Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Jul 2025
Research article |
| 23 Jul 2025
| 23 Jul 2025
M2 monthly and annual mode-1 and mode-2 internal tide atlases from altimetry data and MIOST: focus on the Indo-Philippine archipelago and the region off the Amazon shelf
Michel Tchilibou
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Collecte Localisation Satellites, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Simon Barbot
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Loren Carrere
Collecte Localisation Satellites, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Ariane Koch-Larrouy
CECI CNRS/Cerfacs/IRD, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Gérald Dibarboure
Centre National d'Études Spatiales, 31400 Toulouse, France
Clément Ubelmann
Datlas, Grenoble, France
Related authors
Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrere, Florent Lyard, Clément Ubelmann, Gérald Dibarboure, Edward D. Zaron, and Brian K. Arbic
Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level observations along the swaths of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission were used to characterize internal tides at three semidiurnal frequencies off the Amazon shelf in the tropical Atlantic during the SWOT calibration/validation period. The atlases were derived using harmonic analysis and principal component analysis. The SWOT-derived internal tide atlas outperforms the reference atlas previously used to correct SWOT observations.
Fernand Assene, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Isabelle Dadou, Michel Tchilibou, Guillaume Morvan, Jérôme Chanut, Alex Costa da Silva, Vincent Vantrepotte, Damien Allain, and Trung-Kien Tran
Ocean Sci., 20, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Twin simulations, with and without tides, are used to assess the impact of internal tides (ITs) on ocean temperature off the Amazon mouth at a seasonal scale. We found that in the surface layers, ITs and barotropic tides cause a cooling effect on sea surface temperature, subsequently leading to an increase in the net heat flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Vertical mixing is identified as the primary driver, followed by vertical and horizontal advection.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Michel Tchilibou, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Yves Morel, Julien Jouanno, and Rosemary Morrow
Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This high-resolution model-based study investigates the variability in the generation, propagation, and sea height signature (SSH) of the internal tide off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons. ITs propagate further north during the season characterized by weak currents and mesoscale eddies and a shallow and strong pycnocline. IT imprints on SSH dominate those of the geostrophic motion for horizontal scales below 200 km; moreover, the SSH is mainly incoherent below 70 km.
Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Michel Tchilibou, and Loren Carrere
Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides are responsible for surface deformations of the ocean that could affect the measurements of the forthcoming SWOT altimetric mission and need to be corrected. This study highlights the variability of the properties of internal tides based on the stratification variability only. A single methodology is successfully applied in two areas driven by different oceanic processes: the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay.
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Florent Lyard, Rosemary Morrow, Ariane Koch Larrouy, Damien Allain, and Bughsin Djath
Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on internal tides in the marginal Solomon Sea where LLWBCs transit. The objective is to characterize such internal tides and to give some insights into their impacts on water mass transformation in this area of interest for the global circulation. Results are discussed for two contrasted ENSO conditions with different mesoscale activity and stratification. Such study is motivated by the next altimetric SWOT mission that will be able to observe such phenomena.
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Rosemary Morrow, Guillaume Serazin, Bughsin Djath, and Florent Lyard
Ocean Sci., 14, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is motivated by the next SWOT altimetric mission dedicated to the observation of mesoscale and submesoscale oceanic features. It focuses on tropical areas with a strong discrepancy in the spectral signature between altimetry and models. The paper reviews the spectral signature of tropical turbulence which presents a rich variety of phenomena depending on the latitudinal dependence of the Coriolis force. Internal tides observed by altimetry explain the discrepancy with the model.
Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Gérald Dibarboure, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Mounir Benkiran, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Yannice Faugère, and Elisabeth Remy
Ocean Sci., 21, 1329–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By providing all weather, global, and real-time observations of sea level, a key variable to constrain ocean analysis and forecasting systems, satellite altimetry has had a profound impact on the development of operational oceanography. This paper provides an overview of the development and evolution of satellite altimetry and operational oceanography over the past 20 years from the launch of Jason-1 in 2001 to the launch of SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) in 2022.
Hélène Etienne, Clément Ubelmann, Fabrice Ardhuin, and Gérald Dibarboure
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2890, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) in ocean surface currents using drifter data and the LLC2160 ocean-atmosphere model. It finds that NIOs have a typical spatial decorrelation scale around 100 km, varying with latitude. The model accurately captures these patterns, supporting the ODYSEA concept mission's goal to measure surface currents via Doppler radar and reduce NIO-related data aliasing for better ocean monitoring.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Fernand Assene, Manh Duy Tran, Isabelle Dadou, Amine M’Hamdi, Trung Kien Tran, and Vincent Vantrepotte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2307, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2307, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how ocean tides influence marine phytoplankton along the North Brazilian coast. Using satellite data from 2005 to 2021, we found that tides can either enhance or reduce phytoplankton growth on the continental shelf. Offshore, internal tides stimulate primary production along their pathways. These results improve our understanding of how tidal processes shape marine life in tropical coastal regions.
Amine M'hamdi, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Alex Costa da Silva, Isabelle Dadou, Carina Regina De Macedo, Anthony Bosse, Vincent Vantrepotte, Habib Micaël Aguedjou, Trung-Kien Tran, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Arnaud Bertrand, Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo, James Lee, Marcelo Rollnic, and Moacyr Araujo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2141, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In the ocean off the Amazon shelf, internal waves caused by tides shift water layers through advection and mix them through turbulence, altering the deep chlorophyll maximum, a proxy for phytoplankton. Using an autonomous underwater glider and satellite data, we found these waves redistribute chlorophyll vertically, enhancing its supply at the surface and at depth. This redistribution supports ocean productivity and may impact the entire marine food web.
Clément Ubelmann, J. Thomas Farrar, Bertrand Chapron, Lucile Gaultier, Laura Gómez-Navarro, Marie-Hélène Rio, and Gérald Dibarboure
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1149, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study models wind-driven ocean currents using observed wind stress and an empirically estimated impulse response function based on drifting buoys. By convolving this function with wind forcing from ERA5, the estimates align well with independent observations across latitudes. Additionally, the response function serves as a valuable indicator of subsurface properties.
Michaël Ablain, Noémie Lalau, Benoit Meyssignac, Robin Fraudeau, Anne Barnoud, Gérald Dibarboure, Alejandro Egido, and Craig Donlon
Ocean Sci., 21, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a novel cross-validation method to assess the instrumental stability in sea level trends. The method involves implementing a second tandem flight phase between two successive altimeter missions a few years after the first phase. The trend in systematic instrumental differences made during the two tandem phases can be estimated below ± 0.1 mm yr-1 (16–84 % confidence level) on a global scale for time intervals between the tandem phases of 4 years or more.
Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrere, Florent Lyard, Clément Ubelmann, Gérald Dibarboure, Edward D. Zaron, and Brian K. Arbic
Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level observations along the swaths of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission were used to characterize internal tides at three semidiurnal frequencies off the Amazon shelf in the tropical Atlantic during the SWOT calibration/validation period. The atlases were derived using harmonic analysis and principal component analysis. The SWOT-derived internal tide atlas outperforms the reference atlas previously used to correct SWOT observations.
Gerald Dibarboure, Cécile Anadon, Frédéric Briol, Emeline Cadier, Robin Chevrier, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Alice Laloue, Rosemary Morrow, Nicolas Picot, Pierre Prandi, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Matthias Raynal, Anaelle Tréboutte, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 21, 283–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-283-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-283-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission delivers unprecedented swath-altimetry products. In this paper, we describe how we extended the Level-3 algorithms to handle SWOT’s unique swath-altimeter data. We also illustrate and discuss the benefits, relevance, and limitations of Level-3 swath-altimeter products for various research domains.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Valentin Bellemin-Laponnaz, Florian Le Guillou, Guillaume Meda, Cécile Anadon, Alice Laloue, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ronan Fablet, and Gérald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 21, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-63-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-63-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides unprecedented swath altimetry data. This study examines SWOT's impact on mapping systems, showing a moderate effect with the current nadir altimetry constellation and a stronger impact with a reduced one. Integrating SWOT with dynamic mapping techniques improves the resolution of satellite-derived products, offering promising solutions for studying and monitoring sea-level variability at finer scales.
Fabius Kouogang, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Jorge Magalhaes, Alex Costa da Silva, Daphne Kerhervé, Arnaud Bertrand, Evan Cervelli, Jean-François Ternon, Pierre Rousselot, James Lee, Marcelo Rollnic, and Moacyr Araujo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2548, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2548, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The first time direct measurements of turbulent dissipation from AMAZOMIX revealed high energy dissipations within [10-6,10-4] W.kg-1 caused at 65 % apart from internal tides in their generation zone, and [10-8,10-7] W.kg-1 caused at 50.4 % by mean circulation of surrounding water masses far fields. Finally, estimates of nutrient fluxes showed a very high flux of nitrate ([10-2, 10-0] mmol N m-2.s-1) and phosphate ([10-3, 10-1] mmol P m-2.s-1), due to both processes in Amazon region.
Fernand Assene, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Isabelle Dadou, Michel Tchilibou, Guillaume Morvan, Jérôme Chanut, Alex Costa da Silva, Vincent Vantrepotte, Damien Allain, and Trung-Kien Tran
Ocean Sci., 20, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Twin simulations, with and without tides, are used to assess the impact of internal tides (ITs) on ocean temperature off the Amazon mouth at a seasonal scale. We found that in the surface layers, ITs and barotropic tides cause a cooling effect on sea surface temperature, subsequently leading to an increase in the net heat flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Vertical mixing is identified as the primary driver, followed by vertical and horizontal advection.
Florian Le Guillou, Lucile Gaultier, Maxime Ballarotta, Sammy Metref, Clément Ubelmann, Emmanuel Cosme, and Marie-Helène Rio
Ocean Sci., 19, 1517–1527, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Altimetry provides sea surface height (SSH) data along one-dimensional tracks. For many applications, the tracks are interpolated in space and time to provide gridded SSH maps. The operational SSH gridded products filter out the small-scale signals measured on the tracks. This paper evaluates the performances of a recently implemented dynamical method to retrieve the small-scale signals from real SSH data. We show a net improvement in the quality of SSH maps when compared to independent data.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini, Trung Kien Tran, Marcelo Caetano Barreto Rosa, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the internal solitary waves (ISWs) off the Amazon shelf, their velocity, and their variability in seasonal and tidal cycles. The analysis is based on a large remote-sensing data set. The region is newly described as a hot spot for ISWs with mode-2 internal tide wavelength. The wave activity is higher during spring tides. The mode-1 waves located in the region influenced by the North Equatorial Counter Current showed a velocity/wavelength 14.3 % higher during the boreal summer/fall.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Oscar Vergara, Rosemary Morrow, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 19, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recent advances allow us to observe the ocean from space with increasingly higher detail, challenging our knowledge of the ocean's surface height signature. We use a statistical approach to determine the spatial scale at which the sea surface height signal is no longer dominated by geostrophic turbulence but in turn becomes dominated by wave-type motions. This information helps us to better use the data provided by ocean-observing satellites and to gain knowledge on climate-driving processes.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Pierre Veillard, Pierre Prandi, Hélène Etienne, Sandrine Mulet, Yannice Faugère, Gérald Dibarboure, Rosemary Morrow, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 295–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new gridded sea surface height and current dataset produced by combining observations from nadir altimeters and drifting buoys. This product is based on a multiscale and multivariate mapping approach that offers the possibility to improve the physical content of gridded products by combining the data from various platforms and resolving a broader spectrum of ocean surface dynamic than in the current operational mapping system. A quality assessment of this new product is presented.
Edward D. Zaron, Tonia A. Capuano, and Ariane Koch-Larrouy
Ocean Sci., 19, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton in the upper ocean are food for fish and are thus economically important to humans; furthermore, phytoplankton consume nutrients and generate oxygen by photosynthesis, just like plants on land. Vertical mixing in the ocean is responsible for transporting nutrients into the sunlit zone of the surface ocean. We used remotely sensed data to quantify the influence of tidal mixing on phytoplankton through an analysis of ocean color, which we interpret as chlorophyll concentration.
Michel Tchilibou, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Yves Morel, Julien Jouanno, and Rosemary Morrow
Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This high-resolution model-based study investigates the variability in the generation, propagation, and sea height signature (SSH) of the internal tide off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons. ITs propagate further north during the season characterized by weak currents and mesoscale eddies and a shallow and strong pycnocline. IT imprints on SSH dominate those of the geostrophic motion for horizontal scales below 200 km; moreover, the SSH is mainly incoherent below 70 km.
Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Stéphanie Dupuy, Oscar Vergara, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Yannice Faugère, Pierre Prandi, Mei-Ling Dabat, Quentin Dagneaux, Marine Lievin, Emeline Cadier, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An altimeter sea level along-track level-3 product with a 5 Hz (~1.2 km) sampling is proposed. It takes advantage of recent advances in radar altimeter processing, and improvements made to different stages of the processing chain. Compared to the conventional 1 Hz (~7 km) product, it significantly improves the observability of the short wavelength signal in open ocean and near coast areas (> 5 km). It also contributes to improving high resolution numerical model outputs via data assimilation.
Mounir Benkiran, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Gérald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 18, 609–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-609-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-609-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The SSH analysis and 7 d forecast error will be globally reduced by almost 50 %. Surface current forecast errors should be equivalent to today’s surface current analysis errors or alternatively will be improved (variance error reduction) by 30 % at the surface and 50 % for 300 m depth.
The resolution capabilities will be drastically improved and will be closer to 100 km wavelength as opposed to today where they are above 250 km (on average).
Clément Ubelmann, Loren Carrere, Chloé Durand, Gérald Dibarboure, Yannice Faugère, Maxime Ballarotta, Frédéric Briol, and Florent Lyard
Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The signature of internal tides has become an important component for high-resolution altimetry over oceans. Several studies have proposed some solutions to resolve part of these internal tides based on the altimetry record. Following these studies, we propose here a new inversion approach aimed to mitigate aliasing with other dynamics. After a description of the methodology, the solution for the main tidal components has been successfully validated against independent observations.
Cori Pegliasco, Antoine Delepoulle, Evan Mason, Rosemary Morrow, Yannice Faugère, and Gérald Dibarboure
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1087–1107, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The new global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlases (META3.1exp) provide eddy identification and trajectories from altimetry maps. These atlases comprise an improvement to and continuation of the historical META2.0 product. Changes in the detection parameters and tracking were tested by comparing the eddies from the different datasets. In particular, the eddy contours available in META3.1exp are an asset for multi-disciplinary studies.
Pierre Prandi, Jean-Christophe Poisson, Yannice Faugère, Amandine Guillot, and Gérald Dibarboure
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5469–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5469-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5469-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how mapping sea level in the Arctic Ocean can benefit from combining data from three satellite radar altimeters: CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3A and SARAL/AltiKa. A dedicated processing for SARAL/AltiKa provides a baseline for the cross-referencing of CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A before mapping. We show that by combining measurements coming from three missions, we are able to increase the resolution of gridded sea level fields in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Michel Tchilibou, and Loren Carrere
Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides are responsible for surface deformations of the ocean that could affect the measurements of the forthcoming SWOT altimetric mission and need to be corrected. This study highlights the variability of the properties of internal tides based on the stratification variability only. A single methodology is successfully applied in two areas driven by different oceanic processes: the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay.
Sandrine Mulet, Marie-Hélène Rio, Hélène Etienne, Camilia Artana, Mathilde Cancet, Gérald Dibarboure, Hui Feng, Romain Husson, Nicolas Picot, Christine Provost, and P. Ted Strub
Ocean Sci., 17, 789–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite altimetry has revolutionized ocean observation by allowing the sea level to be monitored with very good spatiotemporal coverage. However, only the sea level anomalies are retrieved; to monitor the whole oceanic signal a temporal mean (called mean dynamic topography, MDT) must be added to these anomalies. In this study we present the newly updated CNES-CLS18 MDT. An evaluation of this new solution shows significant improvements in both strong currents and coastal areas.
Florent H. Lyard, Damien J. Allain, Mathilde Cancet, Loren Carrère, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Since the mid-1990s, a series of FES (finite element solution) global ocean tidal atlases has been produced with the primary objective to provide altimetry missions with a tidal de-aliasing correction. We describe the underlying hydrodynamic/data assimilation design and accuracy assessments for the FES2014 release. The FES2014 atlas shows overall improved performance and has consequently been integrated in satellite altimetry and gravimetric data processing and adopted in ITRF standards.
Loren Carrere, Brian K. Arbic, Brian Dushaw, Gary Egbert, Svetlana Erofeeva, Florent Lyard, Richard D. Ray, Clément Ubelmann, Edward Zaron, Zhongxiang Zhao, Jay F. Shriver, Maarten Cornelis Buijsman, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be corrected from altimeter measurements. We present a detailed validation of several internal-tide models using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the main diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. Results show the interest of the methodology proposed, the quality of the internal-tide models tested and their positive contribution for estimating an accurate sea level.
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Florent Lyard, Rosemary Morrow, Ariane Koch Larrouy, Damien Allain, and Bughsin Djath
Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on internal tides in the marginal Solomon Sea where LLWBCs transit. The objective is to characterize such internal tides and to give some insights into their impacts on water mass transformation in this area of interest for the global circulation. Results are discussed for two contrasted ENSO conditions with different mesoscale activity and stratification. Such study is motivated by the next altimetric SWOT mission that will be able to observe such phenomena.
Guillaume Taburet, Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Maxime Ballarotta, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Jean-François Legeais, Florent Fournier, Yannice Faugere, and Gerald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 15, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper deals with sea level altimetery products. These geophysical data are distributed as along-track and gridded data through Copernicus programs CMEMS and C3S. We present in detail a new reprocessing of the data (DT2018) from 1993 to 2017. The main changes and their impacts since the last version (DT2014) are carefully discussed. This comparison is made using an independent dataset. DT2018 sea level products are improved at the global and regional scale, especially in coastal areas.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Guillaume Taburet, Florent Fournier, Jean-François Legeais, Yannice Faugère, Antoine Delepoulle, Dudley Chelton, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 15, 1091–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1091-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1091-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the resolving capabilities of the DUACS gridded products delivered through the CMEMS catalogue. Our method is based on the noise-to-signal ratio approach. While altimeter along-track data resolve scales on the order of a few tens of kilometers, we found that the merging of these along-track data into continuous maps in time and space leads to effective resolution ranging from ~ 800 km wavelength at the Equator to 100 km wavelength at high latitude.
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Rosemary Morrow, Guillaume Serazin, Bughsin Djath, and Florent Lyard
Ocean Sci., 14, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is motivated by the next SWOT altimetric mission dedicated to the observation of mesoscale and submesoscale oceanic features. It focuses on tropical areas with a strong discrepancy in the spectral signature between altimetry and models. The paper reviews the spectral signature of tropical turbulence which presents a rich variety of phenomena depending on the latitudinal dependence of the Coriolis force. Internal tides observed by altimetry explain the discrepancy with the model.
Simon Barbot, Anne Petrenko, and Christophe Maes
Biogeosciences, 15, 4103–4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4103-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4103-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of the OUTPACE cruise and THOT project in the western South Pacific Ocean, we use individual float trajectories in order to understand the intermediate-flow dynamics, from 300 to 1000 m depth. We highlight two main features: exchanges of water between parallel jets entering the Coral Sea through eddies and intermediate-wave influence of the currents in the frontal area connecting the Antarctic intermediate water (AAIW) and North Pacific deep water (NPDW) masses.
Fabrice Ardhuin, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, Sophie Cravatte, Jean-Marc Delouis, Frederic Dias, Gérald Dibarboure, Lucile Gaultier, Johnny Johannessen, Anton Korosov, Georgy Manucharyan, Dimitris Menemenlis, Melisa Menendez, Goulven Monnier, Alexis Mouche, Frédéric Nouguier, George Nurser, Pierre Rampal, Ad Reniers, Ernesto Rodriguez, Justin Stopa, Céline Tison, Clément Ubelmann, Erik van Sebille, and Jiping Xie
Ocean Sci., 14, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) monitoring mission is a proposal for a future satellite that is designed to measure ocean currents and waves. Using a Doppler radar, the accurate measurement of currents requires the removal of the mean velocity due to ocean wave motions. This paper describes the main processing steps needed to produce currents and wave data from the radar measurements. With this technique, SKIM can provide unprecedented coverage and resolution, over the global ocean.
Graham D. Quartly, Jean-François Legeais, Michaël Ablain, Lionel Zawadzki, M. Joana Fernandes, Sergei Rudenko, Loren Carrère, Pablo Nilo García, Paolo Cipollini, Ole B. Andersen, Jean-Christophe Poisson, Sabrina Mbajon Njiche, Anny Cazenave, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 557–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-557-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-557-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We have produced an improved monthly record of mean sea level for 1993–2015. It is developed by careful processing of the records from nine satellite altimeter missions, making use of the best available orbits, instrumental corrections and geophysical corrections. This paper details the selection process and the processing method. The data are suitable for investigation of sea level changes at scales from seasonal to long-term sea level rise, including interannual variations due to El Niño.
Loren Carrere, Yannice Faugère, and Michaël Ablain
Ocean Sci., 12, 825–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-825-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-825-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
New dynamic atmospheric (DAC_ERA) and dry tropospheric (DT_ERA) correction have been computed for the altimeter period using the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis. The corrections improve sea level estimations in Southern Ocean and in shallow waters; the impact is the most important for the first decade of altimetry, when operational meteorological models had a weaker quality. DT_ERA remains better in the recent period. New corrections significantly impact long-term regional trends.
Related subject area
Approach: Remote Sensing | Properties and processes: Sea level, tides, tsunamis and surges
Regional sea level trend budget over 2004–2022
Benefits of a second tandem flight phase between two successive satellite altimetry missions for assessing instrumental stability
Understanding uncertainties in the satellite altimeter measurement of coastal sea level: insights from a round-robin analysis
Unsupervised classification of the northwestern European seas based on satellite altimetry data
Statistical analysis of dynamic behavior of continental shelf wave motions in the northern South China Sea
Spatial and temporal variability in mode-1 and mode-2 internal solitary waves from MODIS-Terra sun glint off the Amazon shelf
Marie Bouih, Anne Barnoud, Chunxue Yang, Andrea Storto, Alejandro Blazquez, William Llovel, Robin Fraudeau, and Anny Cazenave
Ocean Sci., 21, 1425–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Present-day sea level rise is not uniform regionally. For better understanding of regional sea level variations, a classical approach is to compare the observed sea level trend patterns with those of the sum of the contributions. If the regional sea level trend budget is not closed, this allows the detection of errors in the observing systems. Our study shows that the trend budget is not closed in the North Atlantic Ocean and identifies errors in Argo-based salinity data as the main suspect.
Michaël Ablain, Noémie Lalau, Benoit Meyssignac, Robin Fraudeau, Anne Barnoud, Gérald Dibarboure, Alejandro Egido, and Craig Donlon
Ocean Sci., 21, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a novel cross-validation method to assess the instrumental stability in sea level trends. The method involves implementing a second tandem flight phase between two successive altimeter missions a few years after the first phase. The trend in systematic instrumental differences made during the two tandem phases can be estimated below ± 0.1 mm yr-1 (16–84 % confidence level) on a global scale for time intervals between the tandem phases of 4 years or more.
Florence Birol, François Bignalet-Cazalet, Mathilde Cancet, Jean-Alexis Daguze, Wassim Fkaier, Ergane Fouchet, Fabien Léger, Claire Maraldi, Fernando Niño, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, and Ngan Tran
Ocean Sci., 21, 133–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of the availability of several algorithms for most of the terms/corrections used to calculate altimetry sea level data to quantify and analyze the sources of uncertainty associated with the approach to the coast. The results highlight their hierarchy. Tidal corrections and mean sea surface height contribute to coastal sea level data uncertainties. Improving the retracking algorithm is today the main factor to bring accurate altimetry sea level data closer to the shore.
Lea Poropat, Dani Jones, Simon D. A. Thomas, and Céline Heuzé
Ocean Sci., 20, 201–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use a machine learning method called a Gaussian mixture model to divide part of the ocean (northwestern European seas and part of the Atlantic Ocean) into regions based on satellite observations of sea level. This helps us study each of these regions separately and learn more about what causes sea level changes there. We find that the ocean is first divided based on bathymetry and then based on other features such as water masses and typical atmospheric conditions.
Junyi Li, Tao He, Quanan Zheng, Ying Xu, and Lingling Xie
Ocean Sci., 19, 1545–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to analyze the statistical behavior of the continental shelf wave motions, including continental shelf waves (CSWs) and arrested topographic waves (ATWs), in the northern South China Sea. The cross-shelf structure of along-track SLAs indicates that Mode 1 of CSWs is the predominant component trapped in the area shallower than about 200 m. The cross-shelf structures of CSWs and ATWs illustrate that the methods are suitable for observing the dynamic behavior of the CSWs.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini, Trung Kien Tran, Marcelo Caetano Barreto Rosa, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the internal solitary waves (ISWs) off the Amazon shelf, their velocity, and their variability in seasonal and tidal cycles. The analysis is based on a large remote-sensing data set. The region is newly described as a hot spot for ISWs with mode-2 internal tide wavelength. The wave activity is higher during spring tides. The mode-1 waves located in the region influenced by the North Equatorial Counter Current showed a velocity/wavelength 14.3 % higher during the boreal summer/fall.
Cited articles
Ablain, M., Cazenave, A., Larnicol, G., Balmaseda, M., Cipollini, P., Faugère, Y., Fernandes, M. J., Henry, O., Johannessen, J. A., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Legeais, J., Meyssignac, B., Picot, N., Roca, M., Rudenko, S., Scharffenberg, M. G., Stammer, D., Timms, G., and Benveniste, J.: Improved sea level record over the satellite altimetry era (1993–2010) from the Climate Change Initiative project, Ocean Sci., 11, 67–82, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-67-2015, 2015.
Arbic, B., Richman, J., Shriver, J., Timko, P., Metzger, J., and Wallcraft, A.: Global Modeling of Internal Tides Within an Eddying Ocean General Circulation Model, Oceanography, 25, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.38, 2012.
Assene, F., Koch-Larrouy, A., Dadou, I., Tchilibou, M., Morvan, G., Chanut, J., Costa Da Silva, A., Vantrepotte, V., Allain, D., and Tran, T.-K.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf – Part 1: The importance of the structuring of ocean temperature during two contrasted seasons, Ocean Sci., 20, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, 2024.
Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Tchilibou, M., and Carrere, L.: Background stratification impacts on internal tide generation and abyssal propagation in the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay, Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021.
Chelton, D. B., deSzoeke, R. A., Schlax, M. G., El Naggar, K., and Siwertz, N.: Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of Deformation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 433–460, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Copernicus: Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis, Copernicus Marine Service [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021, 2024.
Copernicus: Global Ocean Along Track L3 Sea Surface Heights, Copernicus Marine Service [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00146, 2025.
Desai, S. D. and Ray, R. D.: Consideration of tidal variations in the geocenter on satellite altimeter observations of ocean tides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2454–2459, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059614, 2014.
Dibarboure, G., Pujol, M.-I., Briol, F., Traon, P. Y. L., Larnicol, G., Picot, N., Mertz, F., and Ablain, M.: Jason-2 in DUACS: Updated System Description, First Tandem Results and Impact on Processing and Products, Mar. Geod., 34, 214–241, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2011.584826, 2011.
Duda, T. F., Lin, Y.-T., Buijsman, M., and Newhall, A. E.: Internal Tidal Modal Ray Refraction and Energy Ducting in Baroclinic Gulf Stream Currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1969–1993, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0031.1, 2018.
Dunphy, M. and Lamb, K. G.: Focusing and vertical mode scattering of the first mode internal tide by mesoscale eddy interaction: mode one focusing and scattering, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009293, 2014.
Dushaw, B. D.: An empirical model for mode-1 internal tides, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, https://apl.uw.edu/project/projects/tm_1-15/pdfs/tm_1_15.pdf (last access: 7 July 2025), 2015.
Dushaw, B. D., Worcester, P. F., and Dzieciuch, M. A.: On the predictability of mode-1 internal tides, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 677–698, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.04.002, 2011.
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183–204, 2002.
Escudier, P., Couhert, A., Mercier, F., Mallet, A., Thibaut, P., Tran, N., Amarouche, L., Picard, B., Carrere, L., and Dibarboure, G.: Satellite Radar Altimetry: Principle, Accuracy, and Precision, in: Satellite Altimetry Over Oceans and Land Surfaces, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-15177-9, 2017.
Faugère, Y., Taburet, G., Ballarotta, M., Pujol, I., Legeais, J. F., Maillard, G., Durand, C., Dagneau, Q., Lievin, M., Sanchez Roman, A., and Dibarboure, G.: DUACS DT2021: 28 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7479, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7479, 2022.
Gerkema, T., Lam, F. A., and Maas, L. R. M.: Internal tides in the Bay of Biscay: conversion rates and seasonal effects, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 2995–3008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.012, 2004.
Gill, A.: Atmosphere-ocean dynamics, in: 1st Edn., Academic Press, New York, 680 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-283522-3, 1982.
Hao, Z., Xu, Z., Feng, M., Li, Q., and Yin, B.: Spatiotemporal Variability of Mesoscale Eddies in the Indonesian Seas, Remote Sens., 13, 1017, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051017, 2021.
Hurlburt, H., Metzger, J., Sprintall, J., Riedlinger, S., Arnone, R., Shinoda, T., and Xu, X.: Circulation in the Philippine Archipelago Simulated by
Jan, S., Lien, R.-C., and Ting, C.-H.: Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait, J. Oceanogr., 64, 789–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0066-5, 2008.
Kaur, H., Buijsman, M. C., Zhao, Z., and Shriver, J. F.: Seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide – a comparison between sea surface height and energetics, Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024.
Koch-Larrouy, A., Lengaigne, M., Terray, P., Madec, G., and Masson, S.: Tidal mixing in the Indonesian Seas and its effect on the tropical climate system, Clim. Dynam., 34, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0642-4, 2010.
Kocha, C., Pageot, Y., Rubin, C., Lievin, M., Pujol, M.-I., Philipps, S., Prandi, P., Labroue, S., Denis, I., Dibarboure, G., and Nogueira Loddo, C.: 30 years of sea level anomaly reprocessed to improve climate and mesoscale satellite data record, in: 2023 Ocean Surface Topography Science Team meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA, https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a03-2023.3805, 2023.
Levitus, S.: NODC Standard Product: World Ocean Atlas 1994 (11 disc set) (NCEI Accession 0098057), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0098057 (last access: 30 July 2024), 2013.
Lievin, M., Kocha, C., Courcol, B., Philipps, S., Denis, I., Guinle, T., Nogueira Loddo, C., Dibarboure, G., Picot, N., and Bignalet-Cazalet, F.: REPROCESSING of SEA LEVEL L2P products for 28 years of altimetry missions, https://ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_ausyclsseminar/files/OSTST2020_Reprocessing_L2P_2020.pdf (last access: 7 July 2025), 2020.
Lyard, F. H., Allain, D. J., Cancet, M., Carrère, L., and Picot, N.: FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance, Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021.
Müller, M., Cherniawsky, J. Y., Foreman, M. G. G., and von Storch, J.-S.: Global M2 internal tide and its seasonal variability from high resolution ocean circulation and tide modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053320, 2012.
Niwa, Y. and Hibiya, T.: Numerical study of the spatial distribution of the M2 internal tide in the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22441–22449, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000770, 2001.
Niwa, Y. and Hibiya, T.: Three-dimensional numerical simulation of M2 internal tides in the East China Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 2003JC001923, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001923, 2004.
Niwa, Y. and Hibiya, T.: Generation of baroclinic tide energy in a global three-dimensional numerical model with different spatial grid resolutions, Ocean Model., 80, 59–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.05.003, 2014.
Nugroho, D.: La marée dans un modèle de circulation générale dans les mers indonésiennes, PhD thesis, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, https://theses.fr/2017TOU30089 (last access: 7 July 2025), 2017.
Nugroho, D., Koch-Larrouy, A., Gaspar, P., Lyard, F., Reffray, G., and Tranchant, B.: Modelling explicit tides in the Indonesian seas: An important process for surface sea water properties, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 131, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.033, 2018.
Pickering, A., Alford, M., Nash, J., Rainville, L., Buijsman, M., Ko, D. S., and Lim, B.: Structure and Variability of Internal Tides in Luzon Strait, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1574–1594, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0250.1, 2015.
Pujol, M.-I., Faugère, Y., Taburet, G., Dupuy, S., Pelloquin, C., Ablain, M., and Picot, N.: DUACS DT2014: the new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years, Ocean Sci., 12, 1067–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1067-2016, 2016.
Pujol, M.-I., Dupuy, S., Vergara, O., Sánchez Román, A., Faugère, Y., Prandi, P., Dabat, M.-L., Dagneaux, Q., Lievin, M., Cadier, E., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N.: Refining the Resolution of DUACS Along-Track Level-3 Sea Level Altimetry Products, Remote Sens., 15, 793, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030793, 2023.
Rainville, L. and Pinkel, R.: Propagation of Low-Mode Internal Waves through the Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1220–1236, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2889.1, 2006.
Rainville, L., Lee, C. M., Rudnick, D. L., and Yang, K.: Propagation of internal tides generated near Luzon Strait: Observations from autonomous gliders, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4125–4138, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20293, 2013.
Ray, R. D. and Zaron, E. D.: Non-stationary internal tides observed with satellite altimetry: nonstationaryinternal tides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048617, 2011.
Ray, R. D. and Zaron, E. D.: M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1, 2016.
Sánchez-Román, A., Pujol, M. I., Faugère, Y., and Pascual, A.: DUACS DT2021 reprocessed altimetry improves sea level retrieval in the coastal band of the European seas, Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023.
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A. L., Koch-Larrouy, A., Lee, T., Potemra, J. T., Pujiana, K., and Wijffels, S. E.: The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean–climate system, Nat. Geosci., 7, 487–492, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2188, 2014.
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A. L., Wijffels, S. E., Feng, M., Hu, S., Koch-Larrouy, A., Phillips, H., Nugroho, D., Napitu, A., Pujiana, K., Susanto, R. D., Sloyan, B., Peña-Molino, B., Yuan, D., Riama, N. F., Siswanto, S., Kuswardani, A., Arifin, Z., Wahyudi, A. J., Zhou, H., Nagai, T., Ansong, J. K., Bourdalle-Badié, R., Chanut, J., Lyard, F., Arbic, B. K., Ramdhani, A., and Setiawan, A.: Detecting Change in the Indonesian Seas, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 257, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00257, 2019.
Stammer, D., Ray, R. D., Andersen, O. B., Arbic, B. K., Bosch, W., Carrère, L., Cheng, Y., Chinn, D. S., Dushaw, B. D., Egbert, G. D., Erofeeva, S. Y., Fok, H. S., Green, J. a. M., Griffiths, S., King, M. A., Lapin, V., Lemoine, F. G., Luthcke, S. B., Lyard, F., Morison, J., Müller, M., Padman, L., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Shum, C. K., Taguchi, E., and Yi, Y.: Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models, Rev. Geophys., 52, 243–282, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000450, 2014.
Tchilibou, M., Gourdeau, L., Lyard, F., Morrow, R., Koch Larrouy, A., Allain, D., and Djath, B.: Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions, Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020.
Tchilibou, M., Koch-Larrouy, A., Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Morel, Y., Jouanno, J., and Morrow, R.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints, Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022.
Ubelmann, C., Dibarboure, G., Gaultier, L., Ponte, A., Ardhuin, F., Ballarotta, M., and Faugère, Y.: Reconstructing Ocean Surface Current Combining Altimetry and Future Spaceborne Doppler Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016560, 2021.
Ubelmann, C., Carrere, L., Durand, C., Dibarboure, G., Faugère, Y., Ballarotta, M., Briol, F., and Lyard, F.: Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record, Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, 2022.
Zaron, E. D.: Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1, 2019.
Zhao, Z.: The Global Mode-2 M2 Internal Tide, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 7725–7746, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014475, 2018.
Zhao, Z.: Mapping Internal Tides From Satellite Altimetry Without Blind Directions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 8605–8625, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015507, 2019.
Zhao, Z.: Seasonal mode-1 M2 internal tides from satellite altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 3015–3035, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0001.1, 2021.
Zhao, Z. and Qiu, B.: Seasonal West-East Seesaw of M2 Internal Tides From the Luzon Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 128, e2022JC019281, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019281, 2023.
Zhao, Z., Alford, M., and Girton, J.: Mapping Low-Mode Internal Tides from Multisatellite Altimetry, Oceanography, 25, 42–51, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.40, 2012.
Short summary
MIOST24 (Multivariate Inversion of Ocean Surface Topography 2024) annual and monthly internal tide (IT) atlases, based on 25 years of altimetry data and an updated wavelength database, are presented for the Indo-Philippine archipelago and the Amazon shelf. The atlases show monthly IT variability and a better correction of IT in altimetry data than with MIOST22 (MIOST 2022) and HRET (High-Resolution Empirical Tide). The results support the development of a global MIOST24.
MIOST24 (Multivariate Inversion of Ocean Surface Topography 2024) annual and monthly internal...
