Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
Research article
 | 
22 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 22 Oct 2025

Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea)

Kai Salm, Germo Väli, Taavi Liblik, and Urmas Lips

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Short summary
We show that the presence of submesoscale processes depends on atmospheric forcing and is evident in both glider observations and high-resolution numerical simulations. Peak submesoscale variability was found near the base of the upper mixed layer in spring and within the thermocline in summer. Coastal upwelling and topographically induced frontal instabilities likely drove subduction and the downward transport of surface waters and tracers.
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Advances in ocean science from underwater gliders