Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2873-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2873-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 11 Nov 2025
| 11 Nov 2025
Impact of internal tides on chlorophyll a distribution and primary production off the Amazon shelf from glider measurements and satellite observations
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, OMP, IRD, Toulouse, France
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE), Recife, Brazil
CECI CNRS/Cerfacs/IRD, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Ariane Koch-Larrouy
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, OMP, IRD, Toulouse, France
CECI CNRS/Cerfacs/IRD, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Alex Costa da Silva
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE), Recife, Brazil
Isabelle Dadou
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, OMP, IRD, Toulouse, France
Carina Regina de Macedo
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, OMP, IRD, Toulouse, France
Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 – LOG – Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
Anthony Bosse
Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, OSU Institut Pytheas, Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Marseille, France
Vincent Vantrepotte
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE), Recife, Brazil
Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 – LOG – Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
Habib Micaël Aguedjou
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, OMP, IRD, Toulouse, France
Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Tououse, France
Trung-Kien Tran
Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 – LOG – Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, 62930 Wimereux, France
Pierre Testor
LOCEAN-IPSL/CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, T45-55 E4 case 100, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
Laurent Mortier
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées, 29 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75230 Paris, France
Arnaud Bertrand
MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE), Recife, Brazil
James Lee
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
Marcelo Rollnic
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
Moacyr Araujo
Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE), Recife, Brazil
Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change (Rede CLIMA), 12227-010, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
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EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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This work compiles current marine observation capabilities in the Mediterranean Sea, making this information accessible to scientists, organizations, stakeholders, and environmental policymakers. It supports initiatives such as Copernicus Marine Service, EMODNet, the European Ocean Pact, and EU directives. It is intended as a living resource to be updated, identifying strengths and gaps in Mediterranean observation systems.
Fabius Kouogang, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Xavier Carton, Fernand Assene, Guillaume Morvan, and Moacyr Araujo
Ocean Sci., 22, 1545–1568, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1545-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1545-2026, 2026
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Our research investigates how large waves travel deep within the ocean. Using a detailed computer model, we show that when these deep waves meet giant ocean circulation, their path is dramatically changed. They can be bent off course, split apart, or stopped completely. An underwater mountain works with this circulation to transfer the wave energy between different ocean layers. Understanding this process is vital because it controls ocean mixing.
Landry Junior Mbang Essome, Gaël Alory, Casimir Yelognissé Da-Allada, Isabelle Dadou, Roy Dorgeless Ngakala, and Guillaume Morvan
Ocean Sci., 22, 1279–1309, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1279-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1279-2026, 2026
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We used a high-resolution model to study how ocean currents and waves, especially coastal trapped waves, control nitrate variability in the Gabon-Congo upwelling system. This nutrient availability drives seasonal marine productivity, with the Congo River also adding significant nitrate. Our research clarifies the complex interplay of physical and biological factors, offering crucial insights for managing regional fisheries and assessing climate change impacts on this vital ecosystem.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Fernand Assene, Manh Duy Tran, Isabelle Dadou, Amine M'Hamdi, Trung Kien Tran, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Ocean Sci., 22, 871–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-871-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-871-2026, 2026
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We investigated how ocean tides influence marine phytoplankton along the North Brazilian coast. Using satellite data from 2005 to 2021, we found that tides can either enhance or reduce phytoplankton growth on the continental shelf. Offshore, internal tides stimulate primary production along their pathways. These results improve our understanding of how tidal processes shape marine life in tropical coastal regions.
Laurent Coppola, Anthony Bosse, Thibaut Wagener, Dominique Lefevre, Magali Lescot, François Carlotti, Fabien Lombard, Lionel Guidi, Fabrice Not, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Caroline Ulses, Samuel Somot, Claude Estournel, Emilie Diamond Riquier, Céline Laus, Nathalie Leblond, Matthieu Labaste, Patrice Bretel, Melek Golbol, Stephane Kunesch, Jennifer Sola, Laure Chirurgien, Sandra Nunige, Sarah Romac, and Pierre Testor
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-127, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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The MOOSE program investigated the fast-changing northwestern Mediterranean by repeating annual cruises from 2010 to 2024. Using consistent measurements from the surface to the seafloor and checking them against fixed and autonomous platforms, we find intermediate and deep waters are becoming warmer and saltier, oxygen is declining, and dissolved carbon is rising, pointing to progressing acidification. These trends can reshape ecosystems and underline the need for sustained monitoring.
Chloé Goret, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Fabius Kouogang, Carina Regina de Macedo, Amine M'Hamdi, Jorge M. Magalhães, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Michel Tchilibou, Camila Artana, Isabelle Dadou, Antoine Delepoulle, Simon Barbot, Maxime Ballarotta, Loren Carrère, and Alex Costa da Silva
Ocean Sci., 22, 679–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-679-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-679-2026, 2026
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Using high-resolution satellite measurements, we observed how eddies off the Amazon shelf modify internal solitary waves. The results show that these waves can be deflected from their path, even split into two branches, and change their geometry when interacting with different types of eddies. This work provides new insight into the ocean’s complex dynamic interactions and could help guide future predictions of ocean behavior and its effects on coastal and marine ecosystems.
Fernand Assene, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Carina Regina de Macedo, Isabelle Dadou, Michel Tchilibou, Guillaume Morvan, Damien Allain, Simon Barbot, Alex Costa da Silva, Jérôme Chanut, Vincent Vantrepotte, Florent Lyard, Edward Zaron, and Trung-Kien Tran
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-557, 2026
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We examine temperature (T) variability at two semidiurnal and one fortnightly frequencies in North Brazil using satellite-observed and modeled temperatures. Semidiurnal T variability is weak offshore but peaks over the shelf due to barotropic mixing. Below 100 m, internal tide (IT)-driven mixing causes strong T variability (0.6–2 °C). T fortnightly maximums (~0.15 °C) appear along IT pathways, showing their key role.
Perrine Bauchot, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrère, Fabrice Hernandez, Guillaume Morvan, and Jérôme Chanut
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-93, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-93, 2026
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The Vitória–Trindade Ridge off the Brazilian coast is a hotspot for internal tides, which drive energy and nutrients exchanges in the ocean. Using satellite data and a high-resolution ocean model, we study what influences these small waves in this region. We show that internal tides are generated more strongly in summer and lose energy faster in winter. Ocean eddies may also affect their fate. These results are essential for understanding oceanic energy pathways and refine model predictions.
Maxime Arnaud, Anne Petrenko, Jean-Luc Fuda, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Yann Ourmières, and Stéphanie Barrillon
Ocean Sci., 21, 2829–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2829-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2829-2025, 2025
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Measuring oceanic vertical velocities accurately is a challenge in today’s physical oceanography. Our work shows intense wind-induced coastal events involving upward or downward water movements that have been detected using an acoustic current profiler. These data has also been validated with other in situ and satellite observations. A brand new method to identify and filter out biology-induced velocities is also presented, giving an interdisciplinary point of view of such coastal processes.
Gillian M. Damerell, Anthony Bosse, and Ilker Fer
Ocean Sci., 21, 2763–2785, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2763-2025, 2025
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The Lofoten Vortex is an unusual feature in the ocean: a permanent eddy which does not dissipate as most eddies do. We have long thought that other eddies must merge into the vortex in order to maintain its heat content and energetics, but such mergers are very difficult to observe due to their transient, unpredictable nature. For the first time, we have observed a merger using an ocean glider and high-resolution satellite data and can document how the merger affects the properties of the vortex.
Fabius Kouogang, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Jorge Magalhaes, Alex Costa da Silva, Daphne Kerhervé, Arnaud Bertrand, Evan Cervelli, Fernand Assene, Jean-François Ternon, Pierre Rousselot, James Lee, Marcelo Rollnic, and Moacyr Araujo
Ocean Sci., 21, 1589–1608, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1589-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1589-2025, 2025
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New research reveals that ocean mixing off the Amazon coast peaks not only near wave origins but also 230 km offshore, where different wave paths may intersect. This overlap likely forms strong solitary waves that intensify turbulence. Based on the AMAZOMIX-2021 cruise, which collected direct turbulence measurements alongside hydrographic data, the study quantifies dissipation and the relative contributions of tidal shear and large-scale shear. This mixing helps redistribute heat and nutrients, playing a key role in climate regulation and marine ecosystems.
Michel Tchilibou, Simon Barbot, Loren Carrere, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 21, 1469–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025, 2025
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MIOST24 (Multivariate Inversion of Ocean Surface Topography 2024) annual and monthly internal tide (IT) atlases, based on 25 years of altimetry data and an updated wavelength database, are presented for the Indo-Philippine archipelago and the Amazon shelf. The atlases show monthly IT variability and a better correction of IT in altimetry data than with MIOST22 (MIOST 2022) and HRET (High-Resolution Empirical Tide). The results support the development of a global MIOST24.
Erick Vinicius Correia da Cunha, Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo, Gabriel Bittencourt Farias, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-3-2024, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-89-2024, 2024
Fernand Assene, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Isabelle Dadou, Michel Tchilibou, Guillaume Morvan, Jérôme Chanut, Alex Costa da Silva, Vincent Vantrepotte, Damien Allain, and Trung-Kien Tran
Ocean Sci., 20, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, 2024
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Twin simulations, with and without tides, are used to assess the impact of internal tides (ITs) on ocean temperature off the Amazon mouth at a seasonal scale. We found that in the surface layers, ITs and barotropic tides cause a cooling effect on sea surface temperature, subsequently leading to an increase in the net heat flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Vertical mixing is identified as the primary driver, followed by vertical and horizontal advection.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences, 20, 4683–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, 2023
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Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini, Trung Kien Tran, Marcelo Caetano Barreto Rosa, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023
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We focus on the internal solitary waves (ISWs) off the Amazon shelf, their velocity, and their variability in seasonal and tidal cycles. The analysis is based on a large remote-sensing data set. The region is newly described as a hot spot for ISWs with mode-2 internal tide wavelength. The wave activity is higher during spring tides. The mode-1 waves located in the region influenced by the North Equatorial Counter Current showed a velocity/wavelength 14.3 % higher during the boreal summer/fall.
Djoirka Minto Dimoune, Florence Birol, Fabrice Hernandez, Fabien Léger, and Moacyr Araujo
Ocean Sci., 19, 251–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-251-2023, 2023
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Altimeter-derived currents are used here to revisit the seasonal and interannual variability of all surface currents involved in the western tropical Atlantic circulation. A new approach based on the calculation of the current strengths and core positions is used to investigate the relationship between the currents, the remote wind variability, and the tropical Atlantic modes. The results show relationships at the seasonal and interannual timescale depending on the location of the currents.
Edward D. Zaron, Tonia A. Capuano, and Ariane Koch-Larrouy
Ocean Sci., 19, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, 2023
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Phytoplankton in the upper ocean are food for fish and are thus economically important to humans; furthermore, phytoplankton consume nutrients and generate oxygen by photosynthesis, just like plants on land. Vertical mixing in the ocean is responsible for transporting nutrients into the sunlit zone of the surface ocean. We used remotely sensed data to quantify the influence of tidal mixing on phytoplankton through an analysis of ocean color, which we interpret as chlorophyll concentration.
Stéphanie Barrillon, Robin Fuchs, Anne A. Petrenko, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Christophe Yohia, Jean-Luc Fuda, Nagib Bhairy, Frédéric Cyr, Andrea M. Doglioli, Gérald Grégori, Roxane Tzortzis, Francesco d'Ovidio, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 20, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, 2023
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Extreme weather events can have a major impact on ocean physics and biogeochemistry, but their study is challenging. In May 2019, an intense storm occurred in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, during which in situ multi-platform measurements were performed. The results show a strong impact on the surface phytoplankton, highlighting the need for high-resolution measurements coupling physics and biology during these violent events that may become more common in the context of global change.
Everton Giachini Tosetto, Arnaud Bertrand, Sigrid Neumann-Leitão, Alex Costa da Silva, and Miodeli Nogueira Júnior
Ocean Sci., 18, 1763–1779, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1763-2022, 2022
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In the western tropical South Atlantic, coastward currents spread oceanic cnidarians over the continental shelf. While both coastal and oceanic communities co-occur in scenarios of higher runoff and weaker boundary current intensity, oceanic species dominate almost the entire shelf during the dry season characterized by stronger currents. Meanwhile, offshore, when the mixed-layer depth is shallower, the enhanced primary productivity supports larger populations of planktonic cnidarians.
Saúl Edgardo Martínez Castellón, José Henrique Cattanio, José Francisco Berrêdo, Marcelo Rollnic, Maria de Lourdes Ruivo, and Carlos Noriega
Biogeosciences, 19, 5483–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, 2022
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We seek to understand the influence of climatic seasonality and microtopography on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an Amazonian mangrove. Topography and seasonality had a contrasting influence when comparing the two gas fluxes: CO2 fluxes were greater in high topography in the dry period, and CH4 fluxes were greater in the rainy season in low topography. Only CO2 fluxes were correlated with soil organic matter, the proportion of carbon and nitrogen, and redox potential.
Michel Tchilibou, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Yves Morel, Julien Jouanno, and Rosemary Morrow
Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022
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This high-resolution model-based study investigates the variability in the generation, propagation, and sea height signature (SSH) of the internal tide off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons. ITs propagate further north during the season characterized by weak currents and mesoscale eddies and a shallow and strong pycnocline. IT imprints on SSH dominate those of the geostrophic motion for horizontal scales below 200 km; moreover, the SSH is mainly incoherent below 70 km.
Katia Mallil, Pierre Testor, Anthony Bosse, Félix Margirier, Loic Houpert, Hervé Le Goff, Laurent Mortier, and Ferial Louanchi
Ocean Sci., 18, 937–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-937-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-937-2022, 2022
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Our study documents the circulation in the Algerian Basin of the western Mediterranean Sea using in situ data. It shows that the Algerian Gyres have an impact on the distribution at intermediate depth of Levantine Intermediate Water. They allow a westward transport from the south of Sardinia toward the interior of the Algerian Basin. Temperature and salinity trends of this water mass are also investigated, confirming a recent acceleration of the warming and salinification during the last decade.
Ramilla Vieira Assunção, Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy, Alex Costa da Silva, Bernard Bourlès, Gary Vargas, Gildas Roudaut, and Arnaud Bertrand
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2021-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2021-101, 2021
Publication in OS not foreseen
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Active acoustics has been used to characterize physical structures and processes in the ocean, typically attributed to biological dispersion or turbulent structures. We take advantage of acoustic data from the Southwest Atlantic to test the feasibility of this approach in an oligotrophic region. The results show that the thermohaline structure impacts the vertical distribution of acoustic scatterers, however the methods tested did not allow a robust estimate of the thermohaline limits.
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Short summary
In the ocean off the Amazon shelf, internal waves caused by tides move water layers up and down and mix them. Using an underwater glider and satellites, we found internal tides redistribute chlorophyll from the deep chlorophyll maximum upward to the surface and downward to depth. Turbulent chlorophyll fluxes supply about 38 % of surface chlorophyll, and total chlorophyll increases by 14–29 % during strong tides, potentially affecting the marine food web.
In the ocean off the Amazon shelf, internal waves caused by tides move water layers up and down...
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