Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-643-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-643-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The influence of a submarine canyon on the wind-driven downwelling circulation over the continental shelf
Pedro A. Figueroa
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
Gonzalo S. Saldías
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Coastal, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Susan E. Allen
Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Related authors
Macarena Díaz-Astudillo, Manuel I. Castillo, Pedro A. Figueroa, Leonardo R. Castro, Ramiro Riquelme-Bugueño, Iván Pérez-Santos, Oscar Pizarro, and Gonzalo S. Saldías
Ocean Sci., 21, 1833–1848, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Submarine canyons are known hotspots of marine productivity and biodiversity, but we do not fully understand why. We studied a submarine canyon located in central Chile and found that it is a highly dynamic environment in both space and time. We think that the alternating currents and the contrasting distribution of zooplankton within the canyon might interact to promote zooplankton retention. Our results help to explain why submarine canyons host such high zooplankton diversity and abundance.
Macarena Díaz-Astudillo, Manuel I. Castillo, Pedro A. Figueroa, Leonardo R. Castro, Ramiro Riquelme-Bugueño, Iván Pérez-Santos, Oscar Pizarro, and Gonzalo S. Saldías
Ocean Sci., 21, 1833–1848, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Submarine canyons are known hotspots of marine productivity and biodiversity, but we do not fully understand why. We studied a submarine canyon located in central Chile and found that it is a highly dynamic environment in both space and time. We think that the alternating currents and the contrasting distribution of zooplankton within the canyon might interact to promote zooplankton retention. Our results help to explain why submarine canyons host such high zooplankton diversity and abundance.
Becca Beutel, Susan E. Allen, Jilian Xiong, and Maite Maldonado
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3179, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how variability in Pacific source waters influences the biogeochemistry of the Salish Sea. Using model simulations and observations, we traced the origins and properties of inflowing water and quantified the roles of circulation and property variability in shaping fluxes of oxygen, nutrients, and carbonate system tracers. These findings highlight key drivers of interannual change and their relevance under a changing climate.
Laura Bianucci, Jennifer M. Jackson, Susan E. Allen, Maxim V. Krassovski, Ian J. W. Giesbrecht, and Wendy C. Callendar
Ocean Sci., 20, 293–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
While the deeper waters in the coastal ocean show signs of climate-change-induced warming and deoxygenation, some fjords can keep cool and oxygenated waters in the subsurface. We use a model to investigate how these subsurface waters created during winter can linger all summer in Bute Inlet, Canada. We found two main mechanisms that make this fjord retentive: the typical slow subsurface circulation in such a deep, long fjord and the further speed reduction when the cold waters are present.
Julio Salcedo-Castro, Antonio Olita, Freddy Saavedra, Gonzalo S. Saldías, Raúl C. Cruz-Gómez, and Cristian D. De la Torre Martínez
Ocean Sci., 19, 1687–1703, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1687-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1687-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Considering the relevance and impact of river discharges on the coastal environment, it is necessary to understand the processes associated with river plume dynamics in different regions and at different scales. Modeling studies focused on the eastern Pacific coast under the influence of the Humboldt Current are scarce. Here, we conduct for the first time an interannual modeling study of two river plumes off central Chile and discuss their characteristics.
Tereza Jarníková, Elise M. Olson, Susan E. Allen, Debby Ianson, and Karyn D. Suchy
Ocean Sci., 18, 1451–1475, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding drivers of phytoplankton biomass in dynamic coastal regions is key to predicting present and future ecosystem functioning. Using a clustering-based method, we objectively determined biophysical provinces in a complex estuarine sea. The Salish Sea contains three major distinct provinces where phytoplankton dynamics are controlled by diverse stratification regimes. Our method is simple to implement and broadly applicable for identifying structure in large model-derived datasets.
Ben Moore-Maley and Susan E. Allen
Ocean Sci., 18, 143–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-143-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-143-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Inland seas are critical habitats for globally important fisheries, and the local food webs that support these fisheries are often limited by surface nutrient availability. In the Strait of Georgia, which supports several key northern Pacific fisheries, we identify wind-driven upwelling as a dominant source of summer surface nutrients using a high-resolution coupled ecosystem model. This newly identified underlying mechanism will inform interpretations of ecosystem variability in the region.
Cited articles
Allen, S., Dinniman, M., Klinck, J., Gorby, D., Hewett, A., and Hickey, B.: On vertical advection truncation errors in terrain-following numerical models: Comparison to a laboratory model for upwelling over submarine canyons, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000978, 2003. a
Allen, S. E. and Durrieu de Madron, X.: A review of the role of submarine canyons in deep-ocean exchange with the shelf, Ocean Sci., 5, 607–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-607-2009, 2009. a
Allen, S. E. and Hickey, B. M.: Dynamics of advection-driven upwelling over a shelf break submarine canyon, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C08018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005731, 2010. a
Austin, J. A. and Barth, J. A.: Drifter behavior on the Oregon–Washington shelf during downwelling-favorable winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3132–3144, 2002. a
Austin, J. A. and Lentz, S. J.: The inner shelf response to wind-driven upwelling and downwelling, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2171–2193, 2002. a
Brink, K.: Continental shelf baroclinic instability. Part I: Relaxation from upwelling or downwelling, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 551–568, 2016. a
Brink, K.: The effect of alongshore wind stress on a buoyancy current’s stability, Cont. Shelf Res., 272, 105149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.105149, 2024. a
Brun, L., Pairaud, I., Jacinto, R. S., Garreau, P., and Dennielou, B.: Strong hydrodynamic processes observed in the Mediterranean Cassidaigne submarine canyon, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1078831, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1078831, 2023. a
Castelao, R. M. and Barth, J. A.: The relative importance of wind strength and along-shelf bathymetric variations on the separation of a coastal upwelling jet, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 412–425, 2006. a
Ceramicola, S., Amaro, T., Amblas, D., Cagatay, N., Carniel, S., Chiocci, F. L., and Briand, F.: Submarine canyon dynamics–executive summary, in: CIESM monograph 47 submarine canyon dynamics in the Mediterranean and tributary seas – An integrated geological, oceanographic and biological perspective, edited by: Briand, F., CIESM Publisher, p. 232, https://ciesm.org/online/monographs/full/CIESM_Workshop_Monograph_47.pdf (last access: 12 March 2025), 2015. a
Chapman, D. C.: Numerical treatment of cross-shelf open boundaries in a barotropic coastal ocean model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1060–1075, 1985. a
Clavel-Henry, M., Solé, J., Ahumada-Sempoal, M.-Á., Bahamon, N., Briton, F., Rotllant, G., and Company, J. B.: Influence of the summer deep-sea circulations on passive drifts among the submarine canyons in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 1745–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1745-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Dawe, J. T. and Allen, S. E.: Solution convergence of flow over steep topography in a numerical model of canyon upwelling, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C05008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005597, 2010. a, b, c
Delandmeter, P. and van Sebille, E.: The Parcels v2.0 Lagrangian framework: new field interpolation schemes, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3571–3584, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3571-2019, 2019. a
De Leo, F. C., Smith, C. R., Rowden, A. A., Bowden, D. A., and Clark, M. R.: Submarine canyons: hotspots of benthic biomass and productivity in the deep sea, P. Roy. Soc. B, 277, 2783–2792, 2010. a
Dinniman, M. S. and Klinck, J. M.: The influence of open versus periodic alongshore boundaries on circulation near submarine canyons, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 1722–1737, 2002. a
Durski, S. M. and Allen, J.: Finite-amplitude evolution of instabilities associated with the coastal upwelling front, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1606–1628, 2005. a
Flather, R.: A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 10, 141–164, 1976. a
Flexas, M. d. M., Boyer, D., Espino, M., Puigdefàbregas, J., Rubio, A., and Company, J.: Circulation over a submarine canyon in the NW Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C12002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003998, 2008. a, b, c
Gan, J. and Allen, J. S.: On open boundary conditions for a limited-area coastal model off Oregon. Part 1: Response to idealized wind forcing, Ocean Model., 8, 115–133, 2005. a
Hickey, B. M.: The response of a steep-sided, narrow canyon to time-variable wind forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 697–726, 1997. a
Kämpf, J.: Transient wind-driven upwelling in a submarine canyon: A process-oriented modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C11011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003497, 2006. a, b
Kämpf, J.: On the interaction of time-variable flows with a shelfbreak canyon, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 248–260, 2009. a
Kämpf, J.: Lee effects of localized upwelling in a shelf-break canyon, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 78–88, 2012. a
Kämpf, J.: On the dynamics of canyon–flow interactions, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 6, 129, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040129, 2018. a
Li, X., Zhang, W., and Rong, Z.: The Interaction Between Warm-Core Rings and Submarine Canyons and Its Influence on the Onshore Transport of Offshore Waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2021JC017989, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017989, 2021. a
Lin, P., Pickart, R. S., Fissel, D. B., Borg, K., Melling, H., and Wiese, F. K.: On the nature of wind-forced upwelling and downwelling in Mackenzie Canyon, Beaufort Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 198, 102674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102674, 2021. a
Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T.: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20, 851–875, 1982. a
Moors-Murphy, H. B.: Submarine canyons as important habitat for cetaceans, with special reference to the Gully: a review, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 104, 6–19, 2014. a
Mordy, C. W., Stabeno, P. J., Kachel, N. B., Kachel, D., Ladd, C., Zimmermann, M., Hermann, A. J., Coyle, K. O., and Doyle, M. J.: Patterns of flow in the canyons of the northern Gulf of Alaska, Deep-Sea Res. Part II, 165, 203–220, 2019. a
Orlanski, I.: A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows, J. Comput. Phys., 21, 251–269, 1976. a
Ramos-Musalem, K. and Allen, S. E.: The impact of locally enhanced vertical diffusivity on the cross-shelf transport of tracers induced by a submarine canyon, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 561–584, 2019. a
Rennie, S. J., Pattiaratchi, C. B., and McCauley, R. D.: Numerical simulation of the circulation within the Perth Submarine Canyon, Western Australia, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 2020–2036, 2009. a
Santora, J. A., Zeno, R., Dorman, J. G., and Sydeman, W. J.: Submarine canyons represent an essential habitat network for krill hotspots in a Large Marine Ecosystem, Sci. Rep., 8, 7579, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25742-9, 2018. a
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic model with a nonaligned vertical coordinate, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3090, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001047, 2003. a
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model, Ocean Model., 9, 347–404, 2005. a
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: Correction and commentary for “Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Formulation and skill assessment of the regional ocean modeling system” by Haidvogel et al., J. Comp. Phys. 227, pp. 3595–3624, J. Comput. Phys., 228, 8985–9000, 2009. a
Skliris, N., Goffart, A., Hecq, J.-H., and Djenidi, S.: Shelf-slope exchanges associated with a steep submarine canyon off Calvi (Corsica, NW Mediterranean Sea): A modeling approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 19883–19901, 2001. a
Skliris, N., Hecq, J.-H., and Djenidi, S.: Water fluxes at an ocean margin in the presence of a submarine canyon, J. Mar. Syst., 32, 239–251, 2002. a
Sobarzo, M., Saldías, G. S., Tapia, F. J., Bravo, L., Moffat, C., and Largier, J. L.: On subsurface cooling associated with the Biobio River Canyon (Chile), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 4568–4584, 2016. a
Song, Y. and Haidvogel, D.: A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system, J. Comput. Phys., 115, 228–244, 1994. a
Vergara, O. A., Figueroa, P. A., Salas, C., Vásquez, S. I., Muñoz, R., and Saldías, G. S.: The influence of the Biobio Canyon on the circulation and coastal upwelling/downwelling off central Chile, Cont. Shelf Res., 282, 105335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2024.105335, 2024. a
Wang, H., Gong, D., Friedrichs, M. A., Harris, C. K., Miles, T., Yu, H.-C., and Zhang, Y.: A Cycle of Wind-Driven Canyon Upwelling and Downwelling at Wilmington Canyon and the Evolution of Canyon-Upwelled Dense Water on the MAB Shelf, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 866075, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.866075, 2022. a, b, c
Whitney, M. M. and Allen, J.: Coastal wind-driven circulation in the vicinity of a bank. Part I: Modeling flow over idealized symmetric banks, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1273–1297, 2009. a
Zhang, T. and Yankovsky, A. E.: On the nature of cross-isobath energy fluxes in topographically modified barotropic semidiurnal Kelvin waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 3058–3074, 2016. a
Short summary
Submarine canyons are topographic features found along the continental slope worldwide. Here we use numerical simulations to study how a submarine canyon influences the circulation near the coast when winds moving poleward influence the region. Our results show that submarine canyons modify the circulation near the coast, causing strong velocities perpendicular to the coast. These changes can trap particles inside the canyon, an important mechanism to explain its role as a biological hotspot.
Submarine canyons are topographic features found along the continental slope worldwide. Here we...