Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-427-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-427-2026
Research article
 | 
09 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 09 Feb 2026

Revisited heat budget and probability distributions of turbulent heat fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea

Mahmud Hasan Ghani, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Lorenzo Mentaschi, Silvia Bianconcini, Francesco Maicu, and Francesco Trotta

Data sets

ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47

Model code and software

Air-Sea_HeatFluxes-V1.0 Mahmud Hasan Ghani https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18432708

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Short summary
Using the same sea surface temperature and the same bulk formula but different atmospheric reanalysis and analysis surface-variable datasets, we show that a higher-resolution dataset is crucial for evaluating the heat-budget closure hypothesis in the Mediterranean Sea. For the first time, we investigate the impact of extreme heat-loss events in the Mediterranean Sea by computing the long-term, basin-averaged mean heat budget. 
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