Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
15 Jul 2022
Review article |
| 15 Jul 2022
| 15 Jul 2022
Coastal sea level monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black seas
Begoña Pérez Gómez
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain
Ivica Vilibić
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and
Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Jadranka Šepić
Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Iva Međugorac
Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Matjaž Ličer
Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Piran,
Slovenia
Laurent Testut
LIENSs, CNRS – La Rochelle University, La Rochelle, France
Claire Fraboul
SHOM, Brest, France
Marta Marcos
Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC),
Esporles, Spain
Hassen Abdellaoui
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Enrique Álvarez Fanjul
Puertos del Estado, Madrid, Spain
Darko Barbalić
Croatian Waters, Zagreb, Croatia
Benjamín Casas
SOCIB-Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting
System, Palma, 07122, Spain
Antonio Castaño-Tierno
IEO-CSIC – Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Madrid, Spain
Srđan Čupić
Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia, Split, Croatia
Aldo Drago
Physical Oceanography Research Group, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
María Angeles Fraile
National Geographic Institute, Madrid, Spain
Daniele A. Galliano
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
Adam Gauci
Physical Oceanography Research Group, Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Branislav Gloginja
Hydrometeorological and Seismological Service, Podgorica, Montenegro
Víctor Martín Guijarro
National Geographic Institute, Madrid, Spain
Maja Jeromel
Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Marcos Larrad Revuelto
Spanish Hydrographic Office, Cádiz, Spain
Ayah Lazar
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
Ibrahim Haktan Keskin
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Igor Medvedev
PP Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
Abdelkader Menassri
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Mohamed Aïssa Meslem
National Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing, Algiers, Algeria
Hrvoje Mihanović
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
Sara Morucci
ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale,
Rome, Italy
Dragos Niculescu
National Institute for Marine Research and Development “Grigore
Antipa”, Constanţa, Romania
José Manuel Quijano de Benito
Spanish Hydrographic Office, Cádiz, Spain
Josep Pascual
L'Estartit Meteorological Station, L'Estartit, Spain
Atanas Palazov
Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna,
Bulgaria
Marco Picone
ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale,
Rome, Italy
Fabio Raicich
CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, Trieste, Italy
Mohamed Said
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
Jordi Salat
ICM-CSIC, Institute of Marine Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
Erdinc Sezen
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Mehmet Simav
Department of Geodesy, General Directorate of Mapping, Ankara,
Türkiye
Georgios Sylaios
Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Elena Tel
IEO-CSIC – Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Madrid, Spain
Joaquín Tintoré
SOCIB-Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting
System, Palma, 07122, Spain
Klodian Zaimi
National Centre for Forecast and Monitoring of Natural Risks,
Polytechnic University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
George Zodiatis
ORION Research, Nicosia, Cyprus
Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Heraklion, Greece
Cyprus Oceanography Centre, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jue Lin-Ye, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Alejandro Gallardo, Fernando Manzano, Marta de Alfonso, Elizabeth Bradshaw, and Angela Hibbert
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Clémence Chupin, Valérie Ballu, Laurent Testut, Yann-Treden Tranchant, and Jérôme Aucan
Ocean Sci., 19, 1277–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1277-2023, 2023
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Reducing uncertainties in coastal sea level trend estimates requires a better understanding of altimeter measurements and local sea level dynamics. Using long-term sea level time series from the Nouméa tide gauge (New Caledonia) and in situ data collected as part of the GEOCEAN-NC campaign, this study presents a method inspired from Cal/Val studies to re-analyse about 20 years of altimetry observations and re-address the question of sea level evolution in the lagoon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Pranić, Cléa Denamiel, Ivica Janeković, and Ivica Vilibić
Ocean Sci., 19, 649–670, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-649-2023, 2023
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In this study, we analyse and compare the results of four different approaches in modelling bora-driven dense-water dynamics in the Adriatic. The study investigated the likely requirements for modelling the ocean circulation in the Adriatic and found that a 31-year run of a fine-resolution Adriatic climate model is able to outperform most aspects of the newest reanalysis product, a short-term hindcast and data-assimilated simulation, in reproducing the dense-water dynamics in the Adriatic Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cléa Denamiel and Ivica Vilibić
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-913, 2023
Preprint archived
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We present a new methodology using coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave models and demonstrate the feasibility to provide meter scale assessments of the impact of climate change on storm surge hazards. We show that sea level variations and distributions can be derived at the climate scale in the Adriatic Sea small lagoons and bays. We expect that the newly developed methodology could lead to more targeted adaptation strategies in regions of the world vulnerable to atmospherically driven extreme events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ekaterina Didenkulova, Ira Didenkulova, and Igor Medvedev
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1653–1663, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1653-2023, 2023
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The paper is dedicated to freak wave accidents which happened in the world ocean in 2005–2021 and that were described in mass media sources. The database accounts for 429 events, all of which resulted in ship or coastal and offshore structure damage and/or human losses. In agreement with each freak wave event, we put background wave and wind conditions extracted from the climate reanalysis ERA5. We analyse their statistics and discuss the favourable conditions for freak wave occurrence.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Víctor Malagón-Santos, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Tim H. J. Hermans, Sönke Dangendorf, Marta Marcos, and Nicola Maher
Ocean Sci., 19, 499–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-499-2023, 2023
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Climate change will alter heat and freshwater fluxes as well as ocean circulation, driving local changes in sea level. This sea-level change component is known as ocean dynamic sea level (DSL), and it is usually projected using computationally expensive global climate models. Statistical models are a cheaper alternative for projecting DSL but may contain significant errors. Here, we partly remove those errors (driven by internal climate variability) by using pattern recognition techniques.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Raicich
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1749-2023, 2023
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In the changing climate, long sea level time series are essential for studying the variability of the mean sea level and the occurrence of extreme events on different timescales. This work summarizes the rescue and quality control of the ultra-centennial sea level data set of Trieste, Italy. The whole time series is characterized by a linear trend of about 1.4 mm yr−1, the period corresponding to the altimetry coverage by a trend of about 3.0 mm yr−1, similarly to the global ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ariadna Martín, Angel Amores, Alejandro Orfila, Tim Toomey, and Marta Marcos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 587–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-587-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-587-2023, 2023
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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the potentially most hazardous phenomena affecting the coasts of the Caribbean Sea. This work simulates the coastal hazards in terms of sea surface elevation and waves that originate through the passage of these events. A set of 1000 TCs have been simulated, obtained from a set of synthetic cyclones that are consistent with present-day climate. Given the large number of hurricanes used, robust values of extreme sea levels and waves are computed along the coasts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Carolina M. L. Camargo, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Tim H. J. Hermans, Eike M. Schütt, Marta Marcos, Ismael Hernandez-Carrasco, and Aimée B. A. Slangen
Ocean Sci., 19, 17–41, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-17-2023, 2023
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Sea-level change is mainly caused by variations in the ocean’s temperature and salinity and land ice melting. Here, we quantify the contribution of the different drivers to the regional sea-level change. We apply machine learning techniques to identify regions that have similar sea-level variability. These regions reduce the observational uncertainty that has limited the regional sea-level budget so far and highlight how large-scale ocean circulation controls regional sea-level change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marko Rus, Anja Fettich, Matej Kristan, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 271–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-271-2023, 2023
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We propose a new fast and reliable deep-learning architecture HIDRA2 for sea level and storm surge modeling. HIDRA2 features new feature encoders and a fusion-regression block. We test HIDRA2 on Adriatic storm surges, which depend on an interaction between tides and seiches. We demonstrate that HIDRA2 learns to effectively mimic the timing and amplitude of Adriatic seiches. This is essential for reliable HIDRA2 predictions of total storm surge sea levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Damiano Baldan, Elisa Coraci, Franco Crosato, Maurizio Ferla, Andrea Bonometto, and Sara Morucci
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3663–3677, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3663-2022, 2022
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Extreme-event analysis is widely used to provide information for the design of coastal protection structures. Non-stationarity due to sea level rise can affect such estimates. Using different methods on a long time series of sea level data, we show that estimates of the magnitude of extreme events in the future can be inexact due to relative sea level rise. Thus, considering non-stationarity is important when analyzing extreme-sea-level events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nydia Catalina Reyes Suárez, Valentina Tirelli, Laura Ursella, Matjaž Ličer, Massimo Celio, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 1321–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1321-2022, 2022
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Explaining the dynamics of jellyfish blooms is a challenge for scientists. Biological and meteo-oceanographic data were combined on different timescales to explain the exceptional bloom of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea) in April 2021. The bloom was associated with anomalously warm seasonal sea conditions. Then, a strong bora wind event enhanced upwelling and mixing of the water column, causing jellyfish to rise to the surface and accumulate along the coast.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Md Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Kerry Emanuel, Yann Krien, Laurent Testut, and A. K. M. Saiful Islam
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2359–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2359-2022, 2022
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Cyclonic storm surges constitute a major threat to lives and properties along the vast coastline of the Bengal delta. From a combination of cyclone and storm surge modelling, we present a robust probabilistic estimate of the storm surge flooding hazard under the current climate. The estimated extreme water levels vary regionally, and the inland flooding is strongly controlled by the embankments. More than 1/10 of the coastal population is currently exposed to 50-year return period flooding.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emma Reyes, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Vanessa Cardin, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Maria J. Fernandes, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Pablo Lorente, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Adèle Révelard, Catalina Reyes-Suárez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Alejandro Orfila
Ocean Sci., 18, 797–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, 2022
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This work reviews the existing advanced and emerging scientific and societal applications using HFR data, developed to address the major challenges identified in Mediterranean coastal waters organized around three main topics: maritime safety, extreme hazards and environmental transport processes. It also includes a discussion and preliminary assessment of the capabilities of existing HFR applications, finally providing a set of recommendations towards setting out future prospects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pablo Lorente, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes, Jorge Sánchez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Laura Ursella, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 761–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, 2022
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High-frequency radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing technology that can provide maps of the surface circulation over broad coastal areas, along with wave and wind information. The main goal of this work is to showcase the current status of the Mediterranean HFR network as well as present and future applications of this sensor for societal benefit such as search and rescue operations, safe vessel navigation, tracking of marine pollutants, and the monitoring of extreme events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalia Belkin, Tamar Guy-Haim, Maxim Rubin-Blum, Ayah Lazar, Guy Sisma-Ventura, Rainer Kiko, Arseniy R. Morov, Tal Ozer, Isaac Gertman, Barak Herut, and Eyal Rahav
Ocean Sci., 18, 693–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-693-2022, 2022
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We studied how distinct water circulations that elevate (cyclone) or descend (anticyclone) water from the upper ocean affect the biomass, activity and diversity of planktonic microorganisms in the impoverished eastern Mediterranean. We show that cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies differ in their community composition and production. Moreover, the anticyclone may be a potential bio-invasion and dispersal vector, while the cyclone may serve as a thermal refugee for native species.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Pranić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5927–5955, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5927-2021, 2021
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The Adriatic Sea and Coast model was developed due to the need for higher-resolution climate models and longer-term simulations to capture coastal atmospheric and ocean processes at climate scales in the Adriatic Sea. The ocean results of a 31-year-long simulation were compared to the observational data. The evaluation revealed that the model is capable of reproducing the observed physical properties with good accuracy and can be further used to study the dynamics of the Adriatic–Ionian basin.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandre Barboni, Ayah Lazar, Alexandre Stegner, and Evangelos Moschos
Ocean Sci., 17, 1231–1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1231-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1231-2021, 2021
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Mesoscale eddies are an important part of the turbulent motion in the oceans, constituting coherent structures that can live for years and store physical property anomalies. Analysis of anticyclone (clockwise-rotating eddies) tracks in the eastern Levantine Basin revealed statistical patterns over 19 years of data, in particular the presence of an anticyclone attractor above the Eratosthenes Seamount, with a strong heat content signature.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Davide Zanchettin, Sara Bruni, Fabio Raicich, Piero Lionello, Fanny Adloff, Alexey Androsov, Fabrizio Antonioli, Vincenzo Artale, Eugenio Carminati, Christian Ferrarin, Vera Fofonova, Robert J. Nicholls, Sara Rubinetti, Angelo Rubino, Gianmaria Sannino, Giorgio Spada, Rémi Thiéblemont, Michael Tsimplis, Georg Umgiesser, Stefano Vignudelli, Guy Wöppelmann, and Susanna Zerbini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2643–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021, 2021
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Relative sea level in Venice rose by about 2.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due to the combined effect of subsidence and mean sea-level rise. We estimate the likely range of mean sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 due to climate changes to be between about 10 and 110 cm, with an improbable yet possible high-end scenario of about 170 cm. Projections of subsidence are not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they can increase the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level rise.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Piero Lionello, David Barriopedro, Christian Ferrarin, Robert J. Nicholls, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, Marco Reale, Georg Umgiesser, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Davide Zanchettin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2705–2731, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2705-2021, 2021
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In this review we describe the factors leading to the extreme water heights producing the floods of Venice. We discuss the different contributions, their relative importance, and the resulting compound events. We highlight the role of relative sea level rise and the observed past and very likely future increase in extreme water heights, showing that they might be up to 160 % higher at the end of the 21st century than presently.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georg Umgiesser, Marco Bajo, Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Cucco, Piero Lionello, Davide Zanchettin, Alvise Papa, Alessandro Tosoni, Maurizio Ferla, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Franco Crosato, Andrea Bonometto, Andrea Valentini, Mirko Orlić, Ivan D. Haigh, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Xavier Bertin, André Bustorff Fortunato, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Denis Paradis, Didier Jourdan, Audrey Pasquet, Baptiste Mourre, Joaquín Tintoré, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2679–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2679-2021, 2021
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The city of Venice relies crucially on a good storm surge forecast to protect its population and cultural heritage. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art review of storm surge forecasting, starting from examples in Europe and focusing on the Adriatic Sea and the Lagoon of Venice. We discuss the physics of storm surge, as well as the particular aspects of Venice and new techniques in storm surge modeling. We also give recommendations on what a future forecasting system should look like.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Alex Santana, Emma Reyes, and Joaquín Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 17, 1157–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1157-2021, 2021
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Correct surface ocean circulation forecasts are highly relevant to search and rescue, oil spills, and ecological processes, among other things. High-frequency radar (HFR) is a remote sensing technology that measures surface currents in coastal areas with high temporal and spatial resolution. We performed a series of experiments in which we use HFR observations from the Ibiza Channel to improve the forecasts provided by a regional ocean model in the western Mediterranean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Md. Jamal Uddin Khan, Fabien Durand, Xavier Bertin, Laurent Testut, Yann Krien, A. K. M. Saiful Islam, Marc Pezerat, and Sazzad Hossain
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2523–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2523-2021, 2021
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The Bay of Bengal is well known for some of the deadliest cyclones in history. At the same time, storm surge forecasting in this region is physically involved and computationally costly. Here we show a proof of concept of a real-time, computationally efficient, and physically consistent forecasting system with an application to the recent Supercyclone Amphan. While challenges remain, our study paves the path forward to the improvement of the quality of localized forecast and disaster management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Zemunik, Jadranka Šepić, Havu Pellikka, Leon Ćatipović, and Ivica Vilibić
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4121–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4121-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4121-2021, 2021
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A new global dataset – MISELA (Minute Sea-Level Analysis) – has been developed and contains quality-checked sea-level records from 331 tide gauges worldwide for a period from 2004 to 2019. The dataset is appropriate for research on atmospherically induced high-frequency sea-level oscillations. Research on these oscillations is important, as they can, like all sea-level extremes, seriously threaten coastal zone infrastructure and populations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Iva Tojčić, Cléa Denamiel, and Ivica Vilibić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2427–2446, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2427-2021, 2021
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This study quantifies the performance of the Croatian meteotsunami early warning system (CMeEWS) composed of a network of air pressure and sea level observations developed in order to help coastal communities prepare for extreme events. The system would have triggered the warnings for most of the observed events but also set off some false alarms if it was operational during the multi-meteotsunami event of 11–19 May 2020 in the eastern Adriatic. Further development of the system is planned.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Raicich and Renato R. Colucci
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3363–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, 2021
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To understand climate change, it is essential to analyse long time series of atmospheric data. Here we studied the atmospheric pressure observed at Trieste (Italy) from 1841 to 2018. We examined the available information on the characteristics and elevations of the barometers and on the data sampling. A basic data quality control was also applied. As a result, we built a homogeneous time series of daily mean pressures at mean sea level, from which a trend of 0.5 hPa per century was estimated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cléa Denamiel, Petra Pranić, Damir Ivanković, Iva Tojčić, and Ivica Vilibić
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3995–4017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3995-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3995-2021, 2021
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The atmospheric results of the Adriatic Sea and Coast (AdriSC) climate simulation (1987–2017) are evaluated against available observational datasets in the Adriatic region. Generally, the AdriSC model performs better than regional climate models that have resolutions that are 4 times more coarse, except concerning summer temperatures, which are systematically underestimated. High-resolution climate models may thus provide new insights about the local impacts of global warming in the Adriatic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lojze Žust, Anja Fettich, Matej Kristan, and Matjaž Ličer
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2057–2074, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2057-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2057-2021, 2021
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Adriatic basin sea level modelling is a challenging problem due to the interplay between terrain, weather, tides and seiches. Current state-of-the-art numerical models (e.g. NEMO) require large computational resources to produce reliable forecasts. In this study we propose HIDRA, a novel deep learning approach for sea level modeling, which drastically reduces the numerical cost while demonstrating predictive capabilities comparable to that of the NEMO model, outperforming it in many instances.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Verónica Morales-Márquez, Alejandro Orfila, Gonzalo Simarro, and Marta Marcos
Ocean Sci., 16, 1385–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1385-2020, 2020
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This is a study of long-term changes in extreme waves and in the synoptic patterns related to them on European coasts. The interannual variability of extreme waves in the North Atlantic Ocean is controlled by the atmospheric patterns of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Scandinavian indices. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is governed by the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/Western Russia modes acting strongly during their negative phases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matjaž Ličer, Solène Estival, Catalina Reyes-Suarez, Davide Deponte, and Anja Fettich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2335–2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2335-2020, 2020
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In 2018 windsurfer’s mast broke about 1 km offshore during a scirocco storm in the northern Adriatic. He was drifting in severe conditions until he eventually beached alive and well in Sistiana (Italy) 24 h later. We conducted an interview with the survivor to reconstruct his trajectory. We simulate his trajectory in several ways and estimate the optimal search-and-rescue area for a civil rescue response. Properly calibrated virtual drifter properties are key to reliable rescue area forecasting.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Angel Amores, Marta Marcos, Diego S. Carrió, and Lluís Gómez-Pujol
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1955–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1955-2020, 2020
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Storm Gloria hit the Mediterranean Spanish coastlines between 20 and 23 January 2020, causing severe damages such as flooding of the Ebro River delta. We evaluate its coastal impacts with a numerical simulation of the wind waves and the accumulated ocean water along the coastline (storm surge). The storm surge that reached values up to 1 m was mainly driven by the wind that also generated wind waves up to 8 m in height. We also determine the extent of the Ebro Delta flooded by marine water.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stanislav Myslenkov, Vladimir Platonov, Alexander Kislov, Ksenia Silvestrova, and Igor Medvedev
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-198, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-198, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The paper presents the analysis of wave climate and storm activity in the Kara Sea based on the results of numerical modeling. A wave model is used to reconstruct wind wave fields for the period from 1979 to 2017. The maximum significant wave height for the whole period amounts to 9.9 m. A significant linear trend shows an increase in the storm wave frequency for the period from 1979 to 2017.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Osadchiev, Igor Medvedev, Sergey Shchuka, Mikhail Kulikov, Eduard Spivak, Maria Pisareva, and Igor Semiletov
Ocean Sci., 16, 781–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-781-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-781-2020, 2020
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The Yenisei and Khatanga rivers are among the largest estuarine rivers that inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Discharge of the Yenisei River is 1 order of magnitude larger than that of the Khatanga River. However, spatial scales of buoyant plumes formed by freshwater runoff from the Yenisei and Khatanga gulfs are similar. This feature is caused by intense tidal mixing in the Khatanga Gulf, which causes formation of the diluted and therefore anomalously deep and large Khatanga plume.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Barth, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Matjaz Licer, and Jean-Marie Beckers
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1609–1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1609-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1609-2020, 2020
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DINCAE is a method for reconstructing missing data in satellite datasets using a neural network. Satellite observations working in the optical and infrared bands are affected by clouds, which obscure part of the ocean underneath. In this paper, a neural network with the structure of a convolutional auto-encoder is developed to reconstruct the missing data based on the available cloud-free pixels in satellite images.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Raicich
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-1-2020, 2020
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The ongoing sea level rise is a big concern in the context of present climatic change. The study of past sea level observations is of great importance in describing sea level variations. This work describes the rescue and analysis of a previously unrecognised 12-year record of sea level heights, measured at Trieste in the late 18th century. Besides having historical value, the data were found to be consistent, although undocumented technical issues limited the scientific conclusions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Igor P. Medvedev, Evgueni A. Kulikov, and Isaac V. Fine
Ocean Sci., 16, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-209-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-209-2020, 2020
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The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed basin on Earth and a unique subject for the analysis of the tidal dynamics. Using numerical modelling, we examine details of the spatial and temporal features of the tidal dynamics in the Caspian Sea. We present tidal charts of the amplitudes and phase lags of the major tidal constituents. The maximum tidal range, of up to 21 cm, has been found in Turkmen Bay. The tidal currents in this area have speeds of up to 22 cm s-1.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Ferrarin, Andrea Valentini, Martin Vodopivec, Dijana Klaric, Giovanni Massaro, Marco Bajo, Francesca De Pascalis, Amedeo Fadini, Michol Ghezzo, Stefano Menegon, Lidia Bressan, Silvia Unguendoli, Anja Fettich, Jure Jerman, Matjaz̆ Ličer, Lidija Fustar, Alvise Papa, and Enrico Carraro
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 73–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-73-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-73-2020, 2020
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Here we present a shared and interoperable system to allow a better exchange of and elaboration on information related to sea storms among countries. The proposed integrated web system (IWS) is a combination of a common data system for sharing ocean observations and forecasts, a multi-model ensemble system, a geoportal, and interactive geo-visualization tools. This study describes the application of the developed system to the exceptional storm event of 29 October 2018.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ivica Vilibić, Petra Zemunik, Jadranka Šepić, Natalija Dunić, Oussama Marzouk, Hrvoje Mihanović, Clea Denamiel, Robert Precali, and Tamara Djakovac
Ocean Sci., 15, 1351–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1351-2019, 2019
Pablo Lorente, Marcos García-Sotillo, Arancha Amo-Baladrón, Roland Aznar, Bruno Levier, José C. Sánchez-Garrido, Simone Sammartino, Álvaro de Pascual-Collar, Guillaume Reffray, Cristina Toledano, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul
Ocean Sci., 15, 967–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-967-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-967-2019, 2019
Fabio Raicich and Renato R. Colucci
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 761–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-761-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-761-2019, 2019
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Thanks to near-surface sea temperatures measured at Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea, from 1899 to 2015, we estimated mean daily temperatures at 2 m depth and built a quasi-homogeneous 117-year-long time series. We describe the instruments used and the sites of measurements, which are all within Trieste harbour. The data set represents a valuable tool to study sea temperature variability on different timescales. A mean temperature rise rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 °C per century was estimated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Álvaro de Pascual-Collar, Marcos G. Sotillo, Bruno Levier, Roland Aznar, Pablo Lorente, Arancha Amo-Baladrón, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul
Ocean Sci., 15, 565–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-565-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-565-2019, 2019
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The Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) is a dense water mass originated in the Gibraltar Straight. The CMEMS IBI ocean reanalysis is used to provide a detailed view of the circulation and mixing processes of MOW near the Iberian and African Continental slopes. This work emphasizes the relevance of the complex bathymetric features defining the circulation and variability processes of MOW in this region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Romain Rainaud, Lotfi Aouf, Alice Dalphinet, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Enrique Alvarez-Fanjul, Guillaume Reffray, Bruno Levier, Stéphane LawChune, Pablo Lorente, and Cristina Toledano
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-165, 2019
Publication in OS not foreseen
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This paper highlight the adjustment of the wave physics in order to improve the surface stress and thus the ocean/wave coupling dedicated to Iberian Biscay and Ireland domain. The validation with altimeters wave data during the year 2014 has shown a slight improvement of the significant wave height. Statistical analysis of the results of the new and old versions of the wave model MFWAM is examined for the three main ocean regions of the IBI domain.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Romain Rainaud, Lotfi Aouf, Alice Dalphinet, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Enrique Alvarez-Fanjul, Guillaume Reffray, Bruno Levier, Stéphane Law-Chune, Pablo Lorente, and Cristina Toledano
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-167, 2019
Publication in OS not foreseen
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This work highlights the relevance of coupling wave model with ocean model in order to improve key surface ocean parameters and in general to better describe the ocean circulation at small and large scale.
The results focus on the Iberian Biscay and Ireland ocean region with fine grid resolution of 2.5 km for the ocean model. The main conclusion is the improvement of wave physics induces a better ocean mixing at the upper layer and a positive impact for sea surface height in storm events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yuri Cotroneo, Giuseppe Aulicino, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Sánchez Román, Marc Torner Tomàs, Ananda Pascual, Giannetta Fusco, Emma Heslop, Joaquín Tintoré, and Giorgio Budillon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-147-2019, 2019
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We present data collected from the first three glider surveys in the Algerian Basin conducted during the ABACUS project. After collection, data passed a quality control procedure and were then made available through an unrestricted repository. The main objective of our project is monitoring the basin circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. Temperature and salinity data collected in the first 975 m of the water column allowed us to identify the main water masses and describe their characteristics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charles Troupin, Ananda Pascual, Simon Ruiz, Antonio Olita, Benjamin Casas, Félix Margirier, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Giulio Notarstefano, Marc Torner, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Miquel Àngel Rújula, Cristian Muñoz, Eva Alou, Inmaculada Ruiz, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, John T. Allen, Amala Mahadevan, and Joaquín Tintoré
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-129-2019, 2019
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The AlborEX (the Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of an experiment in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) that took place between 25 and 31 May 2014, and use a wide range of oceanographic sensors. The dataset provides information on mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes taking place in a frontal area. This paper presents the measurements obtained from these sensors and describes their particularities: scale, spatial and temporal resolutions, measured variables, etc.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Verónica Morales-Márquez, Alejandro Orfila, Gonzalo Simarro, Lluís Gómez-Pujol, Amaya Álvarez-Ellacuría, Daniel Conti, Álvaro Galán, Andrés F. Osorio, and Marta Marcos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3211–3223, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3211-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3211-2018, 2018
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This work analyzes the response of a beach under a series of storms using a numerical model, in situ measurements and video imaging.
Time recovery after storms is a key issue for local beach managers, who are pressed by tourism stakeholders to nourish the beach
after energetic processes in order to reach the quality standards required by beach users.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ivica Vilibić, Hrvoje Mihanović, Ivica Janeković, Cléa Denamiel, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Mirko Orlić, Natalija Dunić, Vlado Dadić, Mira Pasarić, Stipe Muslim, Riccardo Gerin, Frano Matić, Jadranka Šepić, Elena Mauri, Zoi Kokkini, Martina Tudor, Žarko Kovač, and Tomislav Džoić
Ocean Sci., 14, 237–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-237-2018, 2018
Alejandra R. Enríquez, Marta Marcos, Amaya Álvarez-Ellacuría, Alejandro Orfila, and Damià Gomis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1075-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1075-2017, 2017
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In this work we assess the impacts in reshaping coastlines as a result of sea level rise and changes in wave climate. The methodology proposed combines two wave models to resolve the wave processes in two micro-tidal sandy beaches in Mallorca island, western Mediterranean. The modelling approach is validated with observations. Our results indicate that the studied beaches would suffer a coastal retreat of between 7 and up to 50 m, equivalent to half of the present-day aerial beach surface.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marcos García Sotillo, Emilio Garcia-Ladona, Alejandro Orfila, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, José Cristobal Maraver, Daniel Conti, Elena Padorno, José Antonio Jiménez, Este Capó, Fernando Pérez, Juan Manuel Sayol, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Arancha Amo, Ana Rietz, Charles Troupin, Joaquín Tintore, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 141–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-141-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-141-2016, 2016
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An intensive drifter deployment was carried out in the Strait of Gibraltar: 35 satellite tracked drifters were released, coordinating to this aim 4 boats, covering an area of about 680 NM2 in 6 hours. This MEDESS-GIB Experiment is the most important exercise in the Mediterranean in terms of number of drifters released. The MEDESS-GIB dataset provides a complete Lagrangian view of the surface inflow of Atlantic waters through the Strait of Gibraltar and its later evolution along the Alboran Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Elena Tel, Rosa Balbin, Jose-Manuel Cabanas, Maria-Jesus Garcia, M. Carmen Garcia-Martinez, Cesar Gonzalez-Pola, Alicia Lavin, Jose-Luis Lopez-Jurado, Carmen Rodriguez, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal, Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, and Pedro Vélez-Belchí
Ocean Sci., 12, 345–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-345-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-345-2016, 2016
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The Spanish Institute of Oceanography supports different operational programmes in order to observe and measure ocean characteristics. Their combination allows responses to ocean research activities and marine ecosystem management, as well as official agency requirements and industrial and main society demands. All these networks are linked to international initiatives, framed largely in supranational Earth observation sponsored by the United Nations and the European Union.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Ličer, P. Smerkol, A. Fettich, M. Ravdas, A. Papapostolou, A. Mantziafou, B. Strajnar, J. Cedilnik, M. Jeromel, J. Jerman, S. Petan, V. Malačič, and S. Sofianos
Ocean Sci., 12, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-71-2016, 2016
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We compare the northern Adriatic response to an extreme bora event, as simulated by one-way and two-way (i.e. with ocean feedback to the atmosphere) atmosphere-ocean coupling. We show that two-way coupling yields significantly better estimates of heat fluxes, most notably sensible heat flux, across the air-sea interface. When compared to observations in the northern Adriatic, two-way coupled system consequently leads to a better representation of ocean temperatures throughout the event.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
F. Raicich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 527–535, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-527-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-527-2015, 2015
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Daily sea level data of the Venice Lagoon observed in the 18th century allow us to obtain a composite the time series of sea level anomalies relative to the mean sea level, spanning 1751--1769 and 1872--2004. From these data the frequency of remarkable storm surges is estimated. They appear to be more frequent in the second half of the 18th century than in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The historical flood on 4 November 1966 turns out to be the most severe during the entire period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M.-H. Rio, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, M. Menna, B. Barceló, and J. Tintoré
Ocean Sci., 10, 731–744, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-731-2014, 2014
A. Olita, S. Sparnocchia, S. Cusí, L. Fazioli, R. Sorgente, J. Tintoré, and A. Ribotti
Ocean Sci., 10, 657–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-657-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-657-2014, 2014
P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, V. Artale, G. L. Borzelli-Eusebi, S. Brenner, A. Crise, M. Gacic, N. Kress, S. Marullo, M. Ribera d'Alcalà, S. Sofianos, T. Tanhua, A. Theocharis, M. Alvarez, Y. Ashkenazy, A. Bergamasco, V. Cardin, S. Carniel, G. Civitarese, F. D'Ortenzio, J. Font, E. Garcia-Ladona, J. M. Garcia-Lafuente, A. Gogou, M. Gregoire, D. Hainbucher, H. Kontoyannis, V. Kovacevic, E. Kraskapoulou, G. Kroskos, A. Incarbona, M. G. Mazzocchi, M. Orlic, E. Ozsoy, A. Pascual, P.-M. Poulain, W. Roether, A. Rubino, K. Schroeder, J. Siokou-Frangou, E. Souvermezoglou, M. Sprovieri, J. Tintoré, and G. Triantafyllou
Ocean Sci., 10, 281–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-281-2014, 2014
B. Pérez, A. Payo, D. López, P. L. Woodworth, and E. Alvarez Fanjul
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 589–610, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-589-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-589-2014, 2014
M. De Dominicis, N. Pinardi, G. Zodiatis, and R. Lardner
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1851–1869, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1851-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1851-2013, 2013
M. De Dominicis, N. Pinardi, G. Zodiatis, and R. Archetti
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1871–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1871-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1871-2013, 2013
H. Mihanović, I. Vilibić, S. Carniel, M. Tudor, A. Russo, A. Bergamasco, N. Bubić, Z. Ljubešić, D. Viličić, A. Boldrin, V. Malačič, M. Celio, C. Comici, and F. Raicich
Ocean Sci., 9, 561–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013, 2013
S. Pasquet, I. Vilibić, and J. Šepić
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 473–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-473-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-473-2013, 2013
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Short summary
This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas reveals the existence of 240 presently operational tide gauges. Information is provided about the type of sensor, time sampling, data availability, and ancillary measurements. An assessment of the fit-for-purpose status of the network is also included, along with recommendations to mitigate existing bottlenecks and improve the network, in a context of sea level rise and increasing extremes.
This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and...
