The ocean is one of the main reservoirs of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on Earth's surface, so it plays an important role in modulating the climate. In this paper, we propose an update to how dissolved CO₂ in seawater is determined from laboratory data, which can sometimes improve the accuracy of these measurements.

We propose an approach to quantify energy barriers to the vertical movement (upward-downward) of water parcels in diverse aquatic bodies, which are associated with the vertical variation in density (stratification). The approach analyzes these barriers in detail and provides an objective measure of stratification intensity in any vertical section of the water column. This approach can enhance our understanding of the effects of stratification on diverse ocean-atmosphere interaction processes.

Coastal planners need to know the flood risk from tidal surges so sea defences can be sited appropriately. The author has developed a novel technique which analyses tide gauge data to estimate the risk and the height of sea-defences required. A comparison with results of a UK Environment Agency 2011 study shows good agreement. However, this new approach is simpler to automate than the method used in that study, and could be widely used to inform strategies for coastal management and resilience.

This study shows a new method for mapping coralligenous bioconstructions using high-resolution acoustic data. The protocol integrates bathymetry, backscatter, and geomorphological indices, providing detailed information on the spatial and volumetric distribution of benthic habitats. This approach offers valuable insights for monitoring and conserving Mediterranean ecosystems, with potential applications in understanding habitat structure and guiding future conservation actions.