Awo, F. M., Alory, G., Da-Allada, C. Y., Delcroix, T., Jouanno, J., Kestenare, E., and Baloïtcha, E.: On the seasonal and interannual variability of the sea surface salinity in the Gulf of Guinea, Clim. Dynam., 60, 2121–2140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06443-4, 2023.
Awo, F. M., Rouault, M., Ostrowski, M., Tomety, F. S., Da-Allada, C. Y., and Jouanno, J.: Seasonal cycle of sea surface salinity in the Angola Upwelling System, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2022JC018518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018518, 2022.
Bachèlery, M. L.: Variabilité côtière physique et biogéochimique en Atlantique Sud-Est: rôle du forçage atmosphérique local versus téléconnexion océanique, PhD thesis, University of Pau
l Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 215 pp.,
https://theses.hal.science/tel-05004928 (last access: 11 April 2026), 2016.
Bachèlery, M.-L., Illig, S., and Dadou, I.: Interannual variability in the South-East Atlantic Ocean, focusing on the Benguela Upwelling System: Remote versus local forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 284–310, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011168, 2015.
Bourlès, B., Molinari, R. L., Johns, W. E., Gouriou, Y., and Carder, K. L.: The South Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020020, 2004.
Brandt, P., Alory, G., Awo, F. M., Dengler, M., Djakouré, S., Imbol Koungue, R. A., Jouanno, J., Körner, M., Roch, M., and Rouault, M.: Physical processes and biological productivity in the upwelling regions of the tropical Atlantic, Ocean Sci., 19, 581–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-581-2023, 2023.
Cabos, W., Sein, D. V., Pinto, J. G., Koseki, S., Álvarez-García, F. J., and Durán-Quesada, A. M.: The coastal upwelling system of the southeast Atlantic as simulated by a high-resolution coupled model, Clim. Dynam., 49, 1809–1828, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3319-9, 2017.
Caniaux, G., Giordani, H., Redelsperger, J. L., Guichard, F., Key, E., and Wade, M.: Coupling between the Atlantic cold tongue and the West African monsoon in boreal spring and summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C04003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006570, 2011.
Carr, M.-E.: Estimation of potential productivity in Eastern Boundary Currents using remote sensing, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 59–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00094-7, 2002.
Chavez, F. P. and Messié, M.: A comparison of eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 80–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032, 2009.
Chin, T. M., Vazquez-Cuervo, J., and Armstrong, E.: A multi-scale high-resolution analysis of global sea surface temperature, Remote Sens. Environ., 200, 154–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.029, 2017.
Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Colour (Copernicus-GlobColour), Multi-year data, Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00281, 2023a.
Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Level Anomalies (DUACS) and Derived Variables, Multi-year data, Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2023b.
Dossa, A., Da-Allada, C., Herbert, G., and Bourlès, B.: Seasonal cycle of the salinity barrier layer revealed in the northeastern Gulf of Guinea, Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 41, 163–175, https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2019.1616612, 2019.
Ducet, N., Le Traon, P.-Y., and Reverdun, G.: Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 105, 19477–19498, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc900063, 2000.
Dunn, J. R. and Ridgway, K. R.: Mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 591–604, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00069-3, 2002.
ESR and Dohan, K.: Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real-time (OSCAR) Surface Currents – Interim 0.25 Degree (Version 2.0), Ver. 2.0. PO.DAAC [data set], CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/OSCAR-25I20, 2022.
FAO: Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles, Angola, Country Profile Fact Sheets, Fisheries and Aquaculture Division,
https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/ago?lang=en (last access: 11 April 2023), 2022.
Fréon, P., Barange, M., and Arístegui, J.: Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems: integrative and comparative approaches, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.014, 2009.
Gutknecht, E., Dadou, I., Marchesiello, P., Cambon, G., Le Vu, B., Sudre, J., Garçon, V., Machu, E., Rixen, T., Kock, A., Flohr, A., Paulmier, A., and Lavik, G.: Nitrogen transfers off Walvis Bay: a 3-D coupled physical/biogeochemical modeling approach in the Namibian upwelling system, Biogeosciences, 10, 4117–4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4117-2013, 2013.
Hopkins, J., Lucas, M., Dufau, C., Sutton, M., Stum, J., Lauret, O., and Channelliere, C.: Detection and variability of the Congo River plume from satellite derived sea surface temperature, salinity, ocean colour and sea level, Remote Sens. Environ., 139, 365–385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.015, 2013.
Hutchings, L., van der Lingen, C. D., Shannon, L. J., Crawford, R. J. M., Verheye, H. M. S., Bartholomae, C. H., van der Plas, A. K., Louw, D., Kreiner, A., Ostrowski, M., Fidel, Q., Barlow, R. G., Lamont, T., Coetzee, J., Shillington, F., Veitch, J., Currie, J. C., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four components, Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 15–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.046, 2009.
Johns, W. E., Brandt, P., Lumpkin, R., Fischer, J., Hormann, V., Pirani, A., Schmid, C., and Bourlès, B.: Variation of upper ocean seasonal and interannual velocity structure in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1201–1212, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0132.1, 2014.
Johnson, E. S., Bonjean, F., Lagerloef, G. S., Gunn, J. T., and Mitchum, G. T.: Validation and error analysis of OSCAR sea surface currents, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 688–701, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1971.1, 2007.
Jouanno, J., Marin, F., du Penhoat, Y., Sheinbaum, J., and Cole, H.: Seasonal heat balance in the upper 100 m of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006912, 2011.
JPL MUR MEaSUREs Project: GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis, Ver. 4.1, PO.DAAC [data set], CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04, 2015.
Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamiguchi, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.: The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 93, 5–48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, 2015.
Kopte, R.: The Angola Current in a Tropical Seasonal Upwelling System: Seasonal Variability in Response to Remote Equatorial and Local Forcing, PhD thesis, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Germany,
https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dissertation_derivate_00007334/20170928_dissertation_robert_kopte.pdf (last access: 11 April 2026), 2017.
Körner, M., Brandt, P., and Dengler, M.: Seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical Angolan Upwelling System, Ocean Sci., 19, 121–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-121-2023, 2023.
Körner, M., Brandt, P., Illig, S., Dengler, M., Subramaniam, A., Bachèlery, M. L., and Krahmann, G.: Coastal trapped waves and tidal mixing control primary production in the tropical Angolan upwelling system, Sci. Adv., 10, adj6686, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj6686, 2024.
Koseki, S., Cabos, W., Sein, D. V., and Mohino, E.: The role of the Gulf of Guinea upwelling in the atmospheric circulation of the tropical Atlantic in a high-resolution coupled model, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1017–1035, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3896-2, 2018.
Koubanova, M., Koseki, S., and Keenlyside, N. S.: Seasonal variability of the Atlantic cold tongue and its relationship with the Angola-Benguela upwelling system, Clim. Dynam., 51, 2975–2993, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4197-0, 2018.
Locarnini, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Boyer, T. P., Zweng, M. M., Garcia, H. E., Mishonov, A., and Smolyar, I.: World ocean atlas 2018, volume 1: Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 52 pp.,
https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00651/76338/77329.pdf (last access: 11 April 2026), 2018.
Loukos, H. and Mémery, L.: Simulation of the nitrate seasonal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic ocean during 1983 and 1984, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 15549–15573, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900084, 1999.
Mbang Essome, L. J., Alory, G., Dadou, I., Da-Allada, C. Y., Ngakala, R. D., and Morvan, G. L.: Physical and biological processes driving seasonal variability of Nitrate budget and biological productivity in the Gabon-Congo upwelling system. In Ocean Science, Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19384386, 2026.
Messié, M. and Chavez, F. P.: Seasonal regulation of primary production in eastern boundary upwelling systems, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.011, 2015.
Monteiro, P., Dewitte, B., Scranton, M., Paulmier, A., and Van der Plas, A.: The role of open ocean boundary forcing on seasonal to decadal-scale variability and long-term change of natural shelf hypoxia, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 024002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/024002, 2011.
Ngakala, R. D., Alory, G., Da-Allada, C. Y., Dadou, I., Cardot, C., Morvan, G., and Baloïtcha, E.: Seasonal mixed layer temperature in the Congolese upwelling system, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 130, e2023JC020528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020528, 2025.
Nieto, K. and Mélin, F.: Variability of chlorophyll
a concentration in the Gulf of Guinea and its relation to physical oceanographic variables, Prog. Oceanogr., 151, 97–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001, 2017.
Nubi, O., Bourles, B., and Edokpayi, C.: On the Nutrient distribution and phytoplankton biomass in the Gulf of Guinea equatorial band as inferred from In-situ measurements, J. Oceanogr. Mar. Sci., 7, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5897/JOMS2015.0125, 2016.
Ostrowski, M., da Silva, J. C. B., and Bazik-Sangolay, B.: The response of sound scatterers to El Niño- and La Niña-like oceanographic regimes in the southeastern Atlantic, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 66, 1063–1072, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp102, 2009.
Radenac, M.-H., Jouanno, J., Tchamabi, C. C., Awo, M., Bourlès, B., Arnault, S., and Aumont, O.: Physical drivers of the nitrate seasonal variability in the Atlantic cold tongue, Biogeosciences, 17, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, 2020.
Resplandy, L., Hogikyan, A., Müller, J. D., Najjar, R. G., Bange, H. W., Bianchi, D., and Regnier, P.: A synthesis of global coastal ocean greenhouse gas fluxes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 38, e2023GB007803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007803, 2024.
Richter, I.: Climate model biases in the eastern tropical oceans: Causes, impacts and ways forward, Wires Clim. Change, 6.3, 345–358, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.338, 2015.
Ridgway, K. R., Dunn, J. R., and Wilkin, J. L.: Ocean interpolation by four-dimensional least squares – Application to the waters around Australia, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 1357–1375, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1357:OIBFDW>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Rouault, M.: Bi-annual intrusion of tropical water in the northern Benguela upwelling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052099, 2012.
Scannell, H. A. and McPhaden, M. J.: Seasonal mixed layer temperature balance in the southeastern tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5557–5570, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014099, 2018.
Schott, F. A., Fischer, J., and Stramma, L.: Transports and pathways of the upper-layer circulation in the western tropical Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1904–1928, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1904:TAPOTU>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Siegfried, L., Schmidt, M., Mohrholz, V., Pogrzeba, H., Nardini, P., Böttinger, M., and Scheuermann, G.: The tropical-subtropical coupling in the Southeast Atlantic from the perspective of the northern Benguela upwelling system, PLOS ONE, 14, e0210083, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210083, 2019.
Sikhakolli, R., Sharma, R., Basu, S., Gohil, B. S., Sarkar, A., and Prasad, K. V. S. R.: Evaluation of OSCAR ocean surface current product in the tropical Indian Ocean using in situ data, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 122, 187–199, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0258-7, 2013.
Sowman, M. and Cardoso, P.: Small-scale fisheries and food security strategies in countries in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) region: Angola, Namibia and South Africa, Mar. Policy, 34, 1163–1170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.03.016, 2010.
Tchipalanga, P., Dengler, M., Brandt, P., Kopte, R., Macueria, M., Coelho, P., Ostrowski, M., and Keenlyside, N. S.: Eastern Boundary Circulation and Hydrography Off Angola: Building Angolan Oceanographic Capacities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 1589–1605, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-17-0197.1, 2018.
Thiam, A., Alory, G., Jouanno, J., Da-Allada, C. Y., and Morvan, G.: Coastal upwelling in the Northern Gulf of Guinea: Seasonal cycle and mesoscale interactions, Ocean Model., 188, 102300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102300, 2024.
Tilstone, G., Smyth, T., Poulton, A., and Hutson, R.: Measured and remotely sensed estimates of primary production in the Atlantic Ocean from 1998 to 2005, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 918–930, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.034, 2009.
Topé, G. D. A., Alory, G., Djakouré, S., Da-Allada, C. Y., Jouanno, J., and Morvan, G.: How does the Niger River warm coastal waters in the Northern Gulf of Guinea?, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1187202, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1187202, 2023.
Tuchen, F. P., Brandt, P., Lübbecke, J. F., and Hummels, R.: Transports and pathways of the tropical AMOC return flow from Argo data and shipboard velocity measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC018115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018115, 2022.
Voldoire, A., Belamari, S., and Lévy, M.: On the role of ocean-atmosphere interaction in the onset of the Atlantic cold tongue, Clim. Dynam., 53, 5437–5455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04717-0, 2019.
Xu, Z., Li, M., Patricola, C. M., and Chang, P.: Oceanic origin of southeast tropical Atlantic biases, Clim. Dynam., 43, 2915–2930, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1901-y, 2014.
Zeng, Z., Brandt, P., Lamb, K. G., Greatbatch, R. J., Dengler, M., Claus, M., and Chen, X.: Three-dimensional numerical simulations of internal tides in the Angolan upwelling region, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016460, 2021.
Zuidema, P., Redemann, J., Haywood, J., Wood, R., Piketh, S., Hipondoka, M., and Formenti, P.: Smoke and clouds above the southeast Atlantic: Upcoming field campaigns probe absorbing aerosol's impact on climate, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1131–1135, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00032.1, 2016.
Zweng, M. M., Seidov, D., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, M., Garcia, H. E., Mishonov, A. V., and Smolyar, I.: World ocean atlas 2018, volume 2: Salinity, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 82,
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/woa/WOA18/DOC/woa18_vol2.pdf (last access: 11 April 2026), 2019.
