Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1875-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1875-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| Highlight paper
| 
22 Jun 2026
Review article | Highlight paper |
| 22 Jun 2026
| 22 Jun 2026
Estuarine mixing
Department of Physical Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Knut Klingbeil
Department of Physical Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Xiangyu Li
Department of Physical Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
Lloyd Reese
Department of Physical Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
W. Rockwell Geyer
Department of Applied Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Combining field observations with an analytical tidal scenario, we estimated in the Guadalquivir estuary its Total Exchange Flow (TEF), which has implications for water quality and residence times. The influence of tidal asymmetry on TEF is also explored. Results reveal a spatial variability in TEF and that salinity–current covariance exerts greater control on TEF than tidal asymmetry. The approach is suitable for regional studies evaluating sensitivity to changes in runoff, salinity and tides.
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Ocean Sci., 18, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1725-2022, 2022
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River engineering measures greatly changed tidal dynamics in the Weser estuary. We studied the effect on saltwater intrusion with numerical models. Our analysis shows that a deepening of the navigation channel causes saltwater to intrude further into the Weser estuary. This effect is mostly masked by the natural variability of river discharge. In our study, it proved essential to recalibrate individual hindcast models due to differences in sediments, bed forms, and underlying bathymetric data.
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Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
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We present the coupled atmosphere–ocean model system ICONGETM. The added value and potential of using the latest coupling technologies are discussed in detail. An exchange grid handles the different coastlines from the unstructured atmosphere and the structured ocean grids. Due to a high level of automated processing, ICONGETM requires only minimal user input. The application to a coastal upwelling scenario demonstrates significantly improved model results compared to uncoupled simulations.
Qing Li, Jorn Bruggeman, Hans Burchard, Knut Klingbeil, Lars Umlauf, and Karsten Bolding
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4261–4282, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, 2021
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Different ocean vertical mixing schemes are usually developed in different modeling framework, making the comparison across such schemes difficult. Here, we develop a consistent framework for testing, comparing, and applying different ocean mixing schemes by integrating CVMix into GOTM, which also extends the capability of GOTM towards including the effects of ocean surface waves. A suite of test cases and toolsets for developing and evaluating ocean mixing schemes is also described.
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Editorial statement
This 'review and perspectives' paper, recently accepted in the Jubilee Special Issue of Ocean Science, provides an authoritative overview of the role of mixing in estuarine circulation. It gives valuable guidance to good and up-to-date practice in estuarine modelling. It will be a valuable resource for anyone wanting to know the state of the art in understanding physical processes in estuaries.
This 'review and perspectives' paper, recently accepted in the Jubilee Special Issue of Ocean...
Short summary
This review presents major aspects of estuarine mixing. Due to the large amounts of brackish water in estuaries produced by mixing of fresh river discharge and salty ocean water, mixing is one major characteristic of what is an estuary. Mixing is quantified locally as well as on estuary-wide scales. Diagnostics of integrated mixing are given for estuarine volumes bounded by transects as well as surfaces of constant salinity moving with the flow. Examples for real-world estuaries are given.
This review presents major aspects of estuarine mixing. Due to the large amounts of brackish...
Special issue