Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
15 Jul 2022
Review article |
| 15 Jul 2022
| 15 Jul 2022
Coastal sea level monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black seas
Begoña Pérez Gómez
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain
Ivica Vilibić
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and
Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Jadranka Šepić
Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Iva Međugorac
Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Matjaž Ličer
Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Piran,
Slovenia
Laurent Testut
LIENSs, CNRS – La Rochelle University, La Rochelle, France
Claire Fraboul
SHOM, Brest, France
Marta Marcos
Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC),
Esporles, Spain
Hassen Abdellaoui
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Enrique Álvarez Fanjul
Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain
Darko Barbalić
Croatian Waters, Zagreb, Croatia
Benjamín Casas
SOCIB-Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting
System, Palma, 07122, Spain
Antonio Castaño-Tierno
IEO-CSIC – Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Madrid, Spain
Srđan Čupić
Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia, Split, Croatia
Aldo Drago
Physical Oceanography Research Group, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
María Angeles Fraile
National Geographic Institute, Madrid, Spain
Daniele A. Galliano
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
Adam Gauci
Physical Oceanography Research Group, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Branislav Gloginja
Hydrometeorological and Seismological Service, Podgorica, Montenegro
Víctor Martín Guijarro
National Geographic Institute, Madrid, Spain
Maja Jeromel
Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Marcos Larrad Revuelto
Spanish Hydrographic Office, Cádiz, Spain
Ayah Lazar
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
Ibrahim Haktan Keskin
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Igor Medvedev
PP Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
Abdelkader Menassri
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Mohamed Aïssa Meslem
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Hrvoje Mihanović
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
Sara Morucci
ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale,
Rome, Italy
Dragos Niculescu
National Institute for Marine Research and Development “Grigore
Antipa”, Constanţa, Romania
José Manuel Quijano de Benito
Spanish Hydrographic Office, Cádiz, Spain
Josep Pascual
L'Estartit Meteorological Station, L'Estartit, Spain
Atanas Palazov
Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna,
Bulgaria
Marco Picone
ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale,
Rome, Italy
Fabio Raicich
CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, Trieste, Italy
Mohamed Said
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
Jordi Salat
ICM-CSIC, Institute of Marine Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
Erdinc Sezen
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Mehmet Simav
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Georgios Sylaios
Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Elena Tel
IEO-CSIC – Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Madrid, Spain
Joaquín Tintoré
SOCIB-Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting
System, Palma, 07122, Spain
Klodian Zaimi
National Centre for Forecast and Monitoring of Natural Risks,
Polytechnic University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
George Zodiatis
ORION Research, Nicosia, Cyprus
Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Heraklion, Greece
Cyprus Oceanography Centre, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Related authors
Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Emanuela Clementi, Christian Ferrarin, Svitlana Liubertseva, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Baptiste Mourre, Salvatore Aronica, Rosa Balbin, Joaquín Ballabrera-Poy, Sana Ben Ismail, Nathaniel Benssousan, Ismail Bessa, Alicia Blanco, Anthony Bosse, Evi Bourma, François Bourrin, Carlo Brandini, Fulvio Capodici, Clara Casals-Baixas, Branko Cermelj, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Lorenzo Corgnati, Joaquín del Río, Emilie Diamond Riquier, Lara Diaz-Barroso, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Milad Fakhri, Costantine Frangoulis, Claudia Fratianni, Emilio García-Ladona, Jesus García-Lafuente, M. Carmen García-Martínez, Joaquín Garrabou, Josep Gasol, Adam Gauci, Frédéric Gazeau, Gerard Gregory, Abed El Raman Hassoun, Jordi Isern-Fontanet, Dominique Lefevre, Nadia Lo Bue, Guiomar López, Pablo Lorente, Deny Malengros, Ramon Massana, Sinan Mavruk, Stefano Miserocchi, Behzad Mostajir, Laure Mousseau, Francina Moya, Antonio Novellino, Arianna Orasi, Emanuele Organelli, Vicent Ouisse, Tal Ozer, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Susana Pérez-Rubio, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Georges Petihakis, Anne Petrenko, Sebastien Pinel, Xavier Pitarch, Angela Pomaro, Lucía Quirós-Collazos, Emma Reyes, Simone Sammartino, Anna Sánchez-Vidal, Katrin Schroeder, Stefano Taddei, Elena Tel, Pierre Testor, Marco Torri, Daniela Turk, Laura Ursella, Dimitris Velaoras, Francesca Vidussi, Ivica Vilivić, Enrico Zambiachi, D. Nikolaos Zarokanellos, George Zodiatis, and Vanessa Cardin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This work compiles current marine observation capabilities in the Mediterranean Sea, making this information accessible to scientists, organizations, stakeholders, and environmental policymakers. It supports initiatives such as Copernicus Marine Service, EMODNet, the European Ocean Pact, and EU directives. It is intended as a living resource to be updated, identifying strengths and gaps in Mediterranean observation systems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Federica Borile, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Jue Lin-Ye, Anna Mangilli, Ali Aydogdu, Emanuela Clementi, and Paolo Oddo
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-2, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level trends are analysed in the western and eastern Mediterranean Sea using satellite and in-situ data. We found that sea level rise is not constant but varies over decades and differs between regions. These changes are influenced by temperature, salinity, and local land movements. Understanding this variability helps improve coastal planning and prepares communities for changing sea levels in the near future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Garbiñe Ayensa, Marta De Alfonso, Samuel Galán, Pilar Gil, Fernando Manzano, Anna Magdalena Matulka, Pedro Montero, Verónica Morales-Márquez, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Cristina Pérez-Íñigo, Susana Pérez-Rubio, and María Isabel Ruiz
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-5, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Louis hit southwestern Europe in February 2024, causing major transport disruptions, power outages, and one death. Powerful winds and high waves struck two Spanish ports, with wave heights over 8 meters. Despite similar conditions offshore, the ports reacted differently due to their layouts. One saw long-lasting, moderate impacts, while the other faced a shorter, more intense event. The study highlights the need for better storm monitoring to protect coastal infrastructure.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Axel Alonso Valle, Alex Gallardo, Marta de Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Stefania Ciliberti, and Marcos G. Sotillo
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-16, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
This study improves the way extreme sea surface temperature events are monitored in the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland region. We tested new data sources and combined information from different models and satellites to provide more consistent results and to include estimates of uncertainty. The findings show that these methods make the indicator more reliable and useful for understanding marine heat events and for supporting decisions related to climate and ocean management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Angelique Melet, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Pascal Matte
State Planet, 5-opsr, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-11-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-11-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting the sea level is crucial for supporting coastal management through early warning systems and for adopting adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts. We provide here an overview on models commonly used for sea level forecasting, which can be based on storm surge models or ocean circulation ones, integrated on structured or unstructured grids, including an outlook on new approaches based on ensemble methods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marina Tonani, Eric Chassignet, Mauro Cirano, Yasumasa Miyazawa, and Begoña Pérez Gómez
State Planet, 5-opsr, 3, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-3-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-3-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides an overview of the main characteristics of ocean forecast systems covering a limited region of the ocean. Their main components are described, as well as the spatial and temporal scales they resolve. The oceanic variables that these systems are able to predict are also explained. An overview of the main forecasting systems currently in operation is also provided.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Bisaro, Giulia Galluccio, Elisa Fiorini Beckhauser, Fulvio Biddau, Ruben David, Floortje d'Hont, Antonio Góngora Zurro, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Sadie McEvoy, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Claudia Romagnoli, Eugenio Sini, and Jill Slinger
State Planet, 3-slre1, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses coastal adaptation governance by examining socio-economic and political contexts, reviewing policy frameworks, and identifying challenges. Results show that regional and basin-scale frameworks lack sea level rise provisions, but significant national progress is observed. The main governance challenges are time horizons and uncertainty, coordination, and social vulnerability. These, however, can be addressed if flexible planning and nature-based solutions are implemented.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Marta de Alfonso, Pilar Gil, Fernando Manzano, Anna Magdalena Matulka, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Susana Pérez-Rubio, and M. Isabel Ruiz
State Planet, 4-osr8, 19, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-19-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-19-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Over recent decades, extreme weather events have attracted growing public concern due to their widespread impact on the environment and human well-being. Their comprehensive monitoring is crucial to adopt prevention strategies and reduce coastal vulnerability. In this work, the record-breaking wave event that hit Melilla harbour (SW Mediterranean Sea) during early April 2022 was investigated to elucidate the meteorological drivers and evaluate the energetic response of Melilla harbour basins.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jue Lin-Ye, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Alejandro Gallardo, Fernando Manzano, Marta de Alfonso, Elizabeth Bradshaw, and Angela Hibbert
Ocean Sci., 19, 1743–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1743-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1743-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The historical sea level measurements in the Copernicus Marine Service have been machine flagged and visually inspected. The existing software for the near-real-time product has been adapted. The new product was launched in November of 2022 and is readily available to the general public.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Emanuela Clementi, Christian Ferrarin, Svitlana Liubertseva, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Baptiste Mourre, Salvatore Aronica, Rosa Balbin, Joaquín Ballabrera-Poy, Sana Ben Ismail, Nathaniel Benssousan, Ismail Bessa, Alicia Blanco, Anthony Bosse, Evi Bourma, François Bourrin, Carlo Brandini, Fulvio Capodici, Clara Casals-Baixas, Branko Cermelj, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Lorenzo Corgnati, Joaquín del Río, Emilie Diamond Riquier, Lara Diaz-Barroso, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Milad Fakhri, Costantine Frangoulis, Claudia Fratianni, Emilio García-Ladona, Jesus García-Lafuente, M. Carmen García-Martínez, Joaquín Garrabou, Josep Gasol, Adam Gauci, Frédéric Gazeau, Gerard Gregory, Abed El Raman Hassoun, Jordi Isern-Fontanet, Dominique Lefevre, Nadia Lo Bue, Guiomar López, Pablo Lorente, Deny Malengros, Ramon Massana, Sinan Mavruk, Stefano Miserocchi, Behzad Mostajir, Laure Mousseau, Francina Moya, Antonio Novellino, Arianna Orasi, Emanuele Organelli, Vicent Ouisse, Tal Ozer, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Susana Pérez-Rubio, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Georges Petihakis, Anne Petrenko, Sebastien Pinel, Xavier Pitarch, Angela Pomaro, Lucía Quirós-Collazos, Emma Reyes, Simone Sammartino, Anna Sánchez-Vidal, Katrin Schroeder, Stefano Taddei, Elena Tel, Pierre Testor, Marco Torri, Daniela Turk, Laura Ursella, Dimitris Velaoras, Francesca Vidussi, Ivica Vilivić, Enrico Zambiachi, D. Nikolaos Zarokanellos, George Zodiatis, and Vanessa Cardin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This work compiles current marine observation capabilities in the Mediterranean Sea, making this information accessible to scientists, organizations, stakeholders, and environmental policymakers. It supports initiatives such as Copernicus Marine Service, EMODNet, the European Ocean Pact, and EU directives. It is intended as a living resource to be updated, identifying strengths and gaps in Mediterranean observation systems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Giordano, Matjaž Ličer, Stefano Querin, Stefano Salon, and Martin Vodopivec
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2567, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2567, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2023, the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic, Mediterranean Sea) experienced extreme bottom temperatures recorded by a thermometer at 20 m depth. However, the three-month bottom marine heatwave was not detectable from the surface. The event followed a prolonged drought: high salinity and density of surface waters caused unusually deep mixing, allowing warm surface waters to reach the seafloor and imposing extreme stress on bottom-dwelling biota.
Florian Volmer Martin Kokoszka, Mireno Borghini, Katrin Schroeder, Jacopo Chiggiato, Joaquín Tintoré, Nikolaos Dimitrios Zarokanellos, Albert Miralles, Patricia Rivera Rodríguez, Manuel Rubio, Miguel Charcos, Benjamín Casas, and Anneke ten Doeschate
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 2203–2226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2203-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2203-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique dataset of underwater measurements collected by an autonomous glider in the western Mediterranean Sea. It reveals how ocean layers mix over seasons and years. Using sensors to detect small scale water movements, we estimated how mechanical energy and heat are transferred in the ocean. These data help scientists better understand ocean circulation and climate effects. All files and methods are openly shared to support future research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marko Rus, Matjaž Ličer, and Matej Kristan
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2177–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2177-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2177-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces HIDRA-D, a novel deep-learning model for dense, gridded sea level forecasting from sparse satellite altimetry and tide gauge data. By forecasting low-frequency spatial components, HIDRA-D offers a faster alternative to traditional numerical models. Evaluated on the satellite altimetry data in the Adriatic Sea, it outperforms the NEMO general circulation model, reducing the mean absolute error by 28.0 %. The model is robust but shows limitations in complex coastal areas.
Jonathan Coyne, Frédéric Cyr, Sheila Atchison, Charlie Bishop, Sébastien Donnet, Peter S. Galbraith, Maxime Geoffroy, David Hebert, Chantelle Layton, Andry Ratsimandresy, Jose-Luis del Rio Iglesias, Jean-Luc Shaw, Stephen Snook, Nancy Soontiens, Elena Tel, and Wojciech Walkusz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 1463–1488, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1463-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1463-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the new Fisheries Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has made it a priority to make oceanographic data publicly available. The Canadian Atlantic Shelf Temperature-Salinity (CASTS) aims to address this priority, by creating an open-access data product that includes most of the historical temperature and salinity profiles in Atlantic Canada and its Arctic gateways since 1873.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael G. Hart-Davis, Roman L. Sulzbach, Stefan A. Talke, Ivan D. Haigh, Marta Marcos, Philip Woodworth, Richard Ray, Ole B. Andersen, Florent Lyard, Ergane Fouchet, Denise Dettmering, Maik Thomas, and Florian Seitz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-346, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-346, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean tides are a critical component of the global climate system, influencing a wide range of geophysical processes. Tide gauges have been a valuable source to develop the theory of ocean tides and understand their variability. We present updated tidal characteristics from the GESLA-4 global tide gauge dataset. We provide updated and new statistics on tidal properties, intended to be useful to a range of communities, from navigation and fishing communities to ocean scientists and tidal experts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ángel Sánchez-Lorente, Elena Tel, Lucía Sanz-Pinilla, and Gonzalo González-Nuevo González
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5729–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5729-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5729-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study has been done within the framework of JAE INTRO-ICU fellowship of the Instituto Español de Oceanografía, with an interest in understanding the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in a climate change context using experimental measurements aboard research vessels over Spanish waters. The distinct behaviour in the different basins of the Spanish waters is reflected, and the need for further investment in experimental observations due to its great usefulness is also evidenced.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Federica Borile, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Jue Lin-Ye, Anna Mangilli, Ali Aydogdu, Emanuela Clementi, and Paolo Oddo
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-2, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level trends are analysed in the western and eastern Mediterranean Sea using satellite and in-situ data. We found that sea level rise is not constant but varies over decades and differs between regions. These changes are influenced by temperature, salinity, and local land movements. Understanding this variability helps improve coastal planning and prepares communities for changing sea levels in the near future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Axel Alonso Valle, Alex Gallardo, Marta de Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Stefania Ciliberti, and Marcos G. Sotillo
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-16, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
This study improves the way extreme sea surface temperature events are monitored in the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland region. We tested new data sources and combined information from different models and satellites to provide more consistent results and to include estimates of uncertainty. The findings show that these methods make the indicator more reliable and useful for understanding marine heat events and for supporting decisions related to climate and ocean management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Garbiñe Ayensa, Marta De Alfonso, Samuel Galán, Pilar Gil, Fernando Manzano, Anna Magdalena Matulka, Pedro Montero, Verónica Morales-Márquez, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Cristina Pérez-Íñigo, Susana Pérez-Rubio, and María Isabel Ruiz
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-5, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Louis hit southwestern Europe in February 2024, causing major transport disruptions, power outages, and one death. Powerful winds and high waves struck two Spanish ports, with wave heights over 8 meters. Despite similar conditions offshore, the ports reacted differently due to their layouts. One saw long-lasting, moderate impacts, while the other faced a shorter, more intense event. The study highlights the need for better storm monitoring to protect coastal infrastructure.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matjaž Zupančič Muc, Vitjan Zavrtanik, Alexander Barth, Aida Alvera-Azcarate, Matjaž Ličer, and Matej Kristan
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5549-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5549-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate sea surface temperature data (SST) are crucial for weather forecasting and climate modeling, but satellite observations are often incomplete. We developed a new method called CRITER, which uses machine learning to fill in the gaps in SST data. Our two-stage approach reconstructs large-scale patterns and refines details. Tested on Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Atlantic sea data, CRITER outperforms current methods, reducing errors by up to 44 %.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susana Flecha, Mercedes de la Paz, Fiz Fernández Pérez, Núria Marbà, Carlos Morell, Eva Alou-Font, Joaquín Tintoré, and Iris E. Hendriks
Ocean Sci., 21, 1515–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1515-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1515-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, is understudied in coastal zones. We present N2O concentrations and air–sea fluxes from the Balearic coast (2018–2023). Concentrations varied slightly across sites, with areas acting as weak sources or being near equilibrium. Temperature was the main driver of seasonal changes. These findings improve our understanding of coastal N2O emissions.
Elena Terzić, Clara Gardiol, and Ivica Vilibić
Ocean Sci., 21, 1441–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1441-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical salinity profiles with their highest values at the surface layers – surface saline lakes – have been known to occur in the eastern Mediterranean, where strong evaporation, warm summers, and low winds all contribute to an increase in surface salinity. Our analysis of Argo data from the past 2 decades showed that saline lakes also occur in other regions across the Mediterranean Sea. This poses the question of whether such changes indicate a salinification of the entire basin due to climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amirhossein Barzandeh, Matjaž Ličer, Marko Rus, Matej Kristan, Ilja Maljutenko, Jüri Elken, Priidik Lagemaa, and Rivo Uiboupin
Ocean Sci., 21, 1315–1327, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a deep-learning model, HIDRA2, for predicting sea levels along the Estonian coast and compared it to traditional numerical models. HIDRA2 performed better overall, offering faster forecasts and valuable uncertainty estimates using ensemble predictions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Krešimir Ruić, Jadranka Šepić, and Marin Vojković
Ocean Sci., 21, 1183–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the synoptic weather patterns that cause extreme high-frequency sea level oscillations in the Adriatic Sea. Using synoptic data, 17 years of tide gauge data, and advanced clustering techniques, we identify distinct weather patterns linked to these events, some of which were previously unknown. These insights improve the understanding of sea level variability and have potential applications in forecasting coastal hazards.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Bonaldo, Sandro Carniel, Renato R. Colucci, Cléa Denamiel, Petra Pranić, Fabio Raicich, Antonio Ricchi, Lorenzo Sangelantoni, Ivica Vilibić, and Maria Letizia Vitelletti
Ocean Sci., 21, 1003–1031, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1003-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1003-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a high-resolution modelling effort to investigate the possible end-of-century evolution of the main physical processes in the Adriatic Sea in a severe climate change scenario, with an ensemble approach (i.e. use of multiple simulations) allowing us to control the uncertainty of the predictions. Our model exhibits a satisfactory capability to reproduce the recent past and provides a basis for a set of multidisciplinary studies in this area over a multi-decadal horizon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lillian Diarra, Romane Zufic, Audrey Hasson, Cécile Thomas-Courcoux, and Enrique Alvarez Fanjul
State Planet, 5-opsr, 26, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-26-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-26-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores capacity development in ocean science – strengthening the skills, resources, and systems needed to generate and use ocean data effectively. It reviews global efforts, current gaps, and recommendations for long-term impact. The paper also presents the work of the OceanPrediction Decade Collaborative Centre, showcasing a project aiming to enhance ocean prediction in Africa, illustrating good practices while offering insights for future improvement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jennifer Veitch, Enrique Alvarez-Fanjul, Arthur Capet, Stefania Ciliberti, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Fraser Davidson, Ghada el Serafy, Guilherme Franz, Patrick Hogan, Sudheer Joseph, Svitlana Liubartseva, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Heather Regan, and Katerina Spanoudaki
State Planet, 5-opsr, 6, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-6-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-6-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecast systems provide information about a future state of the ocean. This information is provided in the form of decision support tools, or downstream applications, that can be accessed by various stakeholders to support livelihoods, coastal resilience and the good governance of the marine environment. This paper provides an overview of the various downstream applications of ocean forecast systems that are utilized around the world.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mauro Cirano, Enrique Alvarez-Fanjul, Arthur Capet, Stefania Ciliberti, Emanuela Clementi, Boris Dewitte, Matias Dinápoli, Ghada El Serafy, Patrick Hogan, Sudheer Joseph, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Ivonne Montes, Diego A. Narvaez, Heather Regan, Claudia G. Simionato, Gregory C. Smith, Joanna Staneva, Clemente A. S. Tanajura, Pramod Thupaki, Claudia Urbano-Latorre, Jennifer Veitch, and Jorge Zavala Hidalgo
State Planet, 5-opsr, 5, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-5-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-5-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Operational ocean forecasting systems (OOFSs) are crucial for human activities, environmental monitoring, and policymaking. An assessment across eight key regions highlights strengths and gaps, particularly in coastal and biogeochemical forecasting. AI offers improvements, but collaboration, knowledge sharing, and initiatives like the OceanPrediction Decade Collaborative Centre (DCC) are key to enhancing accuracy, accessibility, and global forecasting capabilities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Angelique Melet, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Pascal Matte
State Planet, 5-opsr, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-11-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-11-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting the sea level is crucial for supporting coastal management through early warning systems and for adopting adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts. We provide here an overview on models commonly used for sea level forecasting, which can be based on storm surge models or ocean circulation ones, integrated on structured or unstructured grids, including an outlook on new approaches based on ensemble methods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marina Tonani, Eric Chassignet, Mauro Cirano, Yasumasa Miyazawa, and Begoña Pérez Gómez
State Planet, 5-opsr, 3, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-3-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-3-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides an overview of the main characteristics of ocean forecast systems covering a limited region of the ocean. Their main components are described, as well as the spatial and temporal scales they resolve. The oceanic variables that these systems are able to predict are also explained. An overview of the main forecasting systems currently in operation is also provided.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Enrique Álvarez Fanjul and Pierre Bahurel
State Planet, 5-opsr, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a description of the OceanPrediction Decade Collaborative Center and an introduction to this special issue. The objective of this compilation is to describe the actual status of ocean forecasting, detailing its degree of development in the different regions of the world and the most recent advances in all the relevant specific aspects associated with the technique, such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and many others.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marko Rus, Hrvoje Mihanović, Matjaž Ličer, and Matej Kristan
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 605–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-605-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-605-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
HIDRA3 is a deep-learning model for predicting sea levels and storm surges, offering significant improvements over previous models and numerical simulations. It utilizes data from multiple tide gauges, enhancing predictions even with limited historical data and during sensor outages. With its advanced architecture, HIDRA3 outperforms current state-of-the-art models by achieving a mean absolute error of up to 15 % lower, proving effective for coastal flood forecasting under diverse conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Bisaro, Giulia Galluccio, Elisa Fiorini Beckhauser, Fulvio Biddau, Ruben David, Floortje d'Hont, Antonio Góngora Zurro, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Sadie McEvoy, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Claudia Romagnoli, Eugenio Sini, and Jill Slinger
State Planet, 3-slre1, 7, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-7-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses coastal adaptation governance by examining socio-economic and political contexts, reviewing policy frameworks, and identifying challenges. Results show that regional and basin-scale frameworks lack sea level rise provisions, but significant national progress is observed. The main governance challenges are time horizons and uncertainty, coordination, and social vulnerability. These, however, can be addressed if flexible planning and nature-based solutions are implemented.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Angélique Melet, Roderik van de Wal, Angel Amores, Arne Arns, Alisée A. Chaigneau, Irina Dinu, Ivan D. Haigh, Tim H. J. Hermans, Piero Lionello, Marta Marcos, H. E. Markus Meier, Benoit Meyssignac, Matthew D. Palmer, Ronja Reese, Matthew J. R. Simpson, and Aimée B. A. Slangen
State Planet, 3-slre1, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-4-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-4-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The EU Knowledge Hub on Sea Level Rise’s Assessment Report strives to synthesize the current scientific knowledge on sea level rise and its impacts across local, national, and EU scales to support evidence-based policy and decision-making, primarily targeting coastal areas. This paper complements IPCC reports by documenting the state of knowledge of observed and 21st century projected changes in mean and extreme sea levels with more regional information for EU seas as scoped with stakeholders.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Marta de Alfonso, Pilar Gil, Fernando Manzano, Anna Magdalena Matulka, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Susana Pérez-Rubio, and M. Isabel Ruiz
State Planet, 4-osr8, 19, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-19-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-19-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Over recent decades, extreme weather events have attracted growing public concern due to their widespread impact on the environment and human well-being. Their comprehensive monitoring is crucial to adopt prevention strategies and reduce coastal vulnerability. In this work, the record-breaking wave event that hit Melilla harbour (SW Mediterranean Sea) during early April 2022 was investigated to elucidate the meteorological drivers and evaluate the energetic response of Melilla harbour basins.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter Mlakar, Antonio Ricchi, Sandro Carniel, Davide Bonaldo, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4705–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new point-prediction model, the DEep Learning WAVe Emulating model (DELWAVE), which successfully emulates the Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) over synoptic to climate timescales. Compared to control climatology over all wind directions, the mismatch between DELWAVE and SWAN is generally small compared to the difference between scenario and control conditions, suggesting that the noise introduced by surrogate modelling is substantially weaker than the climate change signal.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Krešimir Ruić, Jadranka Šepić, and Marin Vojković
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1601, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1601, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying the driving processes of intense sea-level (SL) oscillations has been the goal of many scientific endeavors. Our study focuses on intense SL oscillations in the Adriatic Sea resulting from atmospheric processes. Using machine learning methods, we identified several synoptic situations during which these oscillations occur. This can aid future predictions of extreme SL events, potentially reducing infrastructure damage and protecting lives.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alfio Marco Borzì, Vittorio Minio, Raphael De Plaen, Thomas Lecocq, Salvatore Alparone, Salvatore Aronica, Flavio Cannavò, Fulvio Capodici, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Sebastiano D'Amico, Danilo Contrafatto, Giuseppe Di Grazia, Ignazio Fontana, Giovanni Giacalone, Graziano Larocca, Carlo Lo Re, Giorgio Manno, Gabriele Nardone, Arianna Orasi, Marco Picone, Giovanni Scicchitano, and Andrea Cannata
Ocean Sci., 20, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we study a Mediterranean cyclone that occurred in February 2023 and its relationship with a particular seismic signal called microseism. By integrating the data recorded by seismic stations, satellites, HF radar and wavemeter buoy we are able to obtain information about this event. We show how an innovative monitoring system of the Mediterranean cyclones can be designed by integrating microseism information with other techniques routinely used to study meteorological phenomena.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Md Jamal Uddin Khan, Inge Van Den Beld, Guy Wöppelmann, Laurent Testut, Alexa Latapy, and Nicolas Pouvreau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5739–5753, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5739-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5739-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Established in the southwest of France in 1875, the Socoa tide gauge is part of the national sea level monitoring network in France. Through a data archaeology exercise, a large part of the records of this gauge in paper format have been rescued and digitized. The digitized data were processed and quality controlled to produce a uniform hourly sea level time series covering 1875 to the present day. This new dataset is important for climate research on sea level rise, tides, and storm surges.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jue Lin-Ye, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Alejandro Gallardo, Fernando Manzano, Marta de Alfonso, Elizabeth Bradshaw, and Angela Hibbert
Ocean Sci., 19, 1743–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1743-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1743-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The historical sea level measurements in the Copernicus Marine Service have been machine flagged and visually inspected. The existing software for the near-real-time product has been adapted. The new product was launched in November of 2022 and is readily available to the general public.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Pablo Lorente, Anna Rubio, Emma Reyes, Lohitzune Solabarrieta, Silvia Piedracoba, Joaquín Tintoré, and Julien Mader
State Planet, 1-osr7, 8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-8-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-8-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling is an important process that impacts water quality and aquaculture production in coastal areas. In this work we present a new methodology to monitor this phenomenon in two different regions by using surface current estimations provided by remote sensing technology called high-frequency radar.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Clémence Chupin, Valérie Ballu, Laurent Testut, Yann-Treden Tranchant, and Jérôme Aucan
Ocean Sci., 19, 1277–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reducing uncertainties in coastal sea level trend estimates requires a better understanding of altimeter measurements and local sea level dynamics. Using long-term sea level time series from the Nouméa tide gauge (New Caledonia) and in situ data collected as part of the GEOCEAN-NC campaign, this study presents a method inspired from Cal/Val studies to re-analyse about 20 years of altimetry observations and re-address the question of sea level evolution in the lagoon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Pranić, Cléa Denamiel, Ivica Janeković, and Ivica Vilibić
Ocean Sci., 19, 649–670, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse and compare the results of four different approaches in modelling bora-driven dense-water dynamics in the Adriatic. The study investigated the likely requirements for modelling the ocean circulation in the Adriatic and found that a 31-year run of a fine-resolution Adriatic climate model is able to outperform most aspects of the newest reanalysis product, a short-term hindcast and data-assimilated simulation, in reproducing the dense-water dynamics in the Adriatic Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cléa Denamiel and Ivica Vilibić
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-913, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new methodology using coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave models and demonstrate the feasibility to provide meter scale assessments of the impact of climate change on storm surge hazards. We show that sea level variations and distributions can be derived at the climate scale in the Adriatic Sea small lagoons and bays. We expect that the newly developed methodology could lead to more targeted adaptation strategies in regions of the world vulnerable to atmospherically driven extreme events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ekaterina Didenkulova, Ira Didenkulova, and Igor Medvedev
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1653–1663, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper is dedicated to freak wave accidents which happened in the world ocean in 2005–2021 and that were described in mass media sources. The database accounts for 429 events, all of which resulted in ship or coastal and offshore structure damage and/or human losses. In agreement with each freak wave event, we put background wave and wind conditions extracted from the climate reanalysis ERA5. We analyse their statistics and discuss the favourable conditions for freak wave occurrence.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Víctor Malagón-Santos, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Tim H. J. Hermans, Sönke Dangendorf, Marta Marcos, and Nicola Maher
Ocean Sci., 19, 499–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change will alter heat and freshwater fluxes as well as ocean circulation, driving local changes in sea level. This sea-level change component is known as ocean dynamic sea level (DSL), and it is usually projected using computationally expensive global climate models. Statistical models are a cheaper alternative for projecting DSL but may contain significant errors. Here, we partly remove those errors (driven by internal climate variability) by using pattern recognition techniques.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Raicich
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the changing climate, long sea level time series are essential for studying the variability of the mean sea level and the occurrence of extreme events on different timescales. This work summarizes the rescue and quality control of the ultra-centennial sea level data set of Trieste, Italy. The whole time series is characterized by a linear trend of about 1.4 mm yr−1, the period corresponding to the altimetry coverage by a trend of about 3.0 mm yr−1, similarly to the global ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ariadna Martín, Angel Amores, Alejandro Orfila, Tim Toomey, and Marta Marcos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 587–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-587-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-587-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the potentially most hazardous phenomena affecting the coasts of the Caribbean Sea. This work simulates the coastal hazards in terms of sea surface elevation and waves that originate through the passage of these events. A set of 1000 TCs have been simulated, obtained from a set of synthetic cyclones that are consistent with present-day climate. Given the large number of hurricanes used, robust values of extreme sea levels and waves are computed along the coasts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Carolina M. L. Camargo, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Tim H. J. Hermans, Eike M. Schütt, Marta Marcos, Ismael Hernandez-Carrasco, and Aimée B. A. Slangen
Ocean Sci., 19, 17–41, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-level change is mainly caused by variations in the ocean’s temperature and salinity and land ice melting. Here, we quantify the contribution of the different drivers to the regional sea-level change. We apply machine learning techniques to identify regions that have similar sea-level variability. These regions reduce the observational uncertainty that has limited the regional sea-level budget so far and highlight how large-scale ocean circulation controls regional sea-level change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marko Rus, Anja Fettich, Matej Kristan, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 271–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new fast and reliable deep-learning architecture HIDRA2 for sea level and storm surge modeling. HIDRA2 features new feature encoders and a fusion-regression block. We test HIDRA2 on Adriatic storm surges, which depend on an interaction between tides and seiches. We demonstrate that HIDRA2 learns to effectively mimic the timing and amplitude of Adriatic seiches. This is essential for reliable HIDRA2 predictions of total storm surge sea levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Damiano Baldan, Elisa Coraci, Franco Crosato, Maurizio Ferla, Andrea Bonometto, and Sara Morucci
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3663–3677, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme-event analysis is widely used to provide information for the design of coastal protection structures. Non-stationarity due to sea level rise can affect such estimates. Using different methods on a long time series of sea level data, we show that estimates of the magnitude of extreme events in the future can be inexact due to relative sea level rise. Thus, considering non-stationarity is important when analyzing extreme-sea-level events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nydia Catalina Reyes Suárez, Valentina Tirelli, Laura Ursella, Matjaž Ličer, Massimo Celio, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 1321–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Explaining the dynamics of jellyfish blooms is a challenge for scientists. Biological and meteo-oceanographic data were combined on different timescales to explain the exceptional bloom of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea) in April 2021. The bloom was associated with anomalously warm seasonal sea conditions. Then, a strong bora wind event enhanced upwelling and mixing of the water column, causing jellyfish to rise to the surface and accumulate along the coast.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Md Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Kerry Emanuel, Yann Krien, Laurent Testut, and A. K. M. Saiful Islam
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2359–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclonic storm surges constitute a major threat to lives and properties along the vast coastline of the Bengal delta. From a combination of cyclone and storm surge modelling, we present a robust probabilistic estimate of the storm surge flooding hazard under the current climate. The estimated extreme water levels vary regionally, and the inland flooding is strongly controlled by the embankments. More than 1/10 of the coastal population is currently exposed to 50-year return period flooding.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes, Jorge Sánchez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Laura Ursella, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 761–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing technology that can provide maps of the surface circulation over broad coastal areas, along with wave and wind information. The main goal of this work is to showcase the current status of the Mediterranean HFR network as well as present and future applications of this sensor for societal benefit such as search and rescue operations, safe vessel navigation, tracking of marine pollutants, and the monitoring of extreme events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emma Reyes, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Vanessa Cardin, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Maria J. Fernandes, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Pablo Lorente, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Adèle Révelard, Catalina Reyes-Suárez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Alejandro Orfila
Ocean Sci., 18, 797–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work reviews the existing advanced and emerging scientific and societal applications using HFR data, developed to address the major challenges identified in Mediterranean coastal waters organized around three main topics: maritime safety, extreme hazards and environmental transport processes. It also includes a discussion and preliminary assessment of the capabilities of existing HFR applications, finally providing a set of recommendations towards setting out future prospects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalia Belkin, Tamar Guy-Haim, Maxim Rubin-Blum, Ayah Lazar, Guy Sisma-Ventura, Rainer Kiko, Arseniy R. Morov, Tal Ozer, Isaac Gertman, Barak Herut, and Eyal Rahav
Ocean Sci., 18, 693–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-693-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how distinct water circulations that elevate (cyclone) or descend (anticyclone) water from the upper ocean affect the biomass, activity and diversity of planktonic microorganisms in the impoverished eastern Mediterranean. We show that cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies differ in their community composition and production. Moreover, the anticyclone may be a potential bio-invasion and dispersal vector, while the cyclone may serve as a thermal refugee for native species.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Pranić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5927–5955, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Adriatic Sea and Coast model was developed due to the need for higher-resolution climate models and longer-term simulations to capture coastal atmospheric and ocean processes at climate scales in the Adriatic Sea. The ocean results of a 31-year-long simulation were compared to the observational data. The evaluation revealed that the model is capable of reproducing the observed physical properties with good accuracy and can be further used to study the dynamics of the Adriatic–Ionian basin.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandre Barboni, Ayah Lazar, Alexandre Stegner, and Evangelos Moschos
Ocean Sci., 17, 1231–1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1231-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1231-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale eddies are an important part of the turbulent motion in the oceans, constituting coherent structures that can live for years and store physical property anomalies. Analysis of anticyclone (clockwise-rotating eddies) tracks in the eastern Levantine Basin revealed statistical patterns over 19 years of data, in particular the presence of an anticyclone attractor above the Eratosthenes Seamount, with a strong heat content signature.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Piero Lionello, David Barriopedro, Christian Ferrarin, Robert J. Nicholls, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, Marco Reale, Georg Umgiesser, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this review we describe the factors leading to the extreme water heights producing the floods of Venice. We discuss the different contributions, their relative importance, and the resulting compound events. We highlight the role of relative sea level rise and the observed past and very likely future increase in extreme water heights, showing that they might be up to 160 % higher at the end of the 21st century than presently.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Alex Santana, Emma Reyes, and Joaquín Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 17, 1157–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Correct surface ocean circulation forecasts are highly relevant to search and rescue, oil spills, and ecological processes, among other things. High-frequency radar (HFR) is a remote sensing technology that measures surface currents in coastal areas with high temporal and spatial resolution. We performed a series of experiments in which we use HFR observations from the Ibiza Channel to improve the forecasts provided by a regional ocean model in the western Mediterranean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Md. Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Xavier Bertin, Laurent Testut, Yann Krien, A. K. M. Saiful Islam, Marc Pezerat, and Sazzad Hossain
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2523–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Bay of Bengal is well known for some of the deadliest cyclones in history. At the same time, storm surge forecasting in this region is physically involved and computationally costly. Here we show a proof of concept of a real-time, computationally efficient, and physically consistent forecasting system with an application to the recent Supercyclone Amphan. While challenges remain, our study paves the path forward to the improvement of the quality of localized forecast and disaster management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Zemunik, Jadranka Šepić, Havu Pellikka, Leon Ćatipović, and Ivica Vilibić
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4121–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4121-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4121-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new global dataset – MISELA (Minute Sea-Level Analysis) – has been developed and contains quality-checked sea-level records from 331 tide gauges worldwide for a period from 2004 to 2019. The dataset is appropriate for research on atmospherically induced high-frequency sea-level oscillations. Research on these oscillations is important, as they can, like all sea-level extremes, seriously threaten coastal zone infrastructure and populations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Iva Tojčić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2427–2446, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the performance of the Croatian meteotsunami early warning system (CMeEWS) composed of a network of air pressure and sea level observations developed in order to help coastal communities prepare for extreme events. The system would have triggered the warnings for most of the observed events but also set off some false alarms if it was operational during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020 in the eastern Adriatic. Further development of the system is planned.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Raicich and Renato R. Colucci
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3363–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand climate change, it is essential to analyse long time series of atmospheric data. Here we studied the atmospheric pressure observed at Trieste (Italy) from 1841 to 2018. We examined the available information on the characteristics and elevations of the barometers and on the data sampling. A basic data quality control was also applied. As a result, we built a homogeneous time series of daily mean pressures at mean sea level, from which a trend of 0.5 hPa per century was estimated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cléa Denamiel, Petra Pranić, Damir Ivanković, Iva Tojčić, and Ivica Vilibić
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3995–4017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3995-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3995-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric results of the Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) climate simulation (1987–2017) are evaluated against available observational datasets in the Adriatic region. Generally, the AdriSC model performs better than regional climate models that have resolutions that are 4 times more coarse, except concerning summer temperatures, which are systematically underestimated. High-resolution climate models may thus provide new insights about the local impacts of global warming in the Adriatic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Aarup, T., Wöppelmann, G., Woodworth, P. L., Hernandez, F., Vanhoorne,
B., Schöne, T., and Thompson, P. R.: Comments on the article “Uncertainty
and bias in electronic tide-gauge records: evidence from collocated sensors”
by Stella Pytharouli, Spyros Chaikalis, Stathis C. Stiros in Measurement
(Volume 125, September 2018), Measurement, 135, 613–616,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.007, 2019.
Ablain, M., Legeais, J. F., Prandi, P., Marcos, M., Fenoglio-Marc, L., Dieng,
H. B., Benveniste, J., and Cazenave, A.: Satellite altimetry-based sea level
at global and regional scales, Surv. Geophys., 38, 7–31,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9389-8, 2017.
Adebisi, N., Balogun, A. L., Min, T. H., and Tella, A.: Advances in estimating
Sea Level Rise: A review of tide gauge, satellite altimetry and spatial data
science approaches, Ocean Coast. Manag., 208, 105632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105632, 2021.
Alasset, P. J., Hébert, H., Maouche, S., Calbini, V., and Meghraoui, M.:
The tsunami induced by the 2003 Zemmouri earthquake (MW = 6.9, Algeria):
modelling and results, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 213–226,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02912.x, 2006.
Álvarez Fanjul, E., Pérez-Gómez, B., and Rodríguez, I.:
Nivmar: a storm surge forecasting system for Spanish waters, Sci. Mar., 65,
145–154, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s1145, 2001.
Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., Aniel-Quiroga, ĺ., González, M., and Otero, L.: Tsunami hazard at the Western Mediterranean Spanish coast from seismic sources, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 227–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-227-2011, 2011.
Amato, A.: Some reflections on tsunami Early Warning Systems and their
impact, with a look at the NEAMTWS, Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 61, 403–420,
https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0329, 2020.
Amores, A., Marcos, M., Carrió, D. S., and Gómez-Pujol, L.: Coastal impacts of Storm Gloria (January 2020) over the north-western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1955–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1955-2020, 2020.
Andersen, O. B. and Cheng, Y.: Long term changes of altimeter range and
geophysical corrections at altimetry calibration sites, Adv. Space Res., 51,
1468–1477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.11.027, 2013.
Androulidakis, Y. S., Kombiadou, K. D., Makris, C. V., Baltikas, V. N., and
Krestenitis, Y. N.: Storm surges in the Mediterranean Sea: variability and
trends under future climatic conditions, Dyn. Atm. Oceans, 71, 56–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2015.06.001, 2015.
Avsar, N. B., Jin, S. G., Kutoglu, S. H., and Gurbuz, G.: Vertical land motion
along the Black Sea coast from satellite altimetry, tide gauges and GPS,
Adv. Space Res., 60, 2871–2881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.08.012,
2017.
Bajo, M. and Umgiesser, G.: Storm surge forecast through a combination of
dynamic and neural network models, Ocean Model., 33, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.007, 2010.
Bajo, M., Međugorac, I., Umgiesser, G., and Orlić, M.: Storm surge and
seiche modelling in the Adriatic Sea and the impact of data assimilation, Q.
J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 145, 2070–2084, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3544,
2019.
Banks, A., Drakopoulos, P., and Zodiatis, G.: A comparison of tide gauge and
satellite altimetry derived sea-level for two eastern Mediterranean islands,
Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 5, European Geophysical Society – American
Geophysical Union – European Union of Geophysicists Joint Assembly, Nice,
France, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....13157B/abstract (last access: 11 July 2022), 6–11 April 2003.
Beltrami, G. M., Di Risio, M., and De Girolamo, P.: Algorithms for
automatic, real-time tsunami detection in sea level measurements, in: The
Tsunami Threat – Research and Technology, edited by: Morner, N.-A., InTech
Open, 549–574, https://doi.org/10.5772/13908, 2011.
Belušić, D., Grisogono, B., and Klaić, Z. B.: Atmospheric origin
of the devastating coupled air–sea event in the east Adriatic, J. Geophys.
Res., 112, D17111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008204, 2007.
Bernier, N. B. and Thompson, K. R.: Deterministic and ensemble storm surge
prediction for Atlantic Canada with lead times of hours to ten days, Ocean
Model., 86, 114–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.12.002, 2015.
Bertotti, L., Bidlot, J.-R., Buizza, R., Cavaleri, L., and Janousek, M.:
Deterministic and ensemble-based prediction of Adriatic Sea sirocco storms
leading to “acqua alta” in Venice, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137,
1446–1466, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.861, 2011.
Bevacqua, E., Maraun, D., Vousdoukas, M. I., Voukouvalas, E., Vrac, M.,
Mentaschi, L., and Widmann, M.: Higher probability of compound
flooding from precipitation and storm surge in Europe under anthropogenic
climate change, Sci. Adv., 5, eaaw5531,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5531, 2019.
Bitharis, S., Ampatzidis, D., Pikridas, C., Fotiou, A., Rossikoppoulos, D.,
and Schuh, H.: The role of GNSS vertical velocities to correct estimates of
sea level rise from tide gauge measurements in Greece, Mar. Geodesy, 40,
297–314, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2017.1322646, 2017.
Bonaduce, A., Pinardi, N., Oddo, P., Spada, G., and Larnicol, G.: Sea-level
variability in the Mediterranean Sea from altimetry and tide gauges, Clim.
Dynam., 47, 2851–2866, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3001-2, 2016.
Bonaldo, D., Antonioli, F., Archetti, R., Bezzi, A., Correggiari, A.,
Davolio, S., De Falco, G., Fantini, M., Fontolan, G., Furlani, S., Gaeta,
M. G., Leoni, G., Lo Presti, V., Mastronuzzi, G., Pillon, S., Ricchi, A.,
Stocchi, P., Samaras, A. G., Scicchitano, G., and Carniel, S.: Integrating
multidisciplinary instruments for assessing coastal vulnerability to erosion
and sea level rise: lessons and challenges from the Adriatic Sea, Italy, J.
Coast. Conserv., 23, 19–37, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0633-x,
2019.
Bonnefond, P., Exertier, P., Laurain, O.,Ménard, Y., Orsoni, A., Jan,
G., and Jeansou, E.: Absolute calibration of Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon
altimeters in Corsica, Mar. Geodesy, 26, 261–284,
https://doi.org/10.1080/714044521, 2003.
Bonnefond, P., Exertier, P., Laurain, O., Guinle, T., and Féménias,
P.: Corsica: A 20 year multi-mission absolute altimeter calibration site, Adv.
Space Res., 68, 1171–1186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.049, 2021.
Bonnefond, P., Laurain, O., Exertier, P., Calzas, M., Guinle, T., and Picot,
N.: Validating a new GNSS-based sea level instrument (CalNaGeo) at Senetosa
Cape, Mar. Geodesy, 45, 121–150,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2021.2013355, 2022.
Bosch, W., Dettmering, D., and Schwatke, C.: Multi-mission cross-calibration of
satellite altimeters: Constructing a long-term data record for global and
regional sea level change studies, Remote Sens., 6, 2255–2281,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6032255, 2014.
Bresson, É., Arbogast, P., Aouf, L., Paradis, D., Kortcheva, A., Bogatchev, A., Galabov, V., Dimitrova, M., Morvan, G., Ohl, P., Tsenova, B., and Rabier, F.: On the improvement of wave and storm surge hindcasts by downscaled atmospheric forcing: application to historical storms, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 997–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-997-2018, 2018.
Calafat, F. M., Avgoustoglou, E., Jordà, G., Flocas, H., Zodiatis, G.,
Tsimplis, M. N., and Kouroutzoglou, J.: The ability of a barotropic model to
simulate sea level extremes of meteorological origin in the Mediterranean
Sea, including those caused by explosive cyclones, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
119, 7840–7853, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010360, 2014.
Cancet, M., Bijac, S., Chimot, J., Bonnefond, P., Jeansou, E., Laurain, O.,
Lyard, F., Bronner, E., and Féménias, P.: Regional in situ
validation of satellite altimeters: calibration and cross-calibration
results at the Corsican sites, Adv. Space Res., 51, 1400–1417,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.06.017, 2013.
Cavaleri, L., Bertotti, L., Buizza, R., Buzzi, A., Masato, V., Umgiesser,
G., and Zampieri, M.: Predictability of extreme meteo-oceanographic events
in the Adriatic Sea, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 400–413,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.567, 2010.
Cavaleri, L., Bajo, M., Barbariol, F., Bastianini, M., Benetazzo, A.,
Bertotti, L., Chiggiato, J., Ferrarin, C., Umgiesser, G., and Trincardi, F.:
The 2019 flooding of Venice and its implications for future predictions,
Oceanography, 33, 42–49, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.105, 2020.
Cid, A., Menéndez, M., Castanedo, S., Abascal, A. J., Méndez, F. J.,
and Medina, R.: Long-term changes in the frequency, intensity and duration
of extreme storm surge events in southern Europe, Clim. Dynam., 46, 1503–1516,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2659-1, 2016.
Clementi, E., Grandi, A., Pietro, P.D., Pistoia, J., Delrosso, D., Cossarini, G., Lecci, R., Drudi, M., and Fratianni, C.: Mediterranean Sea analysis and forecast (CMEMS MED-Currents, EAS5
system) [data set], London: Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service
(CMEMS), 2019.
Danezis, C., Nikolaidis, M., Mettas, C., Hadjimitsis, D. G., Kokosis, G., and
Kleanthous, C.: Establishing an integrated permanent sea-level monitoring
infrastructure towards the implementation of maritime spatial planning in
Cyprus, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 861,
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110861, 2020.
Denamiel, C., Šepić,
J., Ivanković, D., and Vilibić, I.: The Adriatic Sea and coast
modelling suite: evaluation of the meteotsunami forecast component, Ocean
Model., 135, 71–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.02.003, 2019a.
Denamiel, C., Šepić, J., Huan, X., Bolzer, C., and Vilibić, I.:
Stochastic surrogate model for meteotsunami early warning system in the
eastern Adriatic Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 8485–8499,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015574, 2019b.
Denamiel, C., Huan, X., and Vilibić, I.: Conceptual design of extreme
sea-level early warning systems based on uncertainty quantification and
engineering optimization methods, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 650279,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.650279, 2021.
Dieng, H. B., Cazenave, A., Gouzenes, Y., and Sowd, B. A.: Trends and
inter-annual variability of altimetry-based coastal sea level in the
Mediterranean Sea: Comparison with tide gauges and models, Adv. Space Res.,
68, 3279–3290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.06.022, 2021.
Dogan, G. G., Annunziato, A., Papadopoulos, G. A., Guler, H. G., Yalciner,
A. C., Cakir, T. E., Sozdinler, C. O., Ulutas, E., Arikawa, T., Suzen, M.
L., Guler, I., Probst, P., Kânoğlu, U., and Synolakis, C.: The 20th
July 2017 Bodrum–Kos Tsunami field survey, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176,
2925–2949, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02151-1, 2019.
Dogan, G. G., Yalciner, A. C., Yuksel, Y., Ulutaş, E., Polat, O.,
Güler, I., Şahin, C., Tarih, A., and Kânoğlu, U.: Correction
to: The 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Tsunami: Post-event field survey along
Turkish coast, Pure Appl. Geophys., 178, 2393,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02753-8, 2021.
Drago, A.: Sea level variability and the “Milghuba” seiche oscillations in
the northern coast of Malta, Central Mediterranean, Phys. Chem. Earth, 34,
948–970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.10.0022009, 2009.
Drago, A.: Sea level measurements in Malta, in: IOC Workshop Report no. 176
“MedGLOSS Workshop and Coordination Meeting for the Pilot Monitoring
Network System of Systematic Sea Level Measurements in the Mediterranean and
Black Seas”, IOLR, Haifa, Israel 15–17 May 2000, Annex IVb, 8–11, 2000.
El-Fishawi, N. M.: Coastal erosion in relation to sea level changes,
subsidence and river discharge, Nile Delta coast, Acta Mineral Petrogr., 30,
161–171, 1989.
El-Geziry, T. M. and Said, M. A.: Spatial variations of sea level along the
Egyptian Mediterranean coast, Athens J. Medit. Studies, 6, 141–154, 2020.
Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Cipollone, A., Pistoia, J., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Lyubartsev, V., Lecci, R., Aydogdu, A., Delrosso, D., Omar, M., Masina, S., Coppini, G., and Pinardi, N.: A High Resolution Reanalysis for the Mediterranean Sea, Front. Earth Sci., 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.702285, 2021.
Esselborn, S., Rudenko, S., and Schöne, T.: Orbit-related sea level errors for TOPEX altimetry at seasonal to decadal timescales, Ocean Sci., 14, 205–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-205-2018, 2018.
Ferrarin, C., Valentini, A., Vodopivec, M., Klaric, D., Massaro, G., Bajo, M., De Pascalis, F., Fadini, A., Ghezzo, M., Menegon, S., Bressan, L., Unguendoli, S., Fettich, A., Jerman, J., Ličer, M., Fustar, L., Papa, A., and Carraro, E.: Integrated sea storm management strategy: the 29 October 2018 event in the Adriatic Sea, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 73–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-73-2020, 2020.
Ferrarin, C., Bajo, M., Benetazzo, A., Cavaleri, L., Chiggiato, J., Davison,
S., Davolio, S., Lionello, P., Orlić, M., and Umgiesser, G.: Local and
large-scale controls of the exceptional Venice floods of November 2019,
Prog. Oceanogr., 197, 102628, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102628,
2021.
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC) Sea level station monitoring facility,
http://www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org (last access: 14 December 2021), 2021.
Fokaefs, A. and Papadopoulos, G.: Tsunami hazard in the eastern
Mediterranean: strong earthquakes in Cyprus and the Levantine Sea, Nat.
Hazards, 40, 503–526, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9011-3, 2007.
Frappart, F., Roussel, N., Biancale, R., Benjamin, J. J. M., Mercier, F.,
Perosanz, F., Pasquin, J. G., Davila, J. M., Gomez, B. P., Gomez, C. G., Bravo,
R. L., Gomez, A. T., Ripoll, J. G., Pajares, M. H., Lino, M. S., Bonnefond, P.,
and Casanova, I. V.: The 2013 Ibiza calibration campaign of Jason-2 and SARAL
altimeters, Mar. Geodesy, 38, 219–232,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2015.1008711, 2015.
Fu, L. L. and Haines, B. J.: The challenges in long-term altimetry
calibration for addressing the problem of global sea level change, Adv.
Space Res., 51, 1284–1300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.06.005, 2013.
García-Valdecasas, J., Pérez Gómez, B., Molina, R.,
Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, D., Pérez, S., Campos, A.,
Rodríguez Rubio, P., Gracia, S., Ripollés, L., Terrés Nicoli,
J. M., de los Santos, F. J., and Álvarez Fanjul, E.: Operational tool for
characterizing high-frequency sea level oscillations, Nat. Hazards, 106,
1149–1167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04316-x, 2021.
Gomis, D., Tsimplis, M., Marcos, M., Fenoglio-Marc, L., Pérez Gómez,
B., Raicich, F., Vilibic, I., Wöppelmann, G., and Monserrat, S.:
Mediterranean sea-level variability and trends, in: Climate of the
Mediterranean region: From the Past to the Future, edited by: Lionello, P.,
Elsevier Insights, 257–299,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00004-5, 2012.
Gouzenes, Y., Léger, F., Cazenave, A., Birol, F., Bonnefond, P., Passaro, M., Nino, F., Almar, R., Laurain, O., Schwatke, C., Legeais, J.-F., and Benveniste, J.: Coastal sea level rise at Senetosa (Corsica) during the Jason altimetry missions, Ocean Sci., 16, 1165–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1165-2020, 2020.
Grases, A., Gracia, V., García-León, M., Lin-Ye, J., and Sierra,
J. P.: Coastal flooding and erosion under a changing climate: Implications at
a low-lying coast (Ebro Delta), Water, 12, 346,
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020346, 2020.
Gusiakov, V. K.: Meteotsunamis at global scale: problem of event
identification, parametrization and cataloguing, Nat. Hazards, 106,
1105–1123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04230-2, 2021.
Hamden, M. H. and Md Din, A. H.: A review of advancement of hydrographic
surveying towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying technique, IOP Conf.
Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 169, 012019,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019, 2018.
Hereher, M. E.: Coastal vulnerability assessment for Egypt's Mediterranean
coast, Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk, 6, 342–355,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.845115, 2015.
Holgate, S., Foden, P., Pugh, J., and Woodworth, P.: Real time sea-level
data transmission from tide gauges for tsunami monitoring and long-term sea
level rise observations, J. Oper. Oceanogr, 1, 3–8,
https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2008.11081883, 2008.
Holgate, S. J., Matthews, A., Woodworth, P. L., Rickards, L. J., Tamisiea,
M. E., Bradshaw, E., Foden, P. R., Gordon, K. M., Jevrejeva, S., and Pugh, J.:
New data systems and products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level,
J. Coastal Res., 29, 493–504,
https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00175.1, 2013.
Jabnoun, R. and Harzallah, A.: An estimate of the sea level trend along the
Tunisia coast, Bull. Inst. Natn. Scien. Tech. Mer de Salammbô̂, Vol. 47, 165–171,
2020.
Jansà, A. and Ramis, C.: The Balearic rissaga: from pioneering research
to present-day knowledge, Nat. Hazards, 106, 1269–1297,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04221-3, 2021.
Jansà, A., Monserrat, S., and Gomis, D.: The rissaga of 15 June 2006 in
Ciutadella (Menorca), a meteorological tsunami, Adv. Geosci., 12, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-1-2007, 2007.
Le Traon, P. Y.: From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: three revolutions in oceanography, Ocean Sci., 9, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-901-2013, 2013.
Le Traon, P. Y., Reppucci, A., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Aouf, L., Behrens, A.,
Belmonte, M., Bentamy, A., Bertino, L., Brando, V. E., Kreiner, M. B.,
Benkiran, M., Carval, T., Ciliberti, S. A., Claustre, H., Clementi, E.,
Coppini, G., Cossarini, G., De Alfonso Alonso Muñoyerro, M., Delamarche,
A., Dibarboure, G., Dinessen, F., Drevillon, M., Drillet, Y., Faugere, Y.,
Fernández, V., Fleming, A., Garcia-Hermosa, M. I., Sotillo, M. G., Garric,
G., Gasparin, F., Giordan, C., Gehlen, M., Gregoire, M. L., Guinehut, S.,
Hamon, M., Harris, C., Hernandez, F., Hinkler, J. B., Hoyer, J., Karvonen,
J., Kay, S., King, R., Lavergne, T., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Lima, L., Mao, C.,
Martin, M. J., Masina, S., Melet, A., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Nolan, G.,
Pascual, A., Pistoia, J., Palazov, A., Piolle, J. F., Pujol, M. I., Pequignet,
A. C., Peneva, E., Pérez Gómez, B., Petit de la Villeon, L., Pinardi,
N., Pisano, A., Pouliquen, S., Reid, R., Remy, E., Santoleri, R., Siddorn,
J., She, J., Staneva, J., Stoffelen, A., Tonani, M., Vandenbulcke, L., von
Schuckmann, K., Volpe, G., Wettre, C., and Zacharioudaki, A.: From
observation to information and users: The Copernicus Marine Service
perspective, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 234,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00234, 2019.
Lemon, D. D., Chave, R. A. J., Clarke, M. R., Curran, T. A., Hinds, A., Thorn,
A., Thomson, A., and Badger, C. J.: Real-time monitoring of currents and
water level at second narrows to improve port efficiency in Vancouver
harbour, Oceans 2003, Celebrating the Past, Teaming Toward the Future
(IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37492), 231–237,
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178559, 2003.
Letetrel, C., Marcos, M., Miguez, B. M., and Wöppelmann, G.: Sea level
extremes in Marseille (NW Mediterranean) during 1885–2008, Cont. Shelf Res.,
30, 1267–1274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.04.003, 2010.
Ličer, M., Mourre, B., Troupin, C., Krietemeyer, A., Jansá, A., and
Tintoré, J.: Numerical study of Balearic meteotsunami generation and
propagation under synthetic gravity wave forcing, Ocean Model., 111, 38–45,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.02.001, 2017.
Lionello, P., Conte, D., Marzo, L., and Scarascia, L.: The contrasting
effect of increasing mean sea level and decreasing storminess on the maximum
water level during storms along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the
mid 21st century, Global Planet. Change, 151, 80–91,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.012, 2017.
Lionello, P., Barriopedro, D., Ferrarin, C., Nicholls, R. J., Orlić, M., Raicich, F., Reale, M., Umgiesser, G., Vousdoukas, M., and Zanchettin, D.: Extreme floods of Venice: characteristics, dynamics, past and future evolution (review article), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021.
Loizides, G., Papazachariou, D., and Zodiatis, G.: Data analysis of the
CYCOFOS Paphos Sea Level Station-MedGloss Network 2001–2010. internal
report, Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus, 23 August 2010.
Makris, C., Androulidakis, Y., Karambas, T., Papadimitriou, A., Metallinos,
A., Kontos, Y., Baltikas, V., Chondros, M., Krestenitis, Y., Tsoukala, V.,
and Memos, C.: Integrated modelling of sea-state forecasts for safe
navigation and operational management in ports: Application in the
Mediterranean Sea, Appl. Math. Model., 89, 1206–1234,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.015, 2021.
Maramai, A., Brizuela, B., and Graziani, L.: The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami
Catalogue, Ann. Geophys., 57, 4, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-6437, 2014.
Maramai, A., Graziani L., and Brizuela B.: Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami
Catalogue (EMTC), version 2.0, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e
Vulcanologia (INGV), https://doi.org/10.13127/tsunami/emtc.2.0, 2019.
Marcos, M., Monserrat, S., Medina, R., Orfila, A., and Olabarrieta, M.:
External forcing of meteorological tsunamis at the coast of the Balearic
Islands, Phys. Chem. Earth, 34, 838–947,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.10.001, 2009a.
Marcos, M., Tsimplis, M. N., and Shaw, A. G. P.: Sea level extremes in southern
Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
C01007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004912, 2009b.
Marcos, M., Jordà, G., Gomis, D., and Pérez Gómez, B.: Changes
in storm surges in southern Europe from a regional model under climate
change scenarios, Global Planet. Change, 77, 116–128,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.04.002, 2011.
Marcos, M., Calafat, F. M., Berihuete, A., and Dangendorf, S.: Long-term
variations in global sea level extremes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 8115–8134,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011173, 2015.
Marcos, M. and Woodworth, P. L.: Spatiotemporal changes in extreme sea
levels along the coasts of the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 7031–7048, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013065,
2017.
Marcos, M., Puyol, B., Amores, A., Pérez Gómez, B., Fraile, M. A.,
and Talke, A.: Historical tide gauge sea-level observations in Alicante and
Santander (Spain) since the 19th century, Geosci. Data J., 8, 144–153,
https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.112, 2021.
Marrobbio Project Report: Creation of a prediction station for Marrobbio
events to be installed in the fishing port of Mazara del Vallo, funded by
SFOP 2004 – Mis. 4.17b (Cod. 1999.IT.16.1.PO.011/4.17b/8.3.7/0082), 2007.
Martinez-Benjamin, J. J., Martinez-Garcia, M., Lopez, S. G., Andres, A. N.,
Pozuelo, F. B., Infantes, M. E., Lopez-Marco, J., Davila, J. M., Pasquin, J.
G., Silva, C. G., Bonnefond, P., Laurain, O., Isanta, A. M. B., Castellon,
M. A. O., Lopez, J. T., Pérez Gomez, B., Álvarez Fanjul, E.,
Velasco, G. R., Gomis, D., Marcos, M., Menard, Y., Jan, G., Jeansou, E.,
Lyard, F., and Roblou, L.: Ibiza absolute calibration experiment: Survey and
preliminary results, Mar. Geodesy, 27, 657–681,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410490883342, 2004.
Masina, M. and Lamberti, A.: A nonstationary analysis for the Northern
Adriatic extreme sea levels, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3999–4016, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20313, 2013.
Mel, R. and Lionello, P.: Verification of an ensemble prediction system for
storm surge forecast in the Adriatic Sea, Ocean Dynam., 64, 1803–1814,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0782-x, 2014.
Međugorac, I., Pasarić, M., and Güttler, I.: Will the wind
associated with the Adriatic storm surges change in future climate?, Theor.
Appl. Climatol., 143, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03379-x,
2021.
Medvedev, I. P., Vilibić, I., and Rabinovich, A. B.: Tidal resonance in
the Adriatic Sea: Observational evidence, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125,
e2020JC016168, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016168, 2020.
Monserrat, S., Ramis, C., and Thorpe, A. J.: Large-amplitude pressure
oscillations in the Western Mediterranean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18,
183–186, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00234, 1991.
Monserrat, S., Rabinovich, A. B., and Casas, B.: On the reconstruction of
the transfer function for atmospherically generated seiches, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 25, 2197–2200, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL01506, 1998.
Monserrat, S., Vilibić, I., and Rabinovich, A. B.: Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1035–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006, 2006.
Mourre, B., Santana, A., Buils, A., Gautreau, L., Ličer, M., Jansà,
A., Casas, B., Amengual, B., and Tintoré, J.: On the potential of
ensemble forecasting for the prediction of meteotsunamis in the Balearic
Islands: sensitivity to atmospheric model parameterizations, Nat. Hazards, 106, 1315–1336,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03908-x, 2021.
Novellino, A., D'Angelo, P., Benedetti, G., Manzella, G., Gorringe, P.,
Schaap, D., Pouliquen, S., and Rickards, L.: European Marine Observation
Data Network – EMODnet Physics. OCEANS 2015 – Genova, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271548, 2015.
Oaie, G., Seghedi, A., and Radulescu, V.: Natural marine hazards in the
Black Sea and the system of their monitoring and real-time warning,
Geo-Eco-Marina, 22, 5–28, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889593, 2016.
Okal, E. A., Synolakis, C. E., Uslu, B., Kalligeris, N., and Voukouvalas, E.:
The 1956 earthquake and tsunami in Amorgos, Greece, Geophys. J. Int., 178,
1533–1554, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04237.x, 2009.
Okal, E. A.: On the possibility of seismic recording of meteotsunamis, Nat.
Hazards, 106, 1125–1147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04146-x, 2021.
Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B. C., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A. K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto, R. M., Ghosh, T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B., and Sebesvari, Z.: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 321–445, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006, 2019.
Orfila, A., Balle, S., and Simarro, G.: Topographic enhancement of long
waves generated by an idealized moving pressure system, Science, 75,
595–693, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n3595, 2011.
Orlić, M.: The first attempt at cataloguing tsunami-like waves of
meteorological origin in Croatian coastal waters, Acta Adriat., 56, 83–96,
2015.
Orlić, M. and Pasarić, M: Recent data on high-frequency sea-level
variability in Vela Luka and Stari Grad Bays, International Symposium on
Meteotsunamis, 30th Anniversary of the Great Flood of Vela Luka (21 June
1978), Book of Abstracts, Vela Luka, Croatia, p. 36, 2008.
Orlić, M. and Šepić, J.: Meteorological tsunamis in the
Adriatic Sea – catalogue of meteorological tsunamis in Croatian coastal
waters, https://jadran.izor.hr/~sepic/meteotsunami_catalogue/ (last access: 21 September 2021),
2019.
Orlić, M., Belušić, D., Janeković, I., and Pasarić, M.:
Fresh evidence relating the great Adriatic surge of 21 June 1978 to
mesoscale atmospheric forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C06011,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005777, 2010.
Pascual, J. and Salat, J.: Monthly sea level anomaly based on 2 h data from
L'Estartit meteorological station II (NW Mediterranean) since 1990, PANGAEA,
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902604, 2019.
Papadopoulos, G. and Papageorgiou, A.: Large earthquakes and tsunamis in
the Mediterranean region and its connected seas, in: Extreme Natural
Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 252–266, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139523905.025,
2012.
Papadopoulos, G., Gràcia, E., Urgeles, R., Sallares, V., De Martini,
P. M., Pantosti, D., González, M., Yalciner, A., Mascle, J., Sakellariou,
D., Salamon, A., Tinti, S., Fokaefs, A., Camerlenghi, A., Novikova, T., and
Papageorgiou, A.: Historic and pre-historic tsunamis in the Mediterranean
and its connected seas: a review on documentation, geological signatures,
generation mechanisms and coastal impacts, Mar. Geol., 354, 81–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.04.014, 2014.
Papazachariou, D.: Estimation of the lowest astronomical tide and the lowest
low tide at tide-gauge stations in Cyprus. Internal Report, Oceanography
Center, University of Cyprus, 10 October, 2014.
Papazachariou, D., Zodiatis, G., Nikolaidis, A., Stylianou, S., and
Arabelos, D.: Satellite altimetry and tide gauge data for monitoring sea
level changes in the Eastern Mediterranean, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 16,
EGU2014-9582, 2014.
Pasarić, M., Pasarić, Z., and Orlić, M.: Response of the
Adriatic Sea level to the air pressure and wind forcing at low frequencies
(0.01–0.1 cpd), J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11423–11439,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900023, 2000.
Pashova, L.: Assessment of the sea level change on different timescales from
Varna and Burgas tide gauge data, C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 65, 193–202, 2012.
Peng, D., Feng, L., Larson, K. M., and Hill, E. M.: Measuring coastal absolute
sea-level changes using GNSS interferometric reflectometry, Remote Sens.,
13, 4319, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214319, 2021.
Pérez, B., Brouwer, R., Beckers, J., Paradis, D., Balseiro, C., Lyons, K., Cure, M., Sotillo, M. G., Hackett, B., Verlaan, M., and Fanjul, E. A.: ENSURF: multi-model sea level forecast – implementation and validation results for the IBIROOS and Western Mediterranean regions, Ocean Sci., 8, 211–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-211-2012, 2012.
Pérez, B., Payo, A., López, D., Woodworth, P. L., and Alvarez Fanjul, E.: Overlapping sea level time series measured using different technologies: an example from the REDMAR Spanish network, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 589–610, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-589-2014, 2014.
Pérez Gómez, B., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Pérez Rubio, S., de
Alfonso, M., and Vela, J.: Use of tide gauge data in operational
oceanography and sea level hazard warning systems, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 6,
1–18, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2013.11020147, 2013.
Pérez Gómez, B., García-León M., García-Valdecasas,
J., Clementi, E., Mösso Aranda, C., Pérez-Rubio, S., Masina, S.,
Coppini, G., Molina-Sánchez, R., Muñoz-Cubillo, A., García
Fletcher, A., Sánchez González, J. F., Sánchez-Arcilla, A., and
Álvarez-Fanjul, E.: Understanding sea level processes during Western
Mediterranean storm Gloria, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 647437,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.647437, 2021.
Pérez González, I., Pérez Gómez, B., Sotillo, M. G., and
Álvarez Fanjul, E.: Towards a new sea level forecast system in Puertos
del Estado. Extended proceedings, in: Proceedings of the 8th EuroGOOS
Conference, ISBN 978-2-9601883-3-2, Bergen, 2017.
Pasarić, M. and Orlić, M.: Long-term meteorological preconditioning
of the North Adriatic coastal floods, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 263–278,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00078-9, 2001.
Proudman, J.: The effects on the sea of changes in atmospheric pressure,
Geophys. Suppl. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2, 197–209,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1929.tb05408.x, 1929.
Pugh, D. and Woodworth, P.: Sea-Level Science: Understanding Tides, Surges,
Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level Changes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139235778, 2014.
Quartly, G. D., Chen, G., Nencioli, F., Morrow, R., and Picot, N.: An
overview of requirements, procedures and current advances in the
calibration/validation of radar altimeters, Remote Sens., 13, 125,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010125, 2021.
Rabinovich, A. B.: Twenty-seven years of progress in the science of
meteorological tsunamis following the 1992 Daytona Beach event, Pure Appl.
Geophys., 177, 1193–1230, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02349-3, 2020.
Rabinovich, A. B. and Monserrat, S.: Meteorological tsunamis near the
Balearic and Kuril Islands: descriptive and statistical analysis, Nat.
Hazards, 13, 55–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00156506, 1996.
Raicich, F.: Recent evolution of sea-level extremes at Trieste (Northern
Adriatic), Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 225–235,
htpps://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00224-8, 2003.
Raicich, F.: Sea level observations at Trieste Molo Sartorio (Italy),
SEANOE, https://doi.org/10.17882/62758, 2019.
Renault, L., Vizoso, G., Jansà, A., Wilkin, J., and Tintoré, J.:
Toward the predictability of meteotsunamis in the Balearic Sea using
regional nested atmosphere and ocean models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38,
L10601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047361, 2011.
Reimann, L., Vafeidis, A. T., Brown, S., Hinkel, J., and Tol, R. S. J.: Mediterranean UNESCO World
Heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise,
Nat. Comm., 9, 4161, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9, 2018.
Romero, R., Vich, M., and Ramis, C.: A pragmatic approach for the numerical
prediction of meteotsunamis in Ciutadella harbour (Balearic Islands), Ocean
Model., 142, 101441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101441, 2019.
Rosen, D. S. and Aarup, T.: IOC/CIESM MedGLOSS Pilot Network Workshop and
Coordination Meeting, Haifa, 15–17 May 2000, IOC/UNESCO Report 176, 120 pp.,
2002.
Samaras, A. G., Karambas, T. V., and Archetti, R.: Simulation of tsunami generation, propagation and coastal inundation in the Eastern Mediterranean, Ocean Sci., 11, 643–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-643-2015, 2015.
Schindelé, F., Loevenbruck, A., and Hébert, H.: Strategy to design the sea-level monitoring networks for small tsunamigenic oceanic basins: the Western Mediterranean case, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 1019–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1019-2008, 2008.
Schindellé, F., Gailler, A., Hébert, H., Loevenbruck, A., Gutierrez, E., Monnier, A., Roudil, P., Reimond, D. and Rivera, L.: Implementation and
challenges of the tsunami warning system in the Western Mediterranean, Pure
Appl. Geophys., 172, 821–833, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0950-4,
2015.
Salat, J., Pascual, J., Flexas, M. M., Chin, T. M., and Vázquez-Cuervo,
J.: Forty-five years of oceanographic and meteorological observations at a
coastal station in the NW Mediterranean: a ground truth for satellite
observations, Ocean Dynam, 69, 1067–1084,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01285-z, 2019.
Šepić, J. and Vilibić, I.: The development and implementation of a real-time meteotsunami warning network for the Adriatic Sea, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 83–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-83-2011, 2011.
Šepić, J., Vilibić, I., and Monserrat, S.: Teleconnections
between the Adriatic and the Balearic meteotsunamis, Phys. Chem. Earth, 34,
928–937, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.08.007, 2009.
Šepić, J., Vilibić, I., Jordà, G., and Marcos, M.:
Mediterranean Sea level forced by atmospheric pressure and wind: Variability
of the present climate and future projections for several period bands,
Global Planet. Change, 86, 20–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.01.008, 2012.
Šepić, J., Međugorac, I., Janeković, I., Dunić, N., and
Vilibić, I.: Multi-meteotsunami event in the Adriatic Sea generated by
atmospheric disturbances of 25–26 June 2014, Pure Appl. Geophys., 173,
4117–4138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1249-4, 2016a.
Šepić, J., Vilibić, I., and Monserrat, S.: Quantifying the
probability of meteotsunami occurrence from synoptic atmospheric patterns,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10377–10384, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070754,
2016b.
Šepić, J., Vilibić, I., Rabinovich, A. B., and Tinti, S.:
Meteotsunami (“Marrobbio”) of 25–26 June 2014 on the southwestern coast of
Sicily, Italy, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 1573–1593,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1827-8, 2018.
Spada, G. and Galassi, G.: New estimates of secular sea level rise from
tide gauge data and GIA modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 191, 1067–1094,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05663.x, 2012.
Sotillo, M. G., Cailleau, S., Lorente, P., Levier, B., Aznar, R., Reffray,
G., Amo-Baladrón, A., Chanut, J., Benkiran, M., and Alvarez-Fanjul, E.: The MyOcean IBI ocean forecast and reanalysis systems: operational
products and roadmap to the future Copernicus Service, J. Operat. Oceanogr.,
8, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1014663, 2015.
Sørensen, M. B., Spada, M., Babeyko, A., Wiemer, S., and Grünthal, G.:
Probabilistic tsunami hazard in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res.,
117, B01305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008169, 2012.
Taibi, H. and Haddad, M.: Estimating trends of the Mediterranean Sea level
changes from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data (1993–2015), J.
Oceanol. Limnol., 37, 1176–1185, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-8164-3,
2019.
Tinti, S. and Maramai, A.: Catalogue of tsunamis generated in Italy and in
Cote d'Azur, France: a step towards a unified catalogue of
tsunamis in Europe, Ann. Geophys., 39, 1253–1299, 1996.
Tinti, S., Maramai, A., and Graziani, L.: A new version of the European tsunami catalogue: updating and revision, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-255-2001, 2001.
Tinti, S., Manucci, A., Pagnoni, G., Armigliato, A., and Zaniboni, F.: The 30 December 2002 landslide-induced tsunamis in Stromboli: sequence of the events reconstructed from the eyewitness accounts, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 763–775, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-763-2005, 2005.
Tintoré, J., Vizoso, G., Casas, B., Heslop, E., Pascual, A., Orfila,
A., Ruiz, S., Martínez-Ledesma, M., Torner, M., Cusí, S.,
Diedrich, A., Balaguer, P., Gómez-Pujol, L., Álvarez-Ellacuria, A.,
Gómara, S., Sebastian, K., Lora, S., Renault, L., Juzà,
M., Álvarez, D., March, D., Garau, B., Cañellas, T., Roque,
D., Lizarán, I., Pitarch, S., Carrasco, M. A., Lana, A., Mason,
E., Escudier, R., Conti, D. S., Barceló, B., Alemany, F., Reglero,
P., Massuti, E., Vélez-Belchí, P., Ruiz, J., Oguz, T., Gómez,
M., Álvarez Fanjul, E., Ansorena, L., and Manriquez, M.: The Balearic
Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System Responding to
Science, Technology and Society Needs, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 47,
101–117, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.47.1.10, 2013.
Tsimplis, M. N.: Tidal oscillations in the Aegean and the Ionian Seas,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 39, 201–208,
https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1058, 1994.
Tsimplis, M. N., Proctor, R., and Flather, R. A.: A 2-dimensional tidal model
for the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16223–16239,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC01671, 1995.
Tsimplis, M. N. and Spencer, N. E.: Collection and analysis of monthly mean
sea level data in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, J. Coastal Res., 13,
534–544, 1997.
Tsimplis, M. N., Álvarez-Fanjul, E., Gomis, D., Fenoglio-Marc, L., and
Pérez Gómez, B.: Mediterranean sea level trends: atmospheric
pressure and wind contribution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20602,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023867, 2005.
Umgiesser, G., Bajo, M., Ferrarin, C., Cucco, A., Lionello, P., Zanchettin, D., Papa, A., Tosoni, A., Ferla, M., Coraci, E., Morucci, S., Crosato, F., Bonometto, A., Valentini, A., Orlić, M., Haigh, I. D., Nielsen, J. W., Bertin, X., Fortunato, A. B., Pérez Gómez, B., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Paradis, D., Jourdan, D., Pasquet, A., Mourre, B., Tintoré, J., and Nicholls, R. J.: The prediction of floods in Venice: methods, models and uncertainty (review article), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021.
UNESCO/IOC: North-East Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System, NEAMTWS, Implementation Plan (Third
Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the North-East
Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas Tsunami Warning and
Mitigation System, NEAMTWS), IOC Technical Series No. 73, 2007.
UNESCO/IOC: Interim operational users guide for the tsunami early warning
and mitigation system in the Northeastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and
Connected Seas (NEAMTWS), Version 2.00, https://www.ingv.it/cat/images/images/documenti/NEAMTWS-OpUG-version_2_0_Final.pdf (last access: 18 June 2022), 2012a.
UNESCO/IOC: Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) Implementation Plan,
2012b.
UNESCO/IOC: Quality Control of in situ sea level observations: a review and
progress towards automated quality control, Vol. 1, UNESCO IOC Manuals and
Guides No. 83 (IOC/2020/MG/83 Vol. 1), 2020.
Vela, J., Pérez Gómez, B., González, M., Otero, L., Olabarrieta,
M., Canals, M., and Casamor, J. L.: Tsunami resonance in Palma Bay and
harbor, Majorca Island, as induced by the 2003 Western Mediterranean
earthquake, J. Geol., 122, 165–182, https://doi.org/10.1086/675256, 2014.
Vignudelli, S., Birol, F., Benveniste, J., Fu, L.L., Picot, N., Raynal, M.,
and Roinard, H.: Satellite altimetry measurements of sea level in the
coastal zone, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1319–1349,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09569-1, 2019.
Vilibić, I., Orlić, M., Čupić, S., Domijan, N., Leder, N.,
Mihanović, H., Pasarić, M., Pasarić, Z., Srdelić, M., and
Strinić, G.: A new approach to sea level observations in Croatia,
Geofizika, 22, 21–57, 2005.
Vilibić, I., Monserrat, S., Rabinovich, A. B., and Mihanović, H.:
Numerical modelling of the destructive meteotsunami of 15 June 2006 on the
coast of the Balearic Islands, Pure Appl. Geophys., 165, 2169–2195,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0426-5, 2008.
Vilibić, I., Šepić, J., Ranguelov, B., Strelec Mahović, N.,
and Tinti, S.: Possible atmospheric origin of the 7 May 2007 western Black
Sea shelf tsunami event, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005904, 2010.
Vilibić, I., Šepić, J., Rabinovich, A. B., and Monserrat, S.:
Modern approaches in meteotsunami research and early warning, Front. Mar.
Sci., 3, 57, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00057, 2016.
Vilibić, I., Denamiel, C., Zemunik, P., and Monserrat, S.: The
Mediterranean and the Black Sea meteotsunamis: an overview, Nat. Hazards,
106, 1223–1267, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04306-z, 2021.
Wahl, T. and Chambers, D. P.: Evidence for multidecadal variability in US
extreme sea level records, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 1527–1544,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010443, 2015.
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton,
M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne,
P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon,
O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A.
J. G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J. S., Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P. A. C.,
Hooft, R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J., Lusher, S. J., Martone, M. E., Mons,
A., Packer, A. L., Persson, B., Rocca-Serra, P., Roos, M., van Schaik, R.,
Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E., Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz,
M. A., Thompson, M., van der Lei, J., van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J.,
Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P., Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J., and Mons, B.:
The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,
Sci. Data, 3, 160018, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, 2016.
Woodworth, P. L. and Player, R.: The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level:
An update to the 21st century, J. Coastal Res., 19, 287–295, 2003.
Woodworth, P. L., Rickards, L. J., and Pérez, B.: A survey of European sea level infrastructure, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 927–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-927-2009, 2009.
Woodworth, P. L., Hunter, J. R., Marcos Moreno, M., Caldwell, P. C.,
Menendez, M., and Haigh, I. D.: GESLA (Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis)
high frequency sea level dataset – Version 2, British Oceanographic Data
Centre – Natural Environment Research Council, UK,
https://doi.org/10.5285/3b602f74-8374-1e90-e053-6c86abc08d39, 2016.
Woodworth, P. L., Hunter, J. R., Marcos, M., Caldwell, P., Menéndez, M.,
and Haigh, I.: Towards a global higher-frequency sea level dataset, Geosci.
Data J., 3, 50–59, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.42, 2017.
Woodworth, P. L., Wöppelmann, G., Marcos, M., Gravelle, M., and Bingley, R. M.: Why we must tie satellite positioning to tide gauge data, Eos, 98, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO064037, 2017.
Woodworth, P. L., Melet, A., Marcos, M., Ray, R. D., Wöppelmann, G., Sasaki, Y. N., Cirano, M., Hibbert, A., Huthnance, J. M., Monserrat, S., and Merrifield, M. : Forcing factors affecting
sea level changes at the coast, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1351–1397,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09531-1, 2019.
Wöppelmann, G., Marcos, M., Coulomb, A., Martín Míguez, B.,
Bonnetain, P., Boucher, C., Gravelle, M., Simon, B., and Tiphaneau, P.:
Rescue of the historical sea level record of Marseille (France) from 1885 to
1988 and its extension back to 1849–1851, J. Geodesy, 88, 869–885,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-014-0728-6, 2014.
Yang, Y., Jin, T., Gao, X., Wen, H., Schöne, T., Xiao, M., and Huang,
H.: Sea level fusion of satellite altimetry and tide gauge data by deep
learning in the Mediterranean Sea, Remote Sens., 13, 908,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050908, 2021.
Zanchettin, D., Bruni, S., Raicich, F., Lionello, P., Adloff, F., Androsov, A., Antonioli, F., Artale, V., Carminati, E., Ferrarin, C., Fofonova, V., Nicholls, R. J., Rubinetti, S., Rubino, A., Sannino, G., Spada, G., Thiéblemont, R., Tsimplis, M., Umgiesser, G., Vignudelli, S., Wöppelmann, G., and Zerbini, S.: Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021.
Zemunik, P., Bonanno, A., Mazzola, S., Giacalone, G., Fontana, I., Genovese,
S., Basilone, G., Candela, J., Šepić, J., Vilibić, I., and
Aronica, S.: Observing meteotsunamis (“Marrobbio”) in the
southwestern coast of Sicily, Nat. Hazards, 106, 1337–1363,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04303-2, 2021a.
Zemunik, P., Šepić, J., Pellikka, H., Ćatipović, L., and Vilibić, I.: Minute Sea-Level Analysis (MISELA): a high-frequency sea-level analysis global dataset, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4121–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4121-2021, 2021b.
Zerbini S., Plag, H.-P., Baker, T., Becker, M., Billiris, H., Bürki, B.,
Kahle, H.-G., Marson, I., Pezzoli, L., Richter, B., Romagnoli, C., Sztobryn,
M., Tomasi, P., Tsimplis, M., Veis, G., and Verrone, G.: Sea level: in the
Mediterranean: a first step towards separating crustal movements and
absolute sea-level variations, Global Planet. Change, 14, 1–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(96)00003-3, 1996.
Zerbini, S., Raicich, F., Prati, C. M., Bruni, S., Del Conte, S., Errico, M.,
and Santi, E.: Sea-level change in the Northern Mediterranean Sea from
long-period tide gauge time series, Earth-Sci. Rev., 167, 72–87,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.009, 2017.
Zhuk, E., Zodiatis, G., and Sylaios, G.: The Web GIS monitoring and
forecasting platforms in the Mediterranean and Black seas, Proc. SPIE
11524, Eighth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation
of the Environment (RSCy2020), 359–365, 26 August 2020,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2570969, 2020.
Žust, L., Fettich, A., Kristan, M., and Ličer, M.: HIDRA 1.0: deep-learning-based ensemble sea level forecasting in the northern Adriatic, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2057–2074, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2057-2021, 2021.
Download
- Article
(8424 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas reveals the existence of 240 presently operational tide gauges. Information is provided about the type of sensor, time sampling, data availability, and ancillary measurements. An assessment of the fit-for-purpose status of the network is also included, along with recommendations to mitigate existing bottlenecks and improve the network, in a context of sea level rise and increasing extremes.
This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and...
