation scales of the SST distribution and water masses stratification in the channel of Sicily, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 776–781, 1999b.
Borzelli, G. L. E., Gačić, M., Cardin, V., and Civitarese, G.: Eastern Mediterranean Transient and reversal of the Ionian Sea circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039261, 2009.
Bouffard, J., Pascual, A., Ruiz, S., Faugère, Y., and Tintoré, J.: Coastal and mesoscale dynamics characterization using altimetry and gliders: a case study in the Balearic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006087, 2010.
Bouffard, J., Renault, L., Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Dufau, C., and Tintoré, J.: Sub-surface small scale eddy dynamics from multi-sensor observations and modelling, Progr. Oceanogr., 106, 62–79, 2012.
Bourassa, M., Stoffelen, A., Bonekamp, H., Chang, P., Chelton, D. B., Courtney, J., Edson, R., Figa, J., He, Y., Hersbach, H.,Hilburn, K., Jelenak, Z., Kelly, K. A., Knabb, R., Lee, T., Lindstrom, E. J., Liu, W. T., Long, D. G., Perrie, W., Portabella, M., Powell, M., Rodriguez, E., Smith, D. K., Swail, V., and Wentz, F. J.: Remotely sensed winds and wind stresses for marine forecasting and ocean modeling, in: Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, vol. 2, edited by: Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., and Stammer, D., ESA Publication WPP-306, https://doi.org/10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.08, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, 2010.
Brenner, S.: Long-term evolution and dynamics of a persistent warm core eddy in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 1193–1206, 1993.
Brenner, S.: High-resolution nested model simulations of the climatological circulation in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea, Ann. Geophys., 21, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-267-2003, 2003.
Brenner, S., Gertman, I., and Murashkovsky, A.: Pre-operational ocean forecasting in the southeastern Mediterranean: model implementation, evaluation, and the selection of atmospheric forcing, J. Marine Syst., 65, 268–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.018, 2007.
Bruno, M., Chioua, J., Romero, J., Vazquez, A., Macias, D., Dastis, C., Ramirez-Romero, E., Echevarria, F., Reyes, J., and Garcia, C. M.: The importance of submesoscale processes for the exchange of properties through the Strait of Gibraltar, Progr. Oceanogr., 116, 66–79, 2013.
Cacho, I., Grimalt, J. O., and Canals, M.: Response of the Western Mediterranean Sea to rapid climatic variability during the last 50 000 years: a molecular biomarker approach, J. Marine Syst., 33, 253–272, 2002.
Canals, M., Puig, P., de Madron, X. D., Heussner, S., Palanques, A., and Fabres, J.: Flushing submarine canyons, Nature, 444, 355–357, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05271, 2006.
Candela, J.: Mediterranean water and the global circulation, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate: Observing and Modeling the Global Ocean, edited by: Siedler, G., Church, J., and Gould, J., Academic Press, 419–429, 2001.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., Freilich, M. H., and Millif, R. H.: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds, Science, 303, 978–983, 2004.
CIESM: Dynamics of Mediterranean deep waters, No 38, CIESM Workshop Monographs, edited by: Briand, F., Monaco, CIESM, 16 Boulevard de Suisse, MC-98000, Monaco, 132 pp., 2009.
CIESM: Designing Med-SHIP: a program for repeated oceanographic surveys, No 43, CIESM Workshop Monographs, edited by: Briand, F., Monaco, CIESM, 16 Boulevard de Suisse, MC-98000, Monaco, 164 pp., 2012.
Civitarese, G., Gačić, M., Lipizer, M., and Eusebi Borzelli, G. L.: On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean), Biogeosciences, 7, 3987–3997, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010, 2010.
Coll, M. and Libralato, S.: Contributions of food webmodelling to the ecosystem approach to marine resource management in the Mediterranean Sea, Fish and fisheries, 13, 60–88, 2012.
Coll, M., Lotze, H. K., and Romanuk, T. N.: Structural degradation in Mediterranean Sea food webs: testing ecological hypotheses using stochastic and mass-balance modelling, Ecosystems, 11, 939–960, 2008.
Cossarini, G., Solidoro, C., and Fonda Umani, S.: Dynamics of biogeochemical properties in temperate coastal areas of freshwater influence: Lessons from the Northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste), Estuarine, Coast. Shelf Sci., 115, 63–74, 2012.
Crise, A., Crispi, G., and Mauri, E.: Seasonal three-dimensional study of the nitrogen cycle in the Mediterranean Sea, Part 1: Model implementation and numerical results, J. Marine Syst., 18, 287–312, 1998.
Crispi, G., Crise, A., and Solidoro, C.: Three-dimensional oligotrophic ecosystem models driven by physical forcings: the Mediterranean Sea case, Environ. Model. Softw., 13, 483–490, 1998.
Crombet, Y., Leblanc, K., Quéguiner, B., Moutin, T., Rimmelin, P., Ras, J., Claustre, H., Leblond, N., Oriol, L., and Pujo-Pay, M.: Deep silicon maxima in the stratified oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 8, 459–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-459-2011, 2011.
Cushman-Roisin, B. and Korotenko, K. A.: Mesoscale-resolving simulations of summer and winter bora events in the Adriatic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11S91, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003516, 2007.
Demirov, E. and Pinardi, N.: Simulation of the Mediterranean Sea circulation from 1979 to 1993: Part 1. The interannual variability, J. Marine Syst., 33, 23–50, 2002.
De Rijk, S., Hayes, A., and Rohling, E. J.: Eastern Mediterranean sapropel S1 interruption: an expression of the onset of climatic deterioration around 7 kyr BP, Mar. Geol., 153, 337–343, 1999.
Diaz, F., Raimbault, P., Conan, P.: Small-scale study of primary productivity during spring in a Mediterranean coastal area (Gulf of Lions), Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 975–996, 2000.
Dima, M. and Lohmann, G.: A hemispheric mechanism for the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, J. Climate, 20, 2706–2719, 2007.
Dobricic, S., Pinardi, N., Adani, M., Tonani, M., Fratianni, C., Bonazzi, A., and Fernandez, V.: Daily oceanographic analyses by Mediterranean Forecasting System at the basin scale, Ocean Sci., 3, 149–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-3-149-2007, 2007.
Dobricic, S., Pinardi, N., Testor, P., and Send, U.: Impact of data assimilation of glider observations in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean), Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 50, 78–92, 2010.
D'Ortenzio, F. and Ribera d'Alcalà, M.: On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, 6, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-139-2009, 2009.
D'Ortenzio, F., Iudicone, D., Montegut, C. B., Testor, P., Antoine, D., Marullo, S., Santoleri, R., and Madec, G.: Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from in situ profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022463, 2005.
D'Ovidio, F., Fernández, V., Hernández-García, E., and López, C.: Mixing structures in the Mediterranean Sea from finite-size Lyapunov exponents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020328, 2004.
Dufau-Julliand, C., Marsaleix, P., Petrenko, A., and Dekeyser, I.: Three-dimensional modeling of the Gulf of Lions hydrodynamics (northwest Mediterranean during January 1999 and late winter 1999: Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water's (WIW's) formation and its cascading over the shelf break, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C11002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002019, 2004.
Ediger, D. and Y\i lmaz, A.: Characteristics of deep chlorophyll maximum in the North-eastern Mediterranean with respect to environmental conditions, J. Marine Syst., 9, 291–303, 1996.
Ediger, D., Tuğrul, S., and Y\i lmaz, A.: Vertical profiles of particulate organic matter and its relationship with chlorophyll a in upper layer of the NE Mediterranean Sea, J. Marine Syst., 55, 311–326, 2005.
Efrati, S., Lehahn, Y., Rahav, E., Kress, N., Herut, B., Gertman, I., Heifetz, E.: Intrusion of coastalWaters into the pelagic eastern Mediterranean: in situ and satellite-based characterization, Biogeosciences, 10, 3349–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3349-2013, 2013.
Emeis, K.-C., Sakamoto, T., Wehausen, R., and Brumsack, H. J.: The sapropel record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea – results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 158, 371–395, 2000.
Estrada, M.: Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean, Sci. Mar., 60, 55–64, 1996.
Feliks, Y. and Itzikowitz, S.: Movement and geographical distribution of anticyclonic eddies in the Eastern Levantine Basin, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1499–1508, 1987.
Fiala, M., Sournia, A., Claustre, H., Marty, J. C., Prieur, L., and Vétion, G.: Gradients of phytoplankton abundance, composition and photosynthesis pigments across the Almeria–Oran front (SW Mediterranean Sea), J. Marine Syst., 5, 223–233, 1994.
Finkel, Z. V., Beardall, J., Flynn, K. J., Quigg, A., Rees, T. A. V., and Raven, J. A.: Phytoplankton in a changing world: cell size and elemental stoichiometry, J. Plankton Res., 32, 119–137, 2010.
Flecha, S., Pérez, F. F., Navarro, G., Ruiz, J., Olivé, I., Rodr\'iguez-Gálvez, S., Costas, E., and Huertas, I. E.: Anthropogenic carbon inventory in the Gulf of Cádiz, J. Mar. Systems, 92, 67–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.010, 2012.
Foltz, G. R., Grodsky, S. A., and Carton, J. A.: Seasonal mixed layer heat budget of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3146, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001584, 2003.
Francombe, L. M., von der Heydt, A., and Dijkstra, H. A.: North Atlantic Multidecadal Climate Variability: an Investigation of Dominant Time Scales and Processes, J. Climate, 23, 3626–3638, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3471.1, 2010.
Fraschetti, S., Guarnieri, G., Bevilacqua, S., Terlizzi, A., Claudet, J., Russo, G. F., and Boero, F.: Conservation of Mediterranean habitats and biodiversity countdowns: what information do we really need?, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 21, 299–306, 2011.
Gačić, M., Eusebi Borzelli, G. L., Civitarese, G., Cardin, V., and Yari, S.: Can internal processes sustain reversals of the ocean upper circulation? The Ionian Sea example, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043216, 2010.
Gačić, M., Civitarese, G., Eusebi Borzelli, G. L., Kovačević, V., Poulain, P.-M., Theocharis, A., Menna, M., Catucci, A., and Zarokanellos, N.: On the relationship between the decadal oscillations of the Northern Ionian Sea and the salinity distributions in the Eastern Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007280, 2011.
Gačić, M., Schroeder, K., Civitarese, G., Cosoli, S., Vetrano, A., and Eusebi Borzelli, G. L.: Salinity in the Sicily Channel corroborates the role of the Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) in shaping the decadal variability of the Mediterranean overturning circulation, Ocean Sci., 9, 83–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-83-2013, 2013.
Galil, B. S.: A sea under siege-alien species in the Mediterranean, Biol. Invasions, 2, 177–186, 2000.
Galil, B. S., Nehring, S., and Panov, V.: Waterways as invasion highways-impact of climate change and globalization, in: Biological invasions, 59–74, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
Garcia-Lafuente, J., Delgado, J., Sanchez Roman, A., Soto, J., Carracedo, L., and Dýaz del Rio, G.: Interannual variability of the Mediterranean outflow observed in Espartel sill, western Strait of Gibraltar, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C10018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005496, 2009.
Gasparini, J. P., Ortona, A., Budillon, G., Astraldi, M., and Sansone, E.: The effect of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the hydrographic characteristics in the strait of Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52, 915–935, 2005.
Gerin, R., Poulain, P. M., Taupier-Letage, I., Millot, C., Ben Ismail, S., and Sammari, C.: Surface circulation in the Eastern Mediterranean using drifters (2005–2007), Ocean Sci., 5, 559–574, 2009.
Gertman, I., Pinardi, N., Popov, Y., and Hecht, A.: Aegean Sea Water Masses during the Early Stages of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (1988–1990), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1841–1859, 2006.
Gomez Gesteira, J. L., Dauvin, J. C., and Salvande Fraga, M.: Taxonomic level for assessing oil spill effects on soft-bottom sublittoral benthic communities, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 562–572, 2003.
Guarnieri, A., Oddo, P., Bortoluzzi, G., Pinardi, N., and Ravaiolo, M.: The Adriatic Basin Forecasting System: new model and system development, in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on EuroGOOS, edited by: Dhalin, H., Fleming, N., and Petersson, S. E., 184–190, 2010.
Guerzoni, S., Chester, R., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Migon, C., Molinaroli, E., Moulin, C., Rossini, P., Saydam, C., Soudine, A., and Ziveri, P.: The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 147–190, 1999.
Hamad, N., Millot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I.: A new hypothesis about the surface circulation in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 66, 287–298, 2005.
Hamad, N., Millot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I.: The surface circulation in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, Sci. Mar., 70, 457–503, 2006.
Herrmann, M., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Estournel, C., and Déqué, M.: Modeling the deep water convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea using an eddy-permitting and an eddy-resolving model: Case study of winter 1986–1987, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003991, 2008.
Herrmann, M., Diaz, F., Estournel, C., Marsaleix, C., Pulses, C.: Impact of atmospheric and oceanic interannual variability on the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5792–5813, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20405, 2013.
Heslop, E., Ruiz, S., Garau, B., Allen, J., Tintoré, J., Lopez-Jurado, J.-L., and Schroeder, K.: Variability in upper layer transports in the Balearic Sea, using new data from glider missions, 5th Everyone's Gliding Observatories Workshop, Gran Canaria, Spain, 14–18 March, 2011.
Hodges, B. A. and Fratantoni, D. M.: A thin layer of phytoplankton observed in the Philippine Sea with a synthetic moored array of autonomous gliders, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C10020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005317, 2009.
Hoskins, B. J., Draghici, I., and Davies, H. C.: A new look at the omega-equation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 104, 31–38, 1978.
Howell, M. W., Thunell, R. C., Di Stefano, E., Sprovieri, R., Tappa, E. J., and Sakamoto, T.: Stable isotope chronology and paleoceanographic history of sites 963 and 964, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, edited by: Robertson, A. H. F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A., 160, 167–180, 1998.
Huertas, I. E., R\'ios, A. F., Garc\'ia-Lafuente, J., Makaoui, A., Rodr\'iguez-Gálvez, S., Sánchez-Román, A., Orbi, A., Ru\'iz, J., and Pérez, F. F.: Anthropogenic and natural CO2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar, Biogeosciences, 6, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-647-2009, 2009.
Huertas, I. E., Rios, A. F., Garcia-Lafuente, J., Navarro, G., Makaoui, A., Sanchez-Roman, A., Rodriguez-Galvez, S., Orbi, A., Ruiz, J., and Perez, F. F.: Atlantic forcing of the Mediterranean oligotrophy, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004167, 2012.
Incarbona, A., Di Stefani, E., Patti, B., Pelosi, N., Bonomo, S., Mazzola, S., Sprovieri, R., Tranchida, G., Zgozi, S., and Bonanno, A.: Holocene millennial-scale productivity variations I the Sicily channel (Mediterranean Sea), Paleoceanography, 23, PA3204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001581, 2008.
Ioannone, A., Catucci, A., Grasso, M., and Eusebi Borzelli, G. L.: Decadal variability and scales of the sea surface structure in the northern Ionian, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 37–46, 2011.
Isern-Fontanet, J., Garcia-Ladona, E., and Font, J.: Vortices of the Mediterranean Sea: an altimetric perspective, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 87–103, 2006.
Ivanov, V. V., Shapiro, G. I., Huthnance, J. M., Aleynik, D. L., and Golovin, P. N.: Cascades of dense water around the world ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 60, 47–98, 2004.
Jordi, A., Basterretxea, G., Orfila, A., and Tintoré, J.: Analysis of the circulation and shelf-slope exchanges in the continental margin of the northwestern Mediterranean, Ocean Sci., 2, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2-173-2006, 2006.
Jordi, A., Basterretxea, G., and Angléss, S.: Influence of ocean circulation on phytoplankton biomass distribution in the Balearic Sea: study based on sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor and altimetry satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C11005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005301, 2009.
Josey, S. A., Somot, S., and Tsimplis, M.: Impacts of atmospheric modes of variability on Mediterranean Sea surface heat exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006685, 2010.
Kantha, L. H. and Carniel, S.: A note on mixing in stably stratified flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2501–2505, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3041.1, 2009.
Kantha, L. H. and Clayson, C. A.: On leakage of energy from turbulence to internal waves in the oceanic mixed layer, Ocean Dynam., 57, 151–156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0100-3, 2007.
Kontoyiannis, H., Theocharis, A., and Nittis, K.: Structures and characteristics of newly formed water masses in the NW Levantine during 1986, 1992, 1995, in: The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems, edited by: Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Eremeev, V. N., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Kontoyiannis, H., Papadopoulos, V., Kazmin, A., Zatsepin, A., and Georgopoulos, D.: Climatic variability of the sub-surface sea-temperatures in the Aegean-Black Sea system and relation to meteorological forcing, Clim. Dynam., 39, 1507–1525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1370-8, 2012.
Koppelmann, R., Bottger-Schnack, R., Mobius, J., and Weikert, H.: Trophic relationships of zooplankton in the eastern Mediterranean based on stable isotope measurements, J. Plankton Res., 31, 669–686, 2009.
Krichak, S. O. and Alpert, P.: Decadal trends in the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern and the Mediterranean precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 183–192, 2005.
Krom, M. D., Brenner, S., Kress, N., Neori, A. and Gordon, L. I.: Nutrient distributions during an annual cycle across a warmcore eddy from the E. Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Res. Pt. 1, 40, 805–825, 1993.
Krom, M. D., Herut, B., and Mantoura, R. F. C.: Nutrient budget for the Eastern Mediterranean: implications for phosphorus limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1582–1592, 2004.
Lapeyre, G. and Klein, P.: Impact of the small-scale elongated filaments on the oceanic vertical pump, J. Mar. Res., 64, 835–851, 2006.
Lascaratos, A. and Nittis, K.: A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18497–18511, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC01196, 1998.
Lascaratos, A., Roether, W., Nittis, K., and Klein, B.: Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 5–36, 1999.
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A. C. M., and Levrard, B.: A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, Astronomy Astrophys., 428, 261–285, 2004.
Lauzier, M. S. and Sindlinger, L.: On the source of Mediterranean overflow water property changes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1800–1817, 2009.
La Violette, P. E., Tintoré, J., and Font, J.: The surface circulation of the Balearic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1559–1568, 1990.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012.
Lee, C. M., Askari, F., Book, J., Carniel, S., Cushman-Roisin, B., Dorman, C., Doyle, J., Flament, P., Harris, C. K., Jones, B. H., Kuzmic, M., Martin, A., Ogston, M., Orlic, H. Perkins, P.-M., Poulain, J., Pullen, A., Russo, C. Sherwood, P., Signell, R. P., and Thaler, D.: Northern Adriatic response to a wintertime Bora wind event, Eos T. AGU, 86, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005EO16001, 2005.
Lermusiaux, P. F. J. and Robinson, A. R.: Features of dominant mesoscale variability, circulation patterns and dynamics in the Strait of Sicily, Deep Sea Res., 48, 1953–1997, 2001.
Lévy, M., Klein, P., and Ben Jelloul, M.: New production stimulated by high-frequency winds in a turbulent mesoscale eddy field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039490, 2009.
Libralato, L. and Solidoro, C.: Bridging biogeochemical and food web models for an End-to-End representation of marine ecosystem dynamics: The Venice lagoon case study, Ecol. Model., 220, 2960–2971, 2009.
Longhurst, A. R.: Ecological Geography of the Sea, Elsevier Science, New York, 552 pp., 1998.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Bergamasco, A.: The wind and thermally driven circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Part 2: The baroclinic case, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 15, 355–419, 1991.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Theocharis, A., Bergamasco, A., Bregant, D., Budillon, G., Civitarese, G., Georgopoulos, D., Michelato, A., Sansone, E., Sarazzato, P., Sovermezoglou, E.: A synthesis of the Ionian Sea hydrography, circulation and water mass pathways during POEM-Phase I, Progr. Oceanogr., 39, 153–204, 1997.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B. B., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Theocharis, A., Brenner, S., Budillon, G., and Özsoy, E.: The Eastern Mediterranean in the 80s and in the 90s: the big transition in the intermediate and deep circulations, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 29, 365–395, 1999.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Manca, B. B., Marullo, S., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Roether, W., Theocharis, A., Bergamasco, A., Budillon, G., Sansone, E., Civitarese, G., Conversano, F., Gertman, I., Hernt, B., Kress, N., Kioroglou, S., Kontoyannis, H., Nittis, K., Klein, B., Lascaratos, A., Latif, M. A., Özsoy, E., Robinson, A. R., Santoleri, R., Viezzoli, V., and Kovacevic, D., The LIWEX group: the Levantine Intermediate Water Experiment, the Levantine basin as a laboratory for multiple water mass formation processes, J. Geophys. Res., 9, 8101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001643, 2003.
Manca, B. B., Kovačević, V., Gačić, M., and Viezzoli, D.: Dense water formation in the Southern Adriatic Sea and spreading into the Ionian Sea in the period 1997–1999, J. Marine Syst., 33, 133–154, 2002.
Markaki, Z., Loye-Pilot, M.-D., Violaki, K., Benyahya, L., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Variability of atmospheric deposition of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the Mediterranean and possible link to the anomalous seawater N/P ratio, Mar. Chem., 120, 187–194, 2010.
Marullo, S., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Guarracino, M., and Santoleri, R.: Observing the Mediterranean Sea from space: 21 years of Pathfinder-AVHRR sea surface temperatures (1985 to 2005): re-analysis and validation, Ocean Sci., 3, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-3-299-2007, 2007.
Marullo, S., Artale, V., and Santoleri, R.: The SST multidecadal variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean region and its relation to AMO, J. Climate, 24, 4385–4401, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3884.1, 2011.
McGill, D. A.: A preliminary study of the oxygen and phosphate distribution in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Res. (1953), 8, 259–268, 1961.
McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Robinson, A. R., Siegel, D. A., Jannasch, H. W., Johnson, R., Dickey, T. D., McNeil, J., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea, Nature, 394, 263–265, 1998.
Menna, M., Poulain, P.-M., Zodiatis, G., and Gertman, I.: On the surface circulation of theLevantinesub-basin derived from Lagrangian drifters and satellite altimetry data, Deep Sea Res. Pt. I, 65, 46–58, 2012.
MerMex group: Marine Ecosystems Responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Progr. Oceanogr., 91, 97–166, 2011.
Miller, A. R.: Physical Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea: a discourse, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Med., 17, 857–871, 1963.
Millot, C.: Some features of the Algerian Current, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7169–7176, 1985.
Millot, C.: Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea, J. Marine Syst., 20, 423–442, 1999.
Millot, C.: Interannual salinification of the Mediterranean inflow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031179, 2007.
Millot, C.: Levantine Intermediate Water characteristics: an astounding general misunderstanding! Scientia Marina, 77, 0214-8358, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03518.13A, 2013.
Millot, C. and Taupier-Letage, I.: Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, in: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 5, Part K, edited by: Saliot, A., Springer-Verlag, 29–66, 2005.
Millot, C., Candela, J., Fuda, J.-L., and Tber, Y.: Large warming and salinification of the Mediterranean outflow due to changes in its composition, Deep-Sea Res., 53, 656–666, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.017, 2006.
Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz, B. A.: Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach, Remote. Sens. Environ., 111, 69–88, 2007.
Moutin, T., Van Wambeke, F., and Prieur, L.: Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligotrophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment, Biogeosciences, 9, 3817–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3817-2012, 2012.
Murat, A.: Pliocene-Pleistocene occurrence of sapropels in the Western Mediterranean Sea and their relation to Eastern Mediterranean sapropels, in: Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, edited by: Zahn, R., Comas, M. C., and Klaus, A., 161, 519–527, 1999.
Navarro, G., Vázquez, Á., Macías, D., Bruno, M., and Ruiz, J.: Understanding the patterns of biological response to physical forcing in the Alborán Sea (western Mediterranean), Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049708, 2011.
Nencioli, F., d'Ovidio, F., Doglioli, A. M., and Petrenko, A. A.: Surface coastal circulation patterns by in-situ detection of Lagrangian coherent structures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048815, 2011.
Niewiadomska, K., Claustre, H., Prieur, L., and d'Ortenzio, F.: Submesoscale physical–biogeochemical coupling across the Ligurian current (northwestern Mediterranean) using a bio-optical glider, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2210–2225, 2009.
Nilsson, J. A., Dobricic, S., Pinardi, N., Taillandier, V., and Poulain, P. M.: On the assessment of Argo float trajectory assimilation in the Mediterranean Forecasting System, Ocean Dynam., 61, 1475–1490, 2011.
Onken, R. and Yüce, H.: Winter circulation and convection in the Antalya basin (Eastern Mediterranean), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1099–1110, 2000.
Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., and Ünlüata, Ü.: Circulation and hydrography of the Levantine Basin, Results of POEM coordinated experiments 1985/1986, Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 125–170, 1989.
Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., Ünlüata, Ü., Brenner, S., Oğuz, T., Bishop, J., Latif, M. A., and Rosentroub, Z.: A review of the Levantine Basin circulation and its variability during 1985–88, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 15, 421–456, 1991.
Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., Ünlüata, Ü., Brenner, S., Sur, H. I., Bishop, J., Latif, M. A., Rozentraub, Z., and Oğuz, T.: A synthesis of the Levantine circulation and hydrography, 1985–1990, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 40, 1075–1119, 1993.
Palanques, A., Puig, P., Latasa, M., and Scharek, R.: Deep sediment transport induced by storms and dense shelf-water cascading in the northwestern Mediterranean basin, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 425–434, 2009.
Parsons, T. R. and Lalli, C. M.: Jellyfish population explosions: revisiting a hypothesis of possible causes, La mer, 40, 111–121, 2002.
Pascual, A., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Larnicol, G., Emelianov, M., and Gomis, D.: A case of an intense anticyclonic eddy in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 4–1, 2002.
Pascual, A., Ruiz, S., and Tintoré, J.: Combining new and conventional sensors to study the Balearic Current, Sea Technol., 51, 32–36, 2010.
Pasqual, A., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Zúñiga, D., Calafat, A., Canals, M., Durrieu de Madron, X., Puig, P., Heussner, S., Palanques, A., and Delsaut, N.: Flux and composition of settling particles across the continental margin of the Gulf of Lion: the role of dense shelf water cascading, Biogeosciences, 7, 217–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-217-2010, 2010.
Pérez-Folgado, M., Sierro, F. J., Flores, J.-A., Grimalt, J. O., and Zahn, R.: Paleoclimatic variations in foraminifer assemblages from the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) during the last 150 kyr in ODP Site 977, Mar. Geol., 212, 113–131, 2004.
Pierini, S. and Rubino, A.: Modeling the oceanic circulation in the area of the Strait of Sicily: the remotely forced dynamics, J. Phys. Ocean, 31, 1397–1412, 2001.
Pinardi, N. and Coppini, G.: Preface "Operational oceanography in the Mediterranean Sea: the second stage of development;;, Ocean Sci., 6, 263–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-263-2010, 2010.
Pinardi, N. and Masetti, E.: Variability of the large scale general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: a review, Palaeoecology, 158, 153–173, 2000.
Pinot, J. M., Lopez-Jurado, J. L., and Riera, M.: The Canales experiment (1996–1998): interannual, seasonal, and mesoscale variability of the circulation in the Balearic channels, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 335–370, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00139-8, 2002.
Pisacane, G., Artale, V., Calmanti, S., and Rupolo, V.: Decadal oscillations in the Mediterranean Sea: a result of the overturning circulation variability in the Eastern Basin?, Clim. Res., 31, 257–271, 2006.
POEM group: General circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean, Earth Sci. Rev., 32, 285–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(92)90002-B, 1992.
Polimene, L., Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M. and Colella, S.: The Adriatic Sea ecosystem seasonal cycle: validation of a three-dimensional numerical model, J. Geophys. Res, 112, C03S19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003260, 2007.
Poulain, P.-M., Menna, M., and Mauri, E.: Surface geostrophic circulation of the Mediterranean Sea derived from drifter and satellite altimeter data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 973–990, 2012.
Puillat, L., Taupier-Letage, I., and Millot, C.: Algerian eddies lifetime can near 3 years, J. Marine Syst., 31, 245–259, 2002.
Riandey, V., Champalbert, G., Carlotti, F., Taupier-Letage, I., and Thibault-Bothac, D.: Zooplankton distribution related to the hydrodynamic features in the Algerian Basin (western Mediterranean Sea) in summer 1997, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 52, 2029–2048, 2005.
Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Civitarese, G., Conversano, F., and Lavezza, R.: Nutrient ratios and fluxes hint at overlooked processes in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001650, 2003.
Ridame, C., Moutin, T., and Guieu, C.: Does phosphate adsorption onto Saharan dust explain the unusual N/P ratio in the Mediterranean Sea?, Ocean. Acta, 32, L12608, 629–634, 2003.
Rixen, M., Beckers, J., Levitus, S., Antonov, J., Boyer, T., Maillard, C., Fichaut, M., Balopoulos, E., Iona, S., Dooley, H., Garcia, M., Manca, B., Giorgetti, A., Manzella, G., Michailov, N., Pinardi, N., and Zavatarelli, M.: The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: a proxy for climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022702, 2005.
Robinson, A.: Eddies in Marine Science (Topics in Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences), Springer-Verlag, 609 pp., 1983.
Robinson, A., Leslie, W., Theocharis, A., and Lascaratos, A.: Mediterranean Sea circulation, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Academic Press Ltd., London, 1689–1706, 2001.
Robinson, A. R., Golnaraghi, M., Leslie, W. G., Artegiani, A., Hecht, A., Lazzoni, E., Michelato, A., Sansone, E., Theocharis, A., and Ünlüata, Ü.: The Eastern Mediterranean general circulation: features, structure and variability, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 15, 215–240, 1991.
Robinson, A. T. and Golnaraghi, M.: The physical and dynamical oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea, in: Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples, edited by: Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Robinson, A. R., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 255–306, 1994.
Roether, W. and Lupton, J. E.: Tracers confirm downward mixing of Tyrrhenian Sea upper waters associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, Ocean Sci., 7, 91–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-91-2011, 2011.
Roether, W., Manca, B. B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D., Beitzel, V., Kovacević, V., and Luchetta, A.: Recent changes in Eastern Mediterranean deep waters, Science, 271, 333–335, 1996.
Roether, W., Klein, B., Manca, B. B., Theocharis, A., and Kioroglou, S.: Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s, Prog. Oceanogr., 74, 540–571, 2007.
Rohling, E. J.: Review and new aspects concerning the formation of Mediterranean sapropels, Mar. Geol., 122, 1–28, 1994.
Rohling, E. J., Cane, T. R., Cooke, S., Sprovieri, M., Bouloubassi, I., Emeis, K. C., Schiebel, R., Kroon, D., Jorissen, F. J., Lorre, A., and Kemp, A. E. S.: African monsoon variability during the previous interglacial maximum, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 202, 61–75, 2002.
Rosentraub, Z. and Brenner, S.: Circulation over the southeastern continental shelf and slope of the Mediterranean Sea: direct current measurements, winds, and numerical model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003775, 2007.
Roussenov, V., Stanev, E., Artale, V., and Pinardi, N.: A seasonal model of the Mediterranean Sea general circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13515–13538, 1995.
Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Garau, B., Faugère, Y., Alvarez, A., and Tintoré, J.: Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic Front, integrating glider, ship and satellite data, J. Marine Syst., 78, 3–16, 2009a.
Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Garau, B., Pujol, I., and Tintoré, J.: Vertical VELOCITIES in the upper ocean from glider and altimetry data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, p. 72, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038569, 2009b.
Salihoğlu, \.I., Saydam, C., Baştürk, Ö., Goemen, D., Hatipoğlu, E., and Y\i lmaz, A.: Transport and distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll a by mesoscale eddies in the Northeastern Mediterranean, Mar. Chem., 29, 375–390, 1990.
Sannino, G., Herrmann, M., Carillo, A., Rupolo, V., Ruggiero, V., Artale, V., and Heimbach, P.: An eddy-permitting model of the Mediterranean Sea with a two-way grid refinement at the Strait of Gibraltar, Ocean Model., 30, 56–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.06.002, 2009.
Santinelli, C., Manca, B. B., Gasparini, G. P., Nannicini, L., and Seritti, A.: Vertical distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean Sea, Clim. Res., 31, 205–216, 2006.
Santinelli, C., Nannicini, L., and Seritti, A.: DOC dynamics in the meso and bathypelagic layers of the Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1446–1459, 2010.
Saunders, P. M.: The instability of a baroclinic vortex, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 61–65, 1973.
Schneider, A., Tanhua, T., Körtzinger, A., and Wallace, D. W. R.: High anthropogenic carbon content in the eastern Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006171, 2010.
Schroeder, K., Ribotti, A., Borghini, M., Sorgente, R., Perilli, A., and Gasparini, G. P.: An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035146, 2008.
Schroeder, K., Josey, S. A., Herrmann, M., Grignon, L., Gasparini, G. P., and Bryden, H. L.: Abrupt warming and salting of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after 2005: atmospheric forcings and lateral advection, J. Geophys. Res., C08029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005749, 2010.
Schroeder, K., Garcia-Lafuente, J., Josey, S. A., Artale, V., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Carrillo, A., Gacic, M., Gasparini, G. P., Herrmann, M., Lionello, P., Ludwig, W., Millot, C., Ozsoy, E., Pisacane, G., Sanchez-Garrido, J. C., Sannino, G., Santoleri, R., Somot, S., Struglia, M., Stanev, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Tsimplis, M. N., Vargas-Yanez, M., Zervakis, V., and Zodiatis, G.: Climate of the Mediterranean Region – From the past the future, edited by: Lionello, P., Elsevier, 187–256, 2012.
Send, U., Font, J., Krahmann, G., Millot, C., Rhein, M., and Tintore, J.: Recent advances in observing the physical oceanography of the western Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceangr., 44, 37–64, 1999.
Shea, K. and Chesson, P.: Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions, TRENDS in Ecology Evolution, 17, 170–176, 2002.
Signell, R. P., Carniel, S., Cavaleri, L., Chiggiato, J., Doyle, J., Pullen, J., and Sclavo, M.: Assessment of wind quality for oceanographic modeling in semi-enclosed basins, J. Marine Syst., 53, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.03.006, 2005.
Siokou-Frangou, I., Zervoudaki, S., Christou, E. D., Zervakis, V., and Georgopoulos, D.: Variability of mesozooplankton spatial distribution in the North Aegean Sea, as influenced by the Black Sea waters outflow, J. Marine Syst., 78, 557–575, 2009.
Sprovieri, M., Pelosi, N., Sprovieri, R., Incarbona, A, and Ribera d'Alcalà, M.: L'evoluazione del clima nell'area mediterranea durante l'intervallo 20 000–70 000 anni, in Clima e Cambiamenti Climatic: le Attivitá di Ricerca del CNR, edited by: Carli, B., Cavarretta, G., Colacino, M., and Fuzzi, S., Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, 177–180, 2007.
Stammer, D.: Global characteristics of ocean variability estimated from regional TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1743–1769, 1997.
Stommel, H.: Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow, Tellus, 2, 224–230, 1961.
Sullivan, J. M., McManus, M. A., Cheriton, O. M., Benoit-Bird, K. J., Goodman, L., Wang, Z., Ryan, J. P., Stacey, M., Van Holliday, D., Greenlaw, C., Moline, M. A., and McFarland, M.: Layered organization in the coastal ocean: an introduction to planktonic thin layers and the LOCO project, Cont. Shelf Res., 30, 1–6, 2010.
Sur, H., Özsoy, E., and Ünlüata, Ü.: Simultaneous deep and intermediate depth convection in the Northern Levantine Sea, Winter 1992, Oceanol. Acta, 16, 33–43, 1993.
Taupier-Letage, I., Puillat, I., Millot, C., and Raimbault, P.: Biological response to mesoscale eddies in the Algerian Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3245, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000117, 2003.
Theocharis, A., Balopolos, E., Kioroglou, S., Kontoyannis, H., and Iona, A.: A synthesis of the circulation and hydrography of the South Aegean Sea and the Straits of the Cretan Arc (March 1994–January 1995), Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 469–509, 1999a.
Theocharis, A., Nittis, K., Kontoyiannis, H., Papageorgiou, E., and Balopoulos, E.: Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the Eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997), Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1617–1620, 1999b.
Theocharis, A., Klein, B., Nittis, K., and Roether, W.: Evolution and status of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997–1999), J. Mar. Syst., 33–34, 91–116, 2002a.
Theocharis, A., Lascaratos, A., and Sofianos, S.: Variability of sea water properties in the Ionian, Cretan and Levantine seas during the last century, in: Tracking Long-Term Hydrological Change in the Mediterranean Sea, CIESM Workshop Series, 16, edited by: Briand, F. and Millot, C., Monaco, CIESM, 16 boulevard de Suisse, MC-98000, Monaco, 71–78, 2002b.
Tintoré, J., Vizoso, G., Casas, B., Renault, L., Ruiz, S., Garau, B., Pascual, A., Martínez-Ledesma, M., Gomez-Pujol, L. L., and Orfila, A.: Designing Med-SHIP: a Program for Repeated Oceanographic Surveys, CIESM Workshop Monographs, 43, edited by: Briand, F., CIESM, 16 boulevard de Suisse, MC-98000, Monaco, 164 pp., 2012.
Tonani, M., Pinardi, N., Dobricic, S., Pujol, I., and Fratianni, C.: A high-resolution free-surface model of the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Sci., 4, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-4-1-2008, 2008.
Triantafyllou, G., Hoteit, I., Korres, G. and Petihakis, G.: Ecosystem modeling and data assimilation of physical-biogeochemical processes in shelf and regional areas of the Mediterranean Sea, App. Num. Anal. Comp. Math., 2, 262–280, 2005.
Triantafyllou, G., Korres, G., Hoteit, I., Petihakis, G., and Banks, A. C.: Assimilation of ocean colour data into a Biogeochemical Flux Model of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Sci., 3, 397–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-3-397-2007, 2007.
UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA: Classification of Benthic Marine Habitat Types for the Mediterranean Region, UNEP RAC SPA, Tunis, 2006.
Van Wambeke, F., Lefèvre, D., Prieur, L., Sempéré, R., Bianchi, M., Oubelkheir, K., and Bruyant, F.: Distribution of microbial biomass, production, respiration, dissolved organic carbon and factors controlling bacterial production across a geostrophic front (Almeria-Oran, SW Mediterranean Sea), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 269, 1–15, 2004.
Vervatis, V. D., Sofianos, S. S., and Theocharis, A.: Distribution of the thermohaline characteristics in the Aegean Sea related to water mass formation processes (2005.2006 winter surveys), J. Geophys. Res., 116, C09034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006868, 2011.
Vilibić, I. and Supić, N.: Dense water generation on a shelf: the case of the Adriatic Sea, Ocean Dynam., 55, 403–415, 2005.
Volpe, G., Banzon, V. F., Evans, R. H., Santoleri, R., Mariano, A. J., and Sciarra, R.: Satellite observations of the impact of dust in a low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region: Fertilization or artifact?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003216, 2009.
Wang, F., Vieira, M., Salat, J., Tintoré, J., and La Violette, P. E.: A shelf/slope filament off the Northeast Spanish Coast, J. Mar. Res., 46, 321–332, 1988.
Winters, K. B. and Young, W. R.: Available potential energy and buoyancy variance in horizontal convection, J. Fluid Mech., 629, 221–231, 2009.
Winters, K. B., Lombard, P. N., Riley, J. J., and D'Asaro, E. A.: Available potential energy and mixing in density stratified fluids, J. Fluid Mech., 289, 115–128, 1995.
Wunsch, C.: The vertical partition of oceanic horizontal kinetic energy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1770–1794, 1997.
Wunsch, C. and Stammer, D.: The global frequency-wave number spectrum of oceanic variability estimated from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24895–24910, 1995.
Xoplaki, E., Gonzalez-Rouco, F. J., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs, Clim. Dynam., 20, 723–739, 2003.
Xoplaki, E., Gonzalez-Rouco, F. J., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics, Clim. Dynam., 23, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0, 2004.
Yacobi, Y. Z., Zohary, T., Kress, N., Hecht, A., Robarts, R. D., Waiser, M., Wood, A. M. and Li, W. K. W.: Chlorophyll distribution throughout the southeastern Mediterranean in relation to physical structure of the water mass, J. Marine Syst., 6, 179–190, 1995.
Y\i lmaz, A. and Tuğrul, S.: The effect of cold and warm-core eddies and the distribution and stoichiometry of dissolved nutrients in the Northeastern Mediterranean, J. Marine Syst., 16, 253–268, 1998.
Y\i lmaz, A., Ediger, D., Baştürk, Ö., and Tuğrul, S.: Phytoplankton fluorescence and deep chlorophyll maxima in the northeastern Mediterranean, Oceanol. Acta, 17, 69–77, 1994.
Zavatarelli, M. and Mellor, G. L.: A numerical study of the Mediterranean Sea circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1384–1414, 1995.
Zervakis, V., Geogopoulos, D., and Deakopoulos, P. G.: The role of the North Aegean in triggering the recent Eastern Mediterranean climatic changes, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26103–26116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900131, 2000.
Zoccolotti, L. and Salusti, E.: Observation of vein of very dense water in the southern Adriatic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 7, 535–551, 1987.
Zodiatis, G., Drakopoulos, P., Brenner, S., and Groom, A. S.: Variability of the Cyprus warm core eddy during the CYCLOPS project, Deep-Sea Res. Part II, 52, 2897–2910, 2005.
Zodiatis, G., Hayes, R. D., Lardner, R., and Georgio, G.: Sub-regional forecasting and observing system in the Eastrn Mediterranean Levantine Basin: the Cyprus Coastal Ocean Forecasting and Observing System (CYCOFS), in: Towards an integrated system of Mediterranean marine observatories, edited by: Briand, F. CIESM Workshop Monographs, 34, 101–106, 2008.
