Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2691-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2691-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Current status of ocean observation, ensemble reanalysis and CMIP6 models in describing Antarctic Bottom Water
Siran Chen
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Jiping Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Xianxian Han
School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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An Yi, Jiping Liu, Ian Renfrew, Chaoyuan Yang, Changming Dong, Xiangzhou Song, and Qinghua Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-476, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-476, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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This dataset quantifies the critical but overlooked role of sea spray in Southern Ocean air-sea heat exchange. We present a new gridded dataset of spray-mediated latent and sensible heat fluxes incorporating a full spray microphysical model, where spray generation depends on wind and wave states. Results show spray can double turbulent heat fluxes during extreme cyclones compared to bulk algorithms. This data is vital for understanding the Southern Ocean's impact on the global energy budget.
Xiaoxu Shi, Xiya Liu, Jiping Liu, Martin Werner, Hu Yang, Francisco W. Cruz, Chaoyuan Yang, and Gerrit Lohmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3894, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
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Cave stalagmites record the oxygen isotope of past rainfall and are used to reconstruct how monsoons changed, but due to the complexity of isotope impacting factors, what these records tell us is debated. We performed a 8300-year simulation with an isotope-enabled climate model, and show that rainfall amount is the key stable driver across global monsoons, while temperature and moisture pathways vary with region and time. Single-site records are noisy, but regional averages recover the signal.
Yue Xia, Hengling Leng, Zhaomin Wang, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Liangjun Yan, Xianxian Han, and Dake Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2988, 2026
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Around Antarctica, tides strongly influence ice shelves through both dynamic and thermodynamic processes, and also help form dense bottom water that drives global ocean circulation. Using a regional model of the Ross Sea, we identified three eddy-like structures along the slope that control local water and heat transport, which potentially contributes to ice shelf melting.
Fengguan Gu, Changwei Liu, Bo Han, Qinghua Yang, and Jiping Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2179, 2026
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Snow strongly affects how sea ice grows and melts by insulating the ice and reflecting sunlight. Using observations from a year-long Arctic expedition, we evaluated how models represent snow movement by wind. We found that ignoring snow redistribution leads to too much snow, while improved methods better match observations. Adjusting key parameters further improves results. This work helps make sea ice models more accurate and reliable for climate studies.
Chengyan Liu, Zhaomin Wang, Dake Chen, Xianxian Han, Hengling Leng, Xi Liang, Liangjun Yan, Xiang Li, Craig Stevens, Andrew McC. Hogg, Kazuya Kusahara, Kaihe Yamazaki, Kay I. Ohshima, Meng Zhou, Xiao Cheng, Dongxiao Wang, Changming Dong, Jiping Liu, Qinghua Yang, Xichen Li, Ruibo Lei, Minghu Ding, Zhaoru Zhang, Dujuan Kang, Di Qi, Tongya Liu, Jihai Dong, Lu An, Ru Chen, Tong Zhang, Xiaoming Hu, Bo Han, Haibo Bi, Qi Shu, Longjiang Mu, Shiming Xu, Hu Yang, Hailong Liu, Tingfeng Dou, Zhixuan Feng, Lei Zheng, Xueyuan Tang, Guitao Shi, Yongqing Cai, Bingrui Li, Yang Wu, Xia Lin, Wenjin Sun, Yu Liu, Kai Yu, Yu Zhang, Weizeng Shao, Xiaoyu Wang, Shaojun Zheng, Chengyi Yuan, Chunxia Zhou, Jian Liu, Yang Liu, Yue Xia, Xiaoyu Pan, Jiabao Zeng, Kechen Liu, Jiahao Fan, Chen Cheng, and Qi Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2985–3033, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2985-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2985-2026, 2026
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We developed a high-resolution computer model to simulate how the ocean, sea ice, and ice shelves interact around Antarctica. This helps us understand their critical role in global climate and sea-level rise. Our model successfully captures essential features like major currents and seasonal ice changes. Despite some remaining biases, it provides a useful tool for predicting future changes in this vital and rapidly evolving region.
Chao-Yuan Yang, Fengguan Gu, Jiping Liu, Annette Rinke, Hu Yang, and Xiaoxu Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-362, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-362, 2026
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Accurately exchanging energy between the atmosphere and the ocean-ice systems through surface heat fluxes is crucial for climate modelling. We present an improved version of Coupled Arctic Prediction System (CAPS) by revising flux coupling for conservation of heat. Our results show that the model with improved flux coupling can better simulate sea ice conditions during the period of Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC).
Zilong Chen, Xuying Liu, Zhenfu Guan, Teng Li, Xiao Cheng, Tian Li, Yan Liu, Qi Liang, Lei Zheng, and Jiping Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 147–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-147-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-147-2026, 2026
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Our study uses Google Earth Engine to create a dataset of Antarctic icebergs in the Southern Ocean (south of 55° S) from October 2018 to 2023. The dataset includes icebergs larger than 0.04 km², with details on their locations, sizes, and shapes. It shows significant changes in iceberg number and area, mainly driven by major ice shelf calving events – especially in the Weddell Sea. This resource fills key gaps in understanding iceberg impacts on the ocean and climate.
Ziying Yang, Jiping Liu, Mirong Song, Yongyun Hu, Qinghua Yang, Ke Fan, Rune Grand Graversen, and Lu Zhou
The Cryosphere, 19, 6381–6402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6381-2025, 2025
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Antarctic sea ice has changed rapidly in recent years. Here we developed a deep learning model trained by multiple climate variables for extended seasonal Antarctic sea ice prediction. Our model shows high predictive skills up to 6 months in advance, particularly in predicting extreme events. It also shows skillful predictions at the sea ice edge and year-to-year sea ice changes. Variable importance analyses suggest what variables are more important for prediction at different lead times.
Chenhui Ning, Shiming Xu, Yan Zhang, Xuantong Wang, Zhihao Fan, and Jiping Liu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6847–6866, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6847-2024, 2024
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Sea ice models are mainly based on non-moving structured grids, which is different from buoy measurements that follow the ice drift. To facilitate Lagrangian analysis, we introduce online tracking of sea ice in Community Ice CodE (CICE). We validate the sea ice tracking with buoys and evaluate the sea ice deformation in high-resolution simulations, which show multi-fractal characteristics. The source code is openly available and can be used in various scientific and operational applications.
Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, and Dake Chen
The Cryosphere, 18, 1215–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1215-2024, 2024
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We present a new atmosphere–ocean–wave–sea ice coupled model to study the influences of ocean waves on Arctic sea ice simulation. Our results show (1) smaller ice-floe size with wave breaking increases ice melt, (2) the responses in the atmosphere and ocean to smaller floe size partially reduce the effect of the enhanced ice melt, (3) the limited oceanic energy is a strong constraint for ice melt enhancement, and (4) ocean waves can indirectly affect sea ice through the atmosphere and the ocean.
Xiaoxu Shi, Martin Werner, Hu Yang, Roberta D'Agostino, Jiping Liu, Chaoyuan Yang, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 19, 2157–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2157-2023, 2023
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The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) marks the most recent extremely cold and dry time period of our planet. Using AWI-ESM, we quantify the relative importance of Earth's orbit, greenhouse gases (GHG) and ice sheets (IS) in determining the LGM climate. Our results suggest that both GHG and IS play important roles in shaping the LGM temperature. Continental ice sheets exert a major control on precipitation, atmospheric dynamics, and the intensity of El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
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Short summary
Antarctic Bottom Water influences global ocean circulation, heat storage, and carbon uptake. We compared an observational atlas, an ocean reconstruction, and 16 climate models by separating this water into three regional types. The reconstruction matched the observed large-scale patterns well, but many climate models showed substantial regional temperature and salinity errors. Correcting average biases improved some models, although errors in spatial structure remained.
Antarctic Bottom Water influences global ocean circulation, heat storage, and carbon uptake. We...