Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
28 May 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 28 May 2026
| 28 May 2026
Tide of the Time: Global tidal characteristics observed from in-situ measurements
Michael G. Hart-Davis
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Technische Universität München, Germany
Roman Sulzbach
GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Stefan A. Talke
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
Ivan D. Haigh
Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA
Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA
Marta Marcos
IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
Philip Woodworth
National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, UK
Richard Ray
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Ole B. Andersen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Florent Lyard
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
Ergane Fouchet
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Denise Dettmering
Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Technische Universität München, Germany
Maik Thomas
GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Institute for Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Florian Seitz
Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Technische Universität München, Germany
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Carolina M. L. Camargo, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Tim H. J. Hermans, Eike M. Schütt, Marta Marcos, Ismael Hernandez-Carrasco, and Aimée B. A. Slangen
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Philip L. Woodworth and John M. Vassie
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Ramin Familkhalili, Stefan A. Talke, and David A. Jay
Ocean Sci., 18, 1203–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1203-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1203-2022, 2022
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Richard D. Ray
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Begoña Pérez Gómez, Ivica Vilibić, Jadranka Šepić, Iva Međugorac, Matjaž Ličer, Laurent Testut, Claire Fraboul, Marta Marcos, Hassen Abdellaoui, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Darko Barbalić, Benjamín Casas, Antonio Castaño-Tierno, Srđan Čupić, Aldo Drago, María Angeles Fraile, Daniele A. Galliano, Adam Gauci, Branislav Gloginja, Víctor Martín Guijarro, Maja Jeromel, Marcos Larrad Revuelto, Ayah Lazar, Ibrahim Haktan Keskin, Igor Medvedev, Abdelkader Menassri, Mohamed Aïssa Meslem, Hrvoje Mihanović, Sara Morucci, Dragos Niculescu, José Manuel Quijano de Benito, Josep Pascual, Atanas Palazov, Marco Picone, Fabio Raicich, Mohamed Said, Jordi Salat, Erdinc Sezen, Mehmet Simav, Georgios Sylaios, Elena Tel, Joaquín Tintoré, Klodian Zaimi, and George Zodiatis
Ocean Sci., 18, 997–1053, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022, 2022
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This description and mapping of coastal sea level monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas reveals the existence of 240 presently operational tide gauges. Information is provided about the type of sensor, time sampling, data availability, and ancillary measurements. An assessment of the fit-for-purpose status of the network is also included, along with recommendations to mitigate existing bottlenecks and improve the network, in a context of sea level rise and increasing extremes.
Martin Horwath, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Anny Cazenave, Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Frank Paul, Raymond Le Bris, Anna E. Hogg, Inès Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Petra Döll, Denise Cáceres, Hannes Müller Schmied, Johnny A. Johannessen, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Roshin P. Raj, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Valentina R. Barletta, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Per Knudsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Heidi Ranndal, Stine K. Rose, Christopher J. Merchant, Claire R. Macintosh, Karina von Schuckmann, Kristin Novotny, Andreas Groh, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022
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Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Carsten Bjerre Ludwigsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, and Stine Kildegaard Rose
Ocean Sci., 18, 109–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-109-2022, 2022
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This study uses a novel satellite-independent approach to quantify the components of Arctic sea level change. The 21-year time series allows studying climate-related changes in Arctic sea level. The decomposition shows that fresh water is governing sea level change, while Arctic land ice loss contributes to a small Arctic sea level rise. The reconstruction yields good agreement with sea level observations from altimetry, despite both datasets being challenged by the harsh environment.
David T. Pugh, Edmund Bridge, Robin Edwards, Peter Hogarth, Guy Westbrook, Philip L. Woodworth, and Gerard D. McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 17, 1623–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, 2021
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Observations of sea level, taken manually by reading a tide pole, were carefully taken at a number of locations around Ireland in 1842 as part of the first land survey of Ireland. Our study investigates how useful this type of sea level observation is for understanding mean sea level and tidal change. We find that when carefully adjusted for seasonal, meteorological, and astronomical factors, these data can provide important insights into changing sea levels.
Michael G. Hart-Davis, Gaia Piccioni, Denise Dettmering, Christian Schwatke, Marcello Passaro, and Florian Seitz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3869–3884, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3869-2021, 2021
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Ocean tides are an extremely important process for a variety of oceanographic applications, particularly in understanding coastal sea-level rise. Tidal signals influence satellite altimetry estimations of the sea surface, which has resulted in the development of ocean tide models to account for such signals. The EOT20 ocean tide model has been developed at DGFI-TUM using residual analysis of satellite altimetry, with the focus on improving the estimation of ocean tides in the coastal region.
Denise Dettmering, Felix L. Müller, Julius Oelsmann, Marcello Passaro, Christian Schwatke, Marco Restano, Jérôme Benveniste, and Florian Seitz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3733–3753, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3733-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3733-2021, 2021
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In this study, a new gridded altimetry-based regional sea level dataset for the North Sea is presented, named North SEAL. It is based on long-term multi-mission cross-calibrated altimetry data consistently preprocessed with coastal dedicated algorithms. On a 6–8 km wide triangular mesh, North SEAL provides time series of monthly sea level anomalies as well as sea level trends and amplitudes of the mean annual sea level cycle for the period 1995–2019 for various applications.
Philip L. Woodworth, J. A. Mattias Green, Richard D. Ray, and John M. Huthnance
Ocean Sci., 17, 809–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021, 2021
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This special issue marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Liverpool Tidal Institute (LTI). The preface gives a history of the LTI founding and of its first two directors. It also gives an overview of LTI research on tides. Summaries are given of the 26 papers in the special issue. Their topics could be thought of as providing a continuation of the research first undertaken at the LTI. They provide an interesting snapshot of work on tides now being made by groups around the world.
Cited articles
Akan, Ç., Moghimi, S., Özkan-Haller, H. T., Osborne, J., and Kurapov, A.: On the dynamics of the Mouth of the Columbia River: results from a three-dimensional fully coupled wave-current interaction model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5218–5236, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012307, 2017. a
Andersen, O. B., Egbert, G. D., Erofeeva, S. Y., and Ray, R. D.: Mapping nonlinear shallow-water tides: a look at the past and future, Ocean Dynam., 56, 416–429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0060-7, 2006. a
Arbic, B. K.: Atmospheric forcing of the oceanic semidiurnal tide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021668, 2005. a
Beemster, J. G. W., Talke, S. A., Van Maren, D. S., Giloy, N., Wünsche, A., Zhang, W., Grasso, F., and Hoitink, A. J. F.: Human footprint on estuarine tidal hydrodynamics, Nat. Geosci., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-01969-4, 2026. a
Bradshaw, E., Rickards, L., and Aarup, T.: Sea level data archaeology and the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), GeoResJ, 6, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2015.02.005, 2015. a
Burchard, H., Schuttelaars, H. M., and Ralston, D. K.: Sediment trapping in estuaries, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 10, 371–395, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060535, 2018. a
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Editorial statement
Tide gauges have been critical sources for sea level research, enabling the development of tidal theory and an understanding of local variations that occur across the global oceans. Tides play important roles in a variety of oceanographic and geodetic applications; characterizing their spatial variability is valuable for applications ranging from fishing to flood risk management. Coastal characteristics of ocean tides are presented based on 3,591 high-frequency tide gauge observations. The analysis shows that 125 out of 237 long-time series show statistically significant trends in one or more tide constituents. Particularly the novel results on tidal high-water durations and tidal trends are of interest.
The paper provides a global summary of a number of tidal characteristic quantities that will be useful for tide experts but also for the greater oceanographic community, in particular sea level researchers, providing insights crucial for a wide range of biogeochemical processes. It also presents insights that can be useful for local communities. This paper, along with its accompanying data, could become an important reference in the field.
Tide gauges have been critical sources for sea level research, enabling the development of tidal...
Short summary
Ocean tides are a critical component of the global climate system, influencing a wide range of geophysical processes. Tide gauges have been a valuable source for developing the theory of ocean tides and for understanding their variability. We provide updated and new insights on tidal properties using the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis tide gauge dataset, intended to be useful to a range of applications, from navigation and fishing communities to ocean scientists and tidal experts.
Ocean tides are a critical component of the global climate system, influencing a wide range of...
