Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1129-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1129-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
10 Apr 2026
Review article |
| 10 Apr 2026
| 10 Apr 2026
Distributed optical fibre sensing in physical oceanography: emergence and future prospects
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Carl P. Spingys
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Andrew J. Lucas
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Tiago S. Dotto
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Christian T. Wild
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Scott W. Tyler
University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
Ted A. Scambos
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Christopher B. Kratt
University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
Giuseppe Cappelli
Geo-Ocean, CNRS, University of Brest, Ifremer, Plouzané, France
IDIL Fibre Optics, Lannion, France
Ethan F. Williams
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Mariona Claret
NorthWest Research Associates, Seattle, WA, USA
Hannah E. Glover
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Meagan E. Wengrove
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Madison M. Smith
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Michael G. Baker
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Giuseppe Marra
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
Max Tamussino
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
Zitong Feng
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
David Lloyd
EXA Infrastructure, Dublin, Ireland
Liam Taylor
EXA Infrastructure, Dublin, Ireland
Mikael Mazur
Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA
Maria-Daphne Mangriotis
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Aaron Micallef
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
Jennifer Ward Neale
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Oleg A. Godin
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
Matthew H. Alford
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Emma P. M. Gregory
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Michael A. Clare
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Hamid Shiri
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Angel Ruiz Angulo
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Kathryn L. Gunn
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Ben I. Moat
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Isobel A. Yeo
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Afonso Loureiro
Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação, Funchal, Portugal
Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Alessandro Silvano
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Arthur Hartog
FOSINA, Nanterre, France
Mohammad Belal
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
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The variability of the winter sea ice edge is much higher in regions close to the main topographic features of the Southern Ocean than over the smoother abyssal plain. The oceanic bathymetry influences mesoscale eddy activity and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current jets, affecting both oceanic heat transport and sea ice velocity and subsequently sea ice variability.
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High-resolution numerical simulations of the Baltic Sea reveal that fine-scale motions known as submesoscales are widespread in the deeper layers of the basin, especially near its boundaries. These features are linked to strong mixing and, in this wind-driven system, are found to intensify during storms, with wind reversals shifting the location of mixing hotspots. Our results suggest that storm-modulated submesoscales may be important in other wind-driven coastal seas and lakes.
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Large oceanic 'whirls', called eddies, can mix ocean properties such as heat or salt. The mixing strength is tricky to measure directly. We present a new method to derive the mixing strength based on data from a mooring; a cable from the seafloor to the surface, with instruments along it. We apply our method to a mooring in the Southern Ocean and show that it confirms some important features predicted from theory. The method can be a valuable tool to increase our understanding of ocean mixing.
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The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
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Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in situ observations. We analyse trends and variability in steric height, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues with its application.
Clara Celestine Douglas, Nathan Briggs, Peter Brown, Graeme MacGilchrist, and Alberto Naveira Garabato
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We use data from satellites and robotic floats to assess what drives year-to-year variability in primary production in the Weddell Gyre. We find that the maximum area of ice-free water in the summer is important in determining the total primary production in the region but that areas that are ice free for longer than 120 d become nutrient limited. This has potential implications for ecosystem health in a warming world, where a decline in sea ice cover will affect total primary production.
Dani C. Jones, Maike Sonnewald, Shenjie Zhou, Ute Hausmann, Andrew J. S. Meijers, Isabella Rosso, Lars Boehme, Michael P. Meredith, and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
Ocean Sci., 19, 857–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-857-2023, 2023
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Machine learning is transforming oceanography. For example, unsupervised classification approaches help researchers identify underappreciated structures in ocean data, helping to generate new hypotheses. In this work, we use a type of unsupervised classification to identify structures in the temperature and salinity structure of the Weddell Gyre, which is an important region for global ocean circulation and for climate. We use our method to generate new ideas about mixing in the Weddell Gyre.
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In this research we aim to improve cleanup efforts on the Galapagos Islands of marine plastic debris when resources are limited and the distribution of the plastic on shorelines is unknown. Using a network that describes the flow of macroplastic between the islands we have identified the most efficient cleanup locations, quantified the impact of targeting these locations and showed that shorelines where the plastic is unlikely to leave are likely efficient cleanup locations.
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High-resolution numerical simulations of the Baltic Sea reveal that fine-scale motions known as submesoscales are widespread in the deeper layers of the basin, especially near its boundaries. These features are linked to strong mixing and, in this wind-driven system, are found to intensify during storms, with wind reversals shifting the location of mixing hotspots. Our results suggest that storm-modulated submesoscales may be important in other wind-driven coastal seas and lakes.
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The variability of the winter sea ice edge is much higher in regions close to the main topographic features of the Southern Ocean than over the smoother abyssal plain. The oceanic bathymetry influences mesoscale eddy activity and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current jets, affecting both oceanic heat transport and sea ice velocity and subsequently sea ice variability.
Angel Ruiz-Angulo, Esther Portela, Charly de Marez, Andreas Macrander, Sólveig Rósa Ólafsdóttir, Thomas Meunier, Steingrímur Jónsson, and M. Dolores Pérez-Hernández
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Analysis of 1990–2019 hydrographic around Iceland identifies three dynamical regions: an α-ocean south with warm Atlantic Water and deep mixed layers, a β-ocean northwest with salinity-dominated stratification and shallow mixed layers, and a northeastern transition zone with seasonal shifts. Waters warmed, especially in the northeast, showing Atlantification. Density decreases occur in the south, while other regions show density-compensated variability, with no clear trend in mixed layer depth.
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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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Large oceanic 'whirls', called eddies, can mix ocean properties such as heat or salt. The mixing strength is tricky to measure directly. We present a new method to derive the mixing strength based on data from a mooring; a cable from the seafloor to the surface, with instruments along it. We apply our method to a mooring in the Southern Ocean and show that it confirms some important features predicted from theory. The method can be a valuable tool to increase our understanding of ocean mixing.
Ethan W. Conley, Jennifer M. Frederick, A. Christian Stanciu, Robert E. Abbott, Michael G. Baker, David Fukuyama, and Michael A. Nole
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5529, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5529, 2026
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This study uses eighteen thermodynamic simulations along a seafloor fiber-optic cable transect offshore Oliktok Point, Alaska, to refine the extent of submarine permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Shelf. Results suggest prior geophysical estimates may have been conservative and that permafrost may extend farther offshore. Previously identified deep high-resistivity zones likely indicate trapped hydrocarbons, and modeled temperatures support calibration of Distributed Temperature Sensing data.
Tamara L. Schlosser, Andrew J. Lucas, Melissa Omand, and J. Thomas Farrar
Ocean Sci., 22, 443–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-443-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-443-2026, 2026
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Seasonal monsoon storms over South Asia and the northern Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and thick clouds, decreasing how much sunlight reaches the ocean. We used new autonomous instruments to show that cloudy periods reduce subsurface ocean productivity by more than half, with ripple effects through the food web. These short-term shifts are as large as seasonal changes in productivity and influence how the ocean stores carbon.
Lu Zhou, Holly Ayres, Birte Gülk, Aditya Narayanan, Casimir de Lavergne, Malin Ödalen, Alessandro Silvano, Xingchi Wang, Margaret Lindeman, and Nadine Steiger
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Polynyas are large openings in polar sea ice that can influence global climate and ocean circulation. After disappearing for 40 years, major polynyas reappeared in the Weddell Sea in 2016 and 2017, sparking new scientific questions. Our review explores how ocean currents, atmospheric conditions, and deep ocean heat drive their formation. These polynyas impact ecosystems, carbon exchange, and deep water formation, but their future remains uncertain, requiring better observations and models.
Kristin Burmeister, Sam C. Jones, Neil J. Fraser, Alan D. Fox, Stuart A. Cunningham, Lewis A. Drysdale, Mark E. Inall, Tiago S. Dotto, and N. Penny Holliday
Ocean Sci., 22, 167–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-167-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-167-2026, 2026
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The Rockall Trough carries two ocean currents vital for Europe’s climate. Using underwater sensors and robotic gliders we develop a new method to create the first decade-long record of these flows. We find that the North Atlantic Current drives most changes linked to wider ocean shifts while the slope current responds mainly to local winds. This work improves ocean monitoring and advances our understanding of climate-related changes.
Hugues Goosse, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Benjamin Richaud, Alessandro Silvano, and Martin Vancoppenolle
The Cryosphere, 19, 5763–5779, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, 2025
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The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
Laurel A. Sindewald, Ryan Lagerquist, Matthew D. Cross, Theodore A. Scambos, Peter J. Anthamatten, and Diana F. Tomback
Biogeosciences, 22, 6509–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6509-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6509-2025, 2025
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We used high-resolution satellite imagery and artificial intelligence models to identify six tree and shrub species commonly found at alpine treeline in the Rocky Mountains with accuracies from 44.1% to 86.2%. We are the first to attempt species identification using satellite imagery in treeline systems, where trees are small and difficult to identify remotely. Our work provides a method to identify species with satellite imagery over a broader geographic range than can be achieved with drones.
Christian T. Wild, Tasha Snow, Tiago S. Dotto, Peter E. D. Davis, Scott Tyler, Ted A. Scambos, Erin C. Pettit, and Karen J. Heywood
Ocean Sci., 21, 2605–2629, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2605-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2605-2025, 2025
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Thwaites Glacier is retreating due to warm ocean water melting it from below, but its thick ice shelf makes this heat hard to monitor. Using hot-water drilling, we placed sensors beneath the floating ice, revealing how surface freezing in Pine Island Bay influences heat at depth. Alongside gradual warming, we found bursts of heat that could speed up melting at the grounding zone, which may become more common as sea ice declines.
Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Claudia F. Giulivi, Adrian Jenkins, Alessandro Silvano, Christopher Auckland, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Michael Meredith, Irena Vaňková, Keith Nicholls, Peter E. D. Davis, Svein Østerhus, Arnold L. Gordon, Christopher J. Zappa, Tiago S. Dotto, Ted Scambos, Kathryn L. Gunn, Stephen R. Rintoul, Shigeru Aoki, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Sukyoung Yun, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, Markus Janout, Tore Hattermann, Julius Lauber, Elin Darelius, Anna Wåhlin, Leo Middleton, Pasquale Castagno, Giorgio Budillon, Karen J. Heywood, Jennifer Graham, Stephen Dye, Daisuke Hirano, and Una Kim Miller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5693–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, 2025
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We created the first standardised dataset of in-situ ocean measurements time series from around Antarctica collected since 1970s. This includes temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents recorded by instruments deployed in icy, challenging conditions. Our analysis highlights the dominance of tidal currents and separates these from other patterns to study regional energy distribution. This unique dataset offers a foundation for future research on Antarctic ocean dynamics and ice interactions.
Elizabeth Weidner, Grant Deane, Arnaud Le Boyer, Matthew H. Alford, Hari Vishnu, Mandar Chitre, M. Dale Stokes, Oskar Glowacki, Hayden Johnson, and Fiammetta Straneo
The Cryosphere, 19, 4715–4740, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4715-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4715-2025, 2025
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Tidewater glaciers play a central role in polar dynamics, but their study is limited by harsh and isolated conditions. Here, we introduce broadband echosounders as an tool for the study of high-latitude fjords through the rapid collection of calibrated high-resolution, near-synoptic observations. Using a dataset collected in Hornsund Fjord, we illustrate the potential of broadband echosounders as a relatively accessible, low-effort tool, well suited for field deployment in high-latitude fjords.
Christian T. Wild, Reinhard Drews, Niklas Neckel, Joohan Lee, Sihyung Kim, Hyangsun Han, Won Sang Lee, Veit Helm, Sebastian Harry Reid Rosier, Oliver J. Marsh, and Wolfgang Rack
The Cryosphere, 19, 4533–4554, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4533-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4533-2025, 2025
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The stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet depends on how resistance along the sides of large glaciers slows down the flow of ice into the ocean. We present a method to map ice strength using the effect of ocean tides on floating ice shelves. Incorporating weaker ice in shear zones improves the accuracy of model predictions, compared with satellite observations. This demonstrates the untapped potential of radar satellites to map ice stiffness in the most critical areas for ice sheet stability.
Matilda Weatherley, Chris R. Stokes, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Sindhu Ramanath, and Alessandro Silvano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4100, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4100, 2025
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Parts of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet rest on a bed below sea level, making them vulnerable to ice dynamic changes and instability, but few glaciers have been studied in detail. Here we report on glaciers draining into Porpoise Bay, Wilkes Land, overlying the Aurora Subglacial Basin. We find ice surface thinning, grounding line retreat and ice surface velocity increase over recent decades, consistent with warm ocean waters intrusion. This highlights this region's vulnerability to future warming.
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Aina García-Espriu, Cristina González-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Carolina Gabarró, Alessandro Silvano, Aditya Narayanan, Alberto Naveira-Garabato, Rafael Catany, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Giuseppe Aulicino, Yuri Cotroneo, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández-Prieto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5089–5111, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025, 2025
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This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9 d maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
Alek Petty, Christopher Cardinale, and Madison Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6313–6340, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6313-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6313-2025, 2025
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We use total freeboard data from NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) across both hemispheres and estimates of winter Arctic sea ice thickness to evaluate climate model simulations of sea ice, providing constraints beyond the traditional sea ice area metric. ICESat-2 provides accurate freeboard data, but its short observational record requires careful consideration of natural variability.
Alex S. Gardner, Chad A. Greene, Joseph H. Kennedy, Mark A. Fahnestock, Maria Liukis, Luis A. López, Yang Lei, Ted A. Scambos, and Amaury Dehecq
The Cryosphere, 19, 3517–3533, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3517-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3517-2025, 2025
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The NASA MEaSUREs Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation (ITS_LIVE) project provides glacier and ice sheet velocity products for the full Landsat, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 satellite archives and will soon include data from the NISAR satellite. This paper describes the ITS_LIVE processing chain and gives guidance for working with the cloud-optimized glacier and ice sheet velocity products.
James M. Ciarlo', Monique Borg Inguanez, Erika Coppola, Aaron Micallef, and David Mifsud
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 1391–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1391-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1391-2025, 2025
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Climate change threatens biodiversity, especially that of arthropods, by altering species' habitats and ecological roles. This study presents a proof of concept for a novel index that models species distributions based on climatic niches, using regional climate model data and focusing on Mediterranean arthropods. The index enables quick assessments of species' climate resilience and offers potential applications for projecting ecological impacts of future climate changes.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alice Marzocchi
Ocean Sci., 21, 1609–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, 2025
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Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in situ observations. We analyse trends and variability in steric height, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues with its application.
Madison M. Smith, Niels Fuchs, Evgenii Salganik, Donald K. Perovich, Ian Raphael, Mats A. Granskog, Kirstin Schulz, Matthew D. Shupe, and Melinda Webster
The Cryosphere, 19, 619–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-619-2025, 2025
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The fate of freshwater from Arctic sea ice and snowmelt impacts interactions of the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. We complete a comprehensive analysis of datasets from a 2020 central Arctic field campaign to understand the drivers of the sea ice freshwater budget and the fate of this water. Over half of the freshwater comes from surface melt, and a majority fraction is incorporated into the ocean. Results suggest that the representation of melt ponds is a key area for future development.
Alex T. Archibald, Bablu Sinha, Maria R. Russo, Emily Matthews, Freya A. Squires, N. Luke Abraham, Stephane J.-B. Bauguitte, Thomas J. Bannan, Thomas G. Bell, David Berry, Lucy J. Carpenter, Hugh Coe, Andrew Coward, Peter Edwards, Daniel Feltham, Dwayne Heard, Jim Hopkins, James Keeble, Elizabeth C. Kent, Brian A. King, Isobel R. Lawrence, James Lee, Claire R. Macintosh, Alex Megann, Bengamin I. Moat, Katie Read, Chris Reed, Malcolm J. Roberts, Reinhard Schiemann, David Schroeder, Timothy J. Smyth, Loren Temple, Navaneeth Thamban, Lisa Whalley, Simon Williams, Huihui Wu, and Mingxi Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 135–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-135-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-135-2025, 2025
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Here, we present an overview of the data generated as part of the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) programme that are available through dedicated repositories at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA; www.ceda.ac.uk) and the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC; bodc.ac.uk). The datasets described here cover the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above (it including its composition), and Arctic sea ice.
Gabriela Collao-Barrios, Ted A. Scambos, Christian T. Wild, Martin Truffer, Karen E. Alley, and Erin C. Pettit
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1895, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1895, 2024
Preprint archived
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Destabilization of ice shelves frequently leads to significant acceleration and greater mass loss, affecting rates of sea level rise. Our results show a relation between tides, flow direction, and grounding-zone acceleration that result from changing stresses in the ice margins and around a nunatak in Dotson Ice Shelf. The study describes a new way tides can influence ice shelf dynamics, an effect that could become more common as ice shelves thin and weaken around Antarctica.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
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This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Naomi E. Ochwat, Ted A. Scambos, Alison F. Banwell, Robert S. Anderson, Michelle L. Maclennan, Ghislain Picard, Julia A. Shates, Sebastian Marinsek, Liliana Margonari, Martin Truffer, and Erin C. Pettit
The Cryosphere, 18, 1709–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1709-2024, 2024
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On the Antarctic Peninsula, there is a small bay that had sea ice fastened to the shoreline (
fast ice) for over a decade. The fast ice stabilized the glaciers that fed into the ocean. In January 2022, the fast ice broke away. Using satellite data we found that this was because of low sea ice concentrations and a high long-period ocean wave swell. We find that the glaciers have responded to this event by thinning, speeding up, and retreating by breaking off lots of icebergs at remarkable rates.
Clara Celestine Douglas, Nathan Briggs, Peter Brown, Graeme MacGilchrist, and Alberto Naveira Garabato
Ocean Sci., 20, 475–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-475-2024, 2024
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We use data from satellites and robotic floats to assess what drives year-to-year variability in primary production in the Weddell Gyre. We find that the maximum area of ice-free water in the summer is important in determining the total primary production in the region but that areas that are ice free for longer than 120 d become nutrient limited. This has potential implications for ecosystem health in a warming world, where a decline in sea ice cover will affect total primary production.
Marilena Oltmanns, N. Penny Holliday, James Screen, Ben I. Moat, Simon A. Josey, D. Gwyn Evans, and Sheldon Bacon
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 109–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024, 2024
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The melting of land ice and sea ice leads to freshwater input into the ocean. Based on observations, we show that stronger freshwater anomalies in the subpolar North Atlantic in winter are followed by warmer and drier weather over Europe in summer. The identified link indicates an enhanced predictability of European summer weather at least a winter in advance. It further suggests that warmer and drier summers over Europe can become more frequent under increased freshwater fluxes in the future.
Dani C. Jones, Maike Sonnewald, Shenjie Zhou, Ute Hausmann, Andrew J. S. Meijers, Isabella Rosso, Lars Boehme, Michael P. Meredith, and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
Ocean Sci., 19, 857–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-857-2023, 2023
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Machine learning is transforming oceanography. For example, unsupervised classification approaches help researchers identify underappreciated structures in ocean data, helping to generate new hypotheses. In this work, we use a type of unsupervised classification to identify structures in the temperature and salinity structure of the Weddell Gyre, which is an important region for global ocean circulation and for climate. We use our method to generate new ideas about mixing in the Weddell Gyre.
Inès N. Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Charles Amory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Martin Horwath, Ian Joughin, Michalea D. King, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony J. Payne, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Karen M. Simon, Benjamin E. Smith, Louise S. Sørensen, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Alejandro Blazquez, William Colgan, Marcus E. Engdahl, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian C. Gunter, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Christoph Kittel, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Chia-Chun Liang, Bryant D. Loomis, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Mark E. Pattle, William R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Mònica Roca, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu V. Save, Ki-Weon Seo, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst J. O. Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler C. Sutterley, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Jan Melchior van Wessem, David Wiese, Wouter van der Wal, and Bert Wouters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023
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By measuring changes in the volume, gravitational attraction, and ice flow of Greenland and Antarctica from space, we can monitor their mass gain and loss over time. Here, we present a new record of the Earth’s polar ice sheet mass balance produced by aggregating 50 satellite-based estimates of ice sheet mass change. This new assessment shows that the ice sheets have lost (7.5 x 1012) t of ice between 1992 and 2020, contributing 21 mm to sea level rise.
Carlos Corela, Afonso Loureiro, José Luis Duarte, Luis Matias, Tiago Rebelo, and Tiago Bartolomeu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1433–1451, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1433-2023, 2023
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We show that ocean-bottom seismometers are controlled by bottom currents, but these are not always a function of the tidal forcing. Instead we suggest that the ocean bottom has a flow regime resulting from two possible contributions: the permanent low-frequency bottom current and the tidal current along the full tidal cycle, between neap and spring tides. In the short-period noise band the ocean current generates harmonic tremors that corrupt the dataset records.
Michelle L. Maclennan, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Christine A. Shields, Andrew O. Hoffman, Nander Wever, Megan Thompson-Munson, Andrew C. Winters, Erin C. Pettit, Theodore A. Scambos, and Jonathan D. Wille
The Cryosphere, 17, 865–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-865-2023, 2023
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Atmospheric rivers are air masses that transport large amounts of moisture and heat towards the poles. Here, we use a combination of weather observations and models to quantify the amount of snowfall caused by atmospheric rivers in West Antarctica which is about 10 % of the total snowfall each year. We then examine a unique event that occurred in early February 2020, when three atmospheric rivers made landfall over West Antarctica in rapid succession, leading to heavy snowfall and surface melt.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
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Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Stefanie L. Ypma, Quinten Bohte, Alexander Forryan, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Andy Donnelly, and Erik van Sebille
Ocean Sci., 18, 1477–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1477-2022, 2022
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In this research we aim to improve cleanup efforts on the Galapagos Islands of marine plastic debris when resources are limited and the distribution of the plastic on shorelines is unknown. Using a network that describes the flow of macroplastic between the islands we have identified the most efficient cleanup locations, quantified the impact of targeting these locations and showed that shorelines where the plastic is unlikely to leave are likely efficient cleanup locations.
Madison M. Smith, Marika Holland, and Bonnie Light
The Cryosphere, 16, 419–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-419-2022, 2022
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Climate models represent the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land with equations of varying complexity and are important tools for understanding changes in global climate. Here, we explore how realistic variations in the equations describing how sea ice melt occurs at the edges (called lateral melting) impact ice and climate. We find that these changes impact the progression of the sea-ice–albedo feedback in the Arctic and so make significant changes to the predicted Arctic sea ice.
Christian T. Wild, Karen E. Alley, Atsuhiro Muto, Martin Truffer, Ted A. Scambos, and Erin C. Pettit
The Cryosphere, 16, 397–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-397-2022, 2022
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Thwaites Glacier has the potential to significantly raise Antarctica's contribution to global sea-level rise by the end of this century. Here, we use satellite measurements of surface elevation to show that its floating part is close to losing contact with an underwater ridge that currently acts to stabilize. We then use computer models of ice flow to simulate the predicted unpinning, which show that accelerated ice discharge into the ocean follows the breakup of the floating part.
Marilena Oltmanns, N. Penny Holliday, James Screen, D. Gwyn Evans, Simon A. Josey, Sheldon Bacon, and Ben I. Moat
Weather Clim. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2021-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2021-79, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The Arctic is currently warming twice as fast as the global average. This results in enhanced melting and thus freshwater releases into the North Atlantic. Using a combination of observations and models, we show that atmosphere-ocean feedbacks initiated by freshwater releases into the North Atlantic lead to warmer and drier weather over Europe in subsequent summers. The existence of this dynamical link suggests that European summer weather can potentially be predicted months to years in advance.
Karen E. Alley, Christian T. Wild, Adrian Luckman, Ted A. Scambos, Martin Truffer, Erin C. Pettit, Atsuhiro Muto, Bruce Wallin, Marin Klinger, Tyler Sutterley, Sarah F. Child, Cyrus Hulen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Michelle Maclennan, Eric Keenan, and Devon Dunmire
The Cryosphere, 15, 5187–5203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021, 2021
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We present a 20-year, satellite-based record of velocity and thickness change on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (TEIS), the largest remaining floating extension of Thwaites Glacier (TG). TG holds the single greatest control on sea-level rise over the next few centuries, so it is important to understand changes on the TEIS, which controls much of TG's flow into the ocean. Our results suggest that the TEIS is progressively destabilizing and is likely to disintegrate over the next few decades.
Marika M. Holland, David Clemens-Sewall, Laura Landrum, Bonnie Light, Donald Perovich, Chris Polashenski, Madison Smith, and Melinda Webster
The Cryosphere, 15, 4981–4998, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4981-2021, 2021
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As the most reflective and most insulative natural material, snow has important climate effects. For snow on sea ice, its high reflectivity reduces ice melt. However, its high insulating capacity limits ice growth. These counteracting effects make its net influence on sea ice uncertain. We find that with increasing snow, sea ice in both hemispheres is thicker and more extensive. However, the drivers of this response are different in the two hemispheres due to different climate conditions.
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Ben I. Moat, and David A. Smeed
Ocean Sci., 17, 1321–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1321-2021, 2021
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In the North Atlantic, ocean currents carry warm surface waters northward and return cooler deep waters southward. This type of ocean circulation, known as overturning, is important for the Earth’s climate. This overturning has been measured using a mooring array at 26° N in the North Atlantic since 2004. Here we use these mooring data and global satellite data to produce a new method for monitoring the overturning over longer timescales, which could potentially be applied to different latitudes.
Don Perovich, Madison Smith, Bonnie Light, and Melinda Webster
The Cryosphere, 15, 4517–4525, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4517-2021, 2021
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During summer, Arctic sea ice melts on its surface and bottom and lateral edges. Some of this fresh meltwater is stored on the ice surface in features called melt ponds. The rest flows into the ocean. The meltwater flowing into the upper ocean affects ice growth and melt, upper ocean properties, and ocean ecosystems. Using field measurements, we found that the summer meltwater was equal to an 80 cm thick layer; 85 % of this meltwater flowed into the ocean and 15 % was stored in melt ponds.
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Short summary
Distributed optical fibre sensing (DOFS) is a technology that enables continuous, real-time measurements of environmental parameters along a fibre optic cable. Here, we review the recently emerged applications of DOFS in physical oceanography, and offer a perspective on the technology’s potential for future growth in the field.
Distributed optical fibre sensing (DOFS) is a technology that enables continuous, real-time...
Special issue