Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2555-2025
Research article
 | 
22 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 22 Oct 2025

Forcing-dependent submesoscale variability and subduction in a coastal sea area (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea)

Kai Salm, Germo Väli, Taavi Liblik, and Urmas Lips

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Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Kai Salm on behalf of the Authors (01 Jul 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (07 Jul 2025) by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller
RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (07 Jul 2025)
RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (21 Aug 2025)
ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (01 Sep 2025) by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller
AR by Kai Salm on behalf of the Authors (02 Sep 2025)  Manuscript 
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Short summary
We show that the presence of submesoscale processes depends on atmospheric forcing and is evident in both glider observations and high-resolution numerical simulations. Peak submesoscale variability was found near the base of the upper mixed layer in spring and within the thermocline in summer. Coastal upwelling and topographically induced frontal instabilities likely drove subduction and the downward transport of surface waters and tracers.
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