Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2233-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2233-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
Research article
 | 
07 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 07 Oct 2025

Process-based modelling of nonharmonic internal tides using adjoint, statistical, and stochastic approaches – Part 1: Statistical model and analysis of observational data

Kenji Shimizu

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Short summary
This paper demonstrates the importance of viewing internal tides (internal waves at tidal frequencies) as the sum of many random waves because statistical principles introduce characteristics that do not exist for the sum of a few random waves. This view leads us to the existence of a universal probability distribution for internal tides, which can be used for scientific and engineering purposes in the future, as is the case of surface waves.
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