The Osborn relation is widely used to estimate the diapycnal mixing rate, but its accuracy is questioned due to the assumed constant dissipation ratio (Γ) without identifying mixing types. We identify a salt finger and turbulence in the western Pacific and midlatitude Atlantic, finding that Γ is highly variable and related to turbulence parameters, through which we improve mixing rate estimates. Identifying mixing types and refining Γ are necessary to improve mixing parameterization accuracy.

The entanglement of waves and currents in observational data complicates their respective estimation. We propose a data-driven method that provides a reduced set of modes for waves and currents. These sets of modes are correlated with each other, enabling us to perform a coupled estimation of these two physical processes. This methodology is capable of producing estimates from an instantaneous observation of sea surface height and for a strong jet signal.

This work presents an approach for increasing the spatial resolution of satellite data and interpolating gaps due to cloud cover, using a method called DINEOF (data-interpolating empirical orthogonal functions). The method is tested on turbidity and chlorophyll-a concentration data in the Belgian coastal zone and the North Sea. The results show that we are able to improve the spatial resolution of these data in order to perform analyses of spatial and temporal variability in coastal regions.

A new method improves the accuracy of climate models by adjusting wave spectrum simulations in the Mediterranean Sea. It corrects biases and accounts for changes in wave patterns due to climate change, such as shifts in direction and frequency. This technique was applied to multiple climate models, assessing future wave conditions for mid-century and end-of-century scenarios. The results underline the importance of precise corrections for better predicting how waves may evolve as the climate changes.

The study presents an operational service that forecasts flood impacts during extreme conditions at three beaches in Barcelona, Spain. The architecture is designed for efficient use on standard desktop computers, using data from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, task automation tools, Python scripts, and the XBeach model to deliver timely results. Extensive validation, including field campaigns and video analysis, ensures accuracy and reliability.

The study explores how unresolved motions in the Benguela upwelling region affect diffusivity estimates and the need for full diffusivity tensors in models. Using a scalar for lateral mixing can be inaccurate due to directional mixing. Analysis of buoys and simulations shows that diffusivity from particle pairs is lower than expected and that removing the mean flow improves estimates. The study shows the importance of full diffusivity tensors for better model mixing and reducing warm biases in models.

The Weddell Sea Bottom Water gravity current transports dense water from the continental shelf to the deep sea and is crucial for the formation of new deep-sea water. Building on vertical profiles and time series measured in the northwestern Weddell Sea, we apply three methods to distinguish turbulence caused by internal waves from that by other sources. We find that in the upper part of the gravity current, internal waves are important for the mixing of less dense water down into the current.

This study provides the first assessment of decadal changes in the whole phytoplankton community, addressed by flow cytometry, in the highly productive waters of the Strait of Dover. A significant surface seawater temperature increase of 1°C, associated with an important change in the nutrient concentration and balance, has triggered a change in the phytoplankton communities, characterized by a higher total abundance and an increasing proportion of the smallest cells (picroeukaryotes and picocyanobacteria).

The west African coastal region sustains highly productive fisheries and marine ecosystems influenced by sea surface temperature. We use oceanic models to show that the freshwater input from land to ocean strengthens a surface northward (southward) coastal current north (south) of the Congo River mouth, promoting a transfer of cooler (warmer) waters to north (south) of the Congo discharge location. We highlight the significant impact of river discharge on ocean temperatures and circulation.

Submarine canyons are topographic features found along the continental slope worldwide. Here we use numerical simulations to study how a submarine canyon influences the circulation near the coast when winds moving poleward influence the region. Our results show that submarine canyons modify the circulation near the coast, causing strong velocities perpendicular to the coast. These changes can trap particles inside the canyon, an important mechanism to explain its role as a biological hotspot.

Seemingly interconnected beaches are often separated by human-made obstacles and natural divergence areas of sediment flux. We decompose the sedimentary shores of the Gulf of Riga into five naturally almost isolated compartments based on the analysis of wave-driven sediment flux. The western, southern, and eastern shores have quite different and fragmented sediment transport regimes. The transport rates along different shore segments show extensive interannual variations but no explicit trends.

Climate change impacts the ocean carbon cycle, demanding methods to monitor ocean carbon uptake. We developed a machine learning tool applied to a global ocean biogeochemistry model to identify and track marine carbon biomes both seasonally and from 1958 to 2018. Distinct carbon biomes with varied ocean dynamics were detected. Changes in biome coverage revealed responses to seasonal and long-term shifts, offering insights into the impacts of climate change.

The East Siberian Sea has nearly 80 % of the subsea permafrost worldwide. The cold layer with a temperature around −1.5 ºC above the seafloor prevents heat transporting from above to melt permafrost and release methane from sediments. However, we observed a warming trend at the seafloor caused by wave-induced vertical mixing in the shelf. The intensified mixing can transport enormous heat downward, leading to warming of more than 3 °C at the bottom, putting the subsea permafrost at high risk.

Water isotopes in the ocean trace the freshwater exchanges between the ocean, the atmosphere, and the cryosphere and are used to investigate processes of the hydrological cycle. We illustrate offsets in seawater isotopic composition between different datasets that are larger than the expected variability that one often wants to explore. This highlights the need to share seawater isotopic composition samples dedicated to specific intercomparison of data produced in different laboratories.

This study analyses physical and biogeochemical data collected in the East Australian Current (EAC) to understand variability in the nutrient-poor surface waters. The distribution of nutrients in the water column is influenced by seasonal flow and the EAC's position. An inshore EAC has a deeper nutricline and lower nutrient concentrations compared to an offshore EAC position. This has implications for the marine ecosystems along the coastline.

Ocean circulations include small-scale processes like transport through sub-mesoscale eddies and turbulence by internal wave breaking. Knowledge is lacking on the interaction between the different processes. In deep, weakly stratified waters, continuous spectral slopes are observed that extend from sub-mesoscales across the internal wave band to the turbulence range. Such correspondence is suggested as being a potential feedback mechanism stabilizing large-scale ocean circulations.