Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Combining neural networks and data assimilation to enhance the spatial impact of Argo floats in the Copernicus Mediterranean biogeochemical model
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, 34100 Trieste, Italy
Anna Teruzzi
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, 34100 Trieste, Italy
Gloria Pietropolli
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, 34100 Trieste, Italy
Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, H2bis Building, Via Alfonso Valerio 12/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Luca Manzoni
Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, H2bis Building, Via Alfonso Valerio 12/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Gianluca Coidessa
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, 34100 Trieste, Italy
Gianpiero Cossarini
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS, 34100 Trieste, Italy
Related authors
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Gianpiero Cossarini, Andy Moore, Stefano Ciavatta, and Katja Fennel
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from single parameterizations of processes to fully explicit representations of several nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, initial and boundary conditions and the lack of observations
Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Lars Nerger, Anna Teruzzi, Simone Spada, Jozef Skákala, and Stefano Ciavatta
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5619–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand and predict the ocean’s capacity for carbon sequestration, its ability to supply food, and its response to climate change, we need the best possible estimate of its physical and biogeochemical properties. This is obtained through data assimilation which blends numerical models and observations. We present the Ensemble and Assimilation Tool (EAT), a flexible and efficient test bed that allows any scientist to explore and further develop the state of the art in data assimilation.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, 2023
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests and in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Juan Pablo Almeida, Lorenzo Menichetti, Alf Ekblad, Nicholas P. Rosenstock, and Håkan Wallander
Biogeosciences, 20, 1443–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In forests, trees allocate a significant amount of carbon belowground to support mycorrhizal symbiosis. In northern forests nitrogen normally regulates this allocation and consequently mycorrhizal fungi growth. In this study we demonstrate that in a conifer forest from Sweden, fungal growth is regulated by phosphorus instead of nitrogen. This is probably due to an increase in nitrogen deposition to soils caused by decades of human pollution that has altered the ecosystem nutrient regime.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Stefano Salon, Gianpiero Cossarini, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Paolo Lazzari, Anna Teruzzi, Cosimo Solidoro, and Alessandro Crise
Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
After 10 years of research and development, validated analysis and forecasts of the main parameters of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry (e.g. phytoplankton, nutrients, oxygen, pH, carbon fluxes) at high spatial and temporal resolution are provided in the frame of the EU Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Along with a traditional skill performance assessment, novel metrics exploiting the Biogeochemical Argo floats data are designed to estimate the forecasts uncertainty.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Querin, Cosimo Solidoro, Gianmaria Sannino, Paolo Lazzari, Valeria Di Biagio, and Giorgio Bolzon
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1423–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The BFMCOUPLER (v1.0) is a coupling scheme that links the MITgcm and BFM models for ocean biogeochemistry simulations. The online coupling is based on an open-source code characterizd by a modular structure. Modularity preserves the potentials of the two models, allowing for a sustainable programming effort to handle future evolutions in the two codes. The BFMCOUPLER code is released along with an idealized problem (a cyclonic gyre in a mid-latitude closed basin).
G. Cossarini, P. Lazzari, and C. Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 12, 1647–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015
Cited articles
Amadio, C., TERUZZI, A., Feudale, L., BOLZON, G., DI BIAGIO, V., Lazzari, P., Álvarez, E., Coidessa, G., Salon, S., and COSSARINI, G.:. Mediterranean Quality checked BGC-Argo 2013–2022 dataset, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10391759, 2023. a, b, c
Barbieux, M., Uitz, J., Gentili, B., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O., Mignot, A., Poteau, A., Schmechtig, C., Taillandier, V., Leymarie, E., Penkerc'h, C., D'Ortenzio, F., Claustre, H., and Bricaud, A.: Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database, Biogeosciences, 16, 1321–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1321-2019, 2019. a
Barbieux, M., Uitz, J., Mignot, A., Roesler, C., Claustre, H., Gentili, B., Taillandier, V., D'Ortenzio, F., Loisel, H., Poteau, A., Leymarie, E., Penkerc'h, C., Schmechtig, C., and Bricaud, A.: Biological production in two contrasted regions of the Mediterranean Sea during the oligotrophic period: an estimate based on the diel cycle of optical properties measured by BioGeoChemical-Argo profiling floats, Biogeosciences, 19, 1165–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, 2022. a
Bethoux, J., Gentili, B., Morin, P., Nicolas, E., Pierre, C., and Ruiz-Pino, D.: The Mediterranean Sea: a miniature ocean for climatic and environmental studies and a key for the climatic functioning of the North Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 131–146, 1999. a
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., Van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N., Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen optode sensors: principle, characterization, calibration, and application in the ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 429, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018a. a, b, c, d
Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L., Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J.-P.: An alternative to static climatologies: Robust estimation of open ocean CO2 variables and nutrient concentrations from T, S, and O2 data using Bayesian neural networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 328, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00328, 2018b. a, b, c
Bolzon, G., Lazzari, P., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: ogstm (4.1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8283447, 2023a. a, b
Bolzon, G., Teruzzi, A., Salon, S., Di Biagio, V., Feudale, L., Amadio, C., Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: bit.sea (1.7), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8283692, 2023b.
Brajard, J., Carrassi, A., Bocquet, M., and Bertino, L.: Combining data assimilation and machine learning to infer unresolved scale parametrization, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 379, 20200086, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0086, 2021. a
Buga, L., Sarbu, G., Fryberg, L., Magnus, W., Wesslander, K., Gatti, J., Leroy, D., Iona, S., Larsen, M., Koefoed Rømer, J., Østrem, A. K., Lipizer, M., and Giorgietti, A.: EMODnet Chemistry Eutrophication and Acidity aggregated datasets v2018, EMODnet Thematic Lot no. 4/SI2.749773, https://doi.org/10.6092/EC8207EF-ED81-4EE5-BF48-E26FF16BF02E, 2018. a, b
Buizza, C., Casas, C. Q., Nadler, P., Mack, J., Marrone, S., Titus, Z., Le Cornec, C., Heylen, E., Dur, T., Ruiz, L. B., Heaney, C., Díaz Lopez, J. A., Kumar, K. S. S., and Arcucci, R.: Data learning: integrating data assimilation and machine learning, J. Comput. Sci., 58, 101525, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2021.101525, 2022. a, b, c, d, e
Canu, D. M., Ghermandi, A., Nunes, P. A., Lazzari, P., Cossarini, G., and Solidoro, C.: Estimating the value of carbon sequestration ecosystem services in the Mediterranean Sea: An ecological economics approach, Glob. Environ. Change, 32, 87–95, 2015. a
Capet, A., Stanev, E. V., Beckers, J.-M., Murray, J. W., and Grégoire, M.: Decline of the Black Sea oxygen inventory, Biogeosciences, 13, 1287–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1287-2016, 2016. a
Clementi, E., Oddo, P., Drudi, M., Pinardi, N., Korres, G., and Grandi, A.: Coupling hydrodynamic and wave models: first step and sensitivity experiments in the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Dynam., 67, 1293–1312, 2017. a
Coppini, G., Clementi, E., Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Korres, G., Ravdas, M., Lecci, R., Pistoia, J., Goglio, A. C., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Aydogdu, A., Escudier, R., Cipollone, A., Lyubartsev, V., Mariani, A., Cretì, S., Palermo, F., Scuro, M., Masina, S., Pinardi, N., Navarra, A., Delrosso, D., Teruzzi, A., Di Biagio, V., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Coidessa, G., Amadio, C., Brosich, A., Miró, A., Alvarez, E., Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Oikonomou, C., and Zacharioudaki, A.: The Mediterranean forecasting system. Part I: evolution and performance, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1337, 2023. a
Coppola, L., Legendre, L., Lefevre, D., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., and Riquier, E. D.: Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site), Prog. Oceanogr., 162, 187–201, 2018. a
Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 1647–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015a. a
Cossarini, G., Mariotti, L., Feudale, L., Mignot, A., Salon, S., Taillandier, V., Teruzzi, A., and d'Ortenzio, F.: Towards operational 3D-Var assimilation of chlorophyll Biogeochemical-Argo float data into a biogeochemical model of the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Model., 133, 112–128, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Cossarini, G., Feudale, L., Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Coidessa, G., Solidoro, C., Di Biagio, V., Amadio, C., Lazzari, P., Brosich, A., Cossarini, G., Di Biagio, V., Lazzari, P., and Coidessa, G.: High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry (1999–2019), Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 741486, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.741486, 2021. a
Dall'Olmo, G. and Mork, K. A.: Carbon export by small particles in the Norwegian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2921–2927, 2014. a
Dang, X., Peng, H., Wang, X., and Zhang, H.: The Theil-Sen Estimators in a Multiple Linear Regression Model, https://home.olemiss.edu/~xdang/papers/MTSE.pdf (last access: 17 July 2023), 2008. a
Di Biagio, V., Salon, S., Feudale, L., and Cossarini, G.: Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes, Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022. a, b
Dobricic, S., Pinardi, N., Adani, M., Tonani, M., Fratianni, C., Bonazzi, A., and Fernandez, V.: Daily oceanographic analyses by Mediterranean Forecasting System at the basin scale, Ocean Sci., 3, 149–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-3-149-2007, 2007. a
D’Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Claustre, H., Prieur, L. M., Leymarie, E., Mignot, A., Poteau, A., Penkerc’h, C., and Schmechtig, C. M.: Biogeochemical Argo: The test case of the NAOS Mediterranean array, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 120, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00120, 2020. a
D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Claustre, H., Coppola, L., Conan, P., Dumas, F., Durrieu du Madron, X., Fourrier, M., Gogou, A., Karageorgis, A., Lefevre, D., Leymarie, E., Oviedo, A, Pavlidou, A., Poteau, A., Poulain, P. M., Prieur, L., Psarra, S., Puyo-Pay, M., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Schmechtig, C., Terrats, L., Velaoras, D., Wagener, T., and Wimart-Rousseau, C.: BGC-Argo floats observe nitrate injection and spring phytoplankton increase in the surface layer of Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean), Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091649, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091649, 2021. a, b
Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Cipollone, A., Pistoia, J., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Lyubartsev, V., Lecci, R., Aydogdu, A., Delrosso, D., Omar, M., Masina, S., Coppini, G., and Pinardi, N.: A High Resolution Reanalysis for the Mediterranean Sea, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 702285, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.702285, 2021. a
Fennel, K., Gehlen, M., Brasseur, P., Brown, C. M., Ciavatta, S., Cossarini, G., Crise, A., Edwards, C. A., Ford, D., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Gregoire, M., Jones, E., Kim, H., Lamouroux, J., Murtugudde, R., Perrucheet, C., and the GODAE OceanView Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team: Advancing marine biogeochemical and ecosystem reanalyses and forecasts as tools for monitoring and managing ecosystem health, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 89, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00089, 2019. a
Feudale, L., Bolzon, G., Lazzari, P., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Di Biagio, V., Coidessa, G., Alvarez Suarez, E., Amadio, C., and Cossarini, G.: Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemical Analysis and Forecast, Copernicus Marine Service MED-Biogeochemistry, MedBFM4 system [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14083/18527 (last access: 17 July 2023), 2022. a
Fischler, M. A. and Bolles, R. C.: Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography, Commun. ACM, 24, 381–395, 1981. a
Ford, D.: Assimilating synthetic Biogeochemical-Argo and ocean colour observations into a global ocean model to inform observing system design, Biogeosciences, 18, 509–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, 2021. a, b, c
Fourrier, M., Coppola, L., Claustre, H., D’Ortenzio, F., Sauzède, R., and Gattuso, J.-P.: A regional neural network approach to estimate water-column nutrient concentrations and carbonate system variables in the Mediterranean Sea: CANYON-MED, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 620, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00620, 2020. a, b, c
Fourrier, M., Coppola, L., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Sauzède, R., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Corrigendum: A regional neural network approach to estimate water-column nutrient concentrations and carbonate system variables in the Mediterranean Sea: CANYON-MED, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 650509, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00620, 2021. a
Garcia, H. E., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Grodsky, A., Paver, C. R., Weathers, K. W., Smolyar, I. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Atlas 2018: Product Documentation, NOAA, Technical Editor, Mishonov, A., retrieved from: https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/woa/WOA18/DOC/woa18documentation.pdf (last access: 17 July 2023), 2019. a, b
Gasparin, F., Guinehut, S., Mao, C., Mirouze, I., Rémy, E., King, R. R., Hamon, M., Reid, R., Storto, A., Le Traon, P.-Y., Martin, M. J., and Masina, S.: Requirements for an Integrated in situ Atlantic Ocean Observing System From Coordinated Observing System Simulation Experiments, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 83, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00083, 2019. a
Geer, A.: Learning earth system models from observations: machine learning or data assimilation?, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 379, 20200089, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0089, 2021. a, b
Hollingsworth, A., Shaw, D., Lönnberg, P., Illari, L., Arpe, K., and Simmons, A.: Monitoring of observation and analysis quality by a data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 861–879, 1986. a
Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., and White, H.: Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators, Neural Networks, 2, 359–366, 1989. a
Johnson, K. and Claustre, H.: Bringing biogeochemistry into the Argo age, Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, https://doi.org/10.13155/84370, 2016. a, b
Johnson, K., Maurer, T., Plant, J., Bittig, H., Schallenberg, C., and Schmechtig, C.: BGC-Argo quality control manual for nitrate concentration, https://doi.org/10.13155/84370, 2021. a
Johnson, K. S., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Swift, D. D., and Riser, S. C.: Long-term nitrate measurements in the ocean using the In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer: sensor integration into the Apex profiling float, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 1854–1866, 2013. a
Kaufman, D. E., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hemmings, J. C. P., and Smith Jr., W. O.: Assimilating bio-optical glider data during a phytoplankton bloom in the southern Ross Sea, Biogeosciences, 15, 73–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-73-2018, 2018. a
Kumar, S. V., Peters-Lidard, C. D., Santanello, J. A., Reichle, R. H., Draper, C. S., Koster, R. D., Nearing, G., and Jasinski, M. F.: Evaluating the utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals over irrigated areas and the ability of land data assimilation methods to correct for unmodeled processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4463–4478, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4463-2015, 2015. a
Lary, D. J., Zewdie, G. K., Liu, X., et al.: Machine learning applications for earth observation, Earth observation open science and innovation, Springer, Cham, 165–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65633-5, 2018. a, b
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012. a, b
Lazzari, P., Bolzon, G., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Di Biagio, V., Amadio, C., Alvarez, E., and Cossarini, G.: BFM (5.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8283629, 2023. a
Le Traon, P. Y.: From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: three revolutions in oceanography, Ocean Sci., 9, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-901-2013, 2013. a
Le Traon, P. Y., Reppucci, A., Alvarez Fanjul, E., et al.: From observation to information and users: The Copernicus Marine Service perspective, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 234, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00234, 2019. a
Li, Z., Liu, F., Yang, W., Peng, S., and Zhou, J.: A survey of convolutional neural networks: analysis, applications, and prospects, IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems, Vol. 33, 6999–7019, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3084827, 2021. a
Li, Z. Q., Liu, Z. H., and Lu, S. L.: Global Argo data fast receiving and post-quality-control system. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020 May 1, Vol. 502, p. 012012, IOP Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/502/1/012012, 2020. a
Marañón, E., Van Wambeke, F., Uitz, J., Boss, E. S., Dimier, C., Dinasquet, J., Engel, A., Haëntjens, N., Pérez-Lorenzo, M., Taillandier, V., and Zäncker, B.: Deep maxima of phytoplankton biomass, primary production and bacterial production in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 18, 1749–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, 2021. a
Martinez, E., Brini, A., Gorgues, T., Drumetz, L., Roussillon, J., Tandeo, P., Maze, G., and Fablet, R.: Neural network approaches to reconstruct phytoplankton time-series in the global ocean, Remote Sens., 12, 4156, 2020a. a
Martinez, E., Gorgues, T., Lengaigne, M., Fontana, C., Sauzède, R., Menkes, C., Uitz, J., Di Lorenzo, E., and Fablet, R.: Reconstructing global chlorophyll-a variations using a non-linear statistical approach, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 464, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00464, 2020b. a
Maurer, T. L., Plant, J. N., and Johnson, K. S.: Delayed-mode quality control of oxygen, nitrate, and pH data on SOCCOM biogeochemical profiling floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 683207, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.683207, 2021. a, b, c, d
Mavropoulou, A.-M., Vervatis, V., and Sofianos, S.: Dissolved oxygen variability in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 208, 103348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103348, 2020. a, b, c
Mignot, A., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Poteau, A., d'Ortenzio, F., and Xing, X.: Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: A Bio-Argo float investigation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 856–876, 2014. a
Mignot, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Cossarini, G., and Salon, S.: Quantifying observational errors in Biogeochemical-Argo oxygen, nitrate, and chlorophyll a concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4330–4337, 2019. a
Miloslavich, P., Seeyave, S., Muller-Karger, F., Bax, N., Ali, E., Delgado, C., Evers-King, H., Loveday, B., Lutz, V., Newton, J., Nolan G., Peralta Brichtova AC., Traeger-Chatterjee C., and Urban, E.: Challenges for global ocean observation: the need for increased human capacity, J. Operat. Oceanogr., 12, S137–S156, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1526463, 2019. a
Oddo, P., Adani, M., Pinardi, N., Fratianni, C., Tonani, M., and Pettenuzzo, D.: A nested Atlantic-Mediterranean Sea general circulation model for operational forecasting, Ocean Sci., 5, 461–473, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-461-2009, 2009. a
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Adani, M., Coppini, G., Fratianni, C., Oddo, P., Simoncelli, S., Tonani, M., Lyubartsev, V., Dobricic, S., and Bonaduce A.: Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A retrospective analysis, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 318–332, 2015. a, b
Raicich, F. and Rampazzo, A.: Observing System Simulation Experiments for the assessment of temperature sampling strategies in the Mediterranean Sea, Ann. Geophys., 21, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-151-2003, 2003. a
Ricour, F., Capet, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Delille, B., and Grégoire, M.: Dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the Black Sea as depicted by BGC-Argo floats, Biogeosciences, 18, 755–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, 2021. a
Roussillon, J., Fablet, R., Gorgues, T., Drumetz, L., Littaye, J., and Martinez, E.: A Multi-Mode Convolutional Neural Network to reconstruct satellite-derived chlorophyll-a time series in the global ocean from physical drivers, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1077623, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1077623, 2023. a
Sakov, P. and Sandery, P.: An adaptive quality control procedure for data assimilation, Tellus A, 69, 1318031, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1318031, 2017. a
Salon, S., Cossarini, G., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Lazzari, P., Teruzzi, A., Solidoro, C., and Crise, A.: Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts, Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Jamet, C., Dall'Olmo, G., d'Ortenzio, F., Gentili, B., Poteau, A., and Schmechtig, C.: A neural network-based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to extend surface bio-optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 121, 2552–2571, 2016. a
Sauzède, R., Johnson, J. E., Claustre, H., Camps-Valls, G., and Ruescas, A. B.: Estimation of oceanic particulate organic carbon with machine learning. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 2, 949–956, 2020. a
Sauzède, R., Bittig, H. C., Claustre, H., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O., Gattuso, J.-P., Legendre, L., and Johnson, K. S.: Estimates of water-column nutrient concentrations and carbonate system parameters in the global ocean: a novel approach based on neural networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 128, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00128, 2017. a, b, c
Siokou-Frangou, I., Christaki, U., Mazzocchi, M. G., Montresor, M., Ribera d'Alcalá, M., Vaqué, D., and Zingone, A.: Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: a review, Biogeosciences, 7, 1543–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1543-2010, 2010. a, b
Sisma-Ventura, G., Kress, N., Silverman, J., Gertner, Y., Ozer, T., Biton, E., Lazar, A., Gertman, I., Rahav, E., and Herut, B.: Post-eastern mediterranean transient oxygen decline in the deep waters of the southeast mediterranean sea supports weakening of ventilation rates, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 598686, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.598686, 2021. a
Skakala, J., Ford, D., Bruggeman, J., Hull, T., Kaiser, J., King, R. R., Loveday, B., Palmer, M. R., Smyth, T., Williams, C. A., and Ciavatta, S.: Towards a multi-platform assimilative system for North Sea biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 126, e2020JC016649, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016649, 2021. a, b
Stanev, E. V., Wahle, K., and Staneva, J.: The synergy of data from profiling floats, machine learning and numerical modeling: Case of the Black Sea euphotic zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 127, e2021JC018012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018012, 2022. a, b
Storto, A., Dobricic, S., Masina, S., and Di Pietro, P.: Assimilating along-track altimetric observations through local hydrostatic adjustment in a global ocean variational assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 738–754, 2011. a
Storto, A., Masina, S., and Dobricic, S.: Estimation and impact of nonuniform horizontal correlation length scales for global ocean physical analyses, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 31, 2330–2349, 2014. a
Storto, A., De Magistris, G., Falchetti, S., and Oddo, P.: A neural network–based observation operator for coupled ocean–acoustic variational data assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 1967–1985, 2021. a
Taillandier, V., Prieur, L., D'Ortenzio, F., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., and Pulido-Villena, E.: Profiling float observation of thermohaline staircases in the western Mediterranean Sea and impact on nutrient fluxes, Biogeosciences, 17, 3343–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3343-2020, 2020. a
Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., and Cossarini, G.: Deep chlorophyll maximum and nutricline in the Mediterranean Sea: emerging properties from a multi-platform assimilated biogeochemical model experiment, Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o
Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., and Cossarini, G.: 3DVarBio (3.3), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8283275, 2023. a
Terzić, E., Lazzari, P., Organelli, E., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., D'Ortenzio, F., and Conan, P.: Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry, Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019. a
Thierry, V. and Bittig, H.: Argo quality control manual for dissolved oxygen concentration, Report (qualification paper (procedure, accreditation support)), FRANCE, https://doi.org/10.13155/46542, 2021. a, b
Verdy, A. and Mazloff, M. R.: A data assimilating model for estimating S outhern O cean biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 6968–6988, 2017. a
Waller, J. A., García-Pintado, J., Mason, D. C., Dance, S. L., and Nichols, N. K.: Technical note: Assessment of observation quality for data assimilation in flood models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3983–3992, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3983-2018, 2018. a
Wang, B. and Fennel, K.: An assessment of vertical carbon flux parameterizations using backscatter data from BGC Argo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101220, 2023. a, b
Wang, B., Fennel, K., Yu, L., and Gordon, C.: Assessing the value of biogeochemical Argo profiles versus ocean color observations for biogeochemical model optimization in the Gulf of Mexico, Biogeosciences, 17, 4059–4074, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4059-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Wang, B., Fennel, K., and Yu, L.: Can assimilation of satellite observations improve subsurface biological properties in a numerical model? A case study for the Gulf of Mexico, Ocean Sci., 17, 1141–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1141-2021, 2021a. a
Wang, S., Flipo, N., Romary, T., and Hasanyar, M.: Particle filter for high frequency oxygen data assimilation in river systems, Environ. Model. Softw., 151, 105382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105382, 2022. a
Wang, T., Chai, F., Xing, X., Ning, J., Jiang, W., and Riser, S. C.: Influence of multi-scale dynamics on the vertical nitrate distribution around the Kuroshio Extension: An investigation based on BGC-Argo and satellite data, Prog. Oceanogr., 193, 102543, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102543, 2021b. a
Yu, L., Fennel, K., Bertino, L., El Gharamti, M., and Thompson, K. R.: Insights on multivariate updates of physical and biogeochemical ocean variables using an Ensemble Kalman Filter and an idealized model of upwelling, Ocean Model., 126, 13–28, 2018. a
Yumruktepe, V. Ç., Mousing, E. A., Tjiputra, J., and Samuelsen, A.: An along-track Biogeochemical Argo modelling framework: a case study of model improvements for the Nordic seas, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6875–6897, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6875-2023, 2023. a
Zhou, H., Yue, X., Lei, Y., Tian, C., Ma, Y., and Cao, Y.: Large contributions of diffuse radiation to global gross primary productivity during 1981–2015, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 35, e2021GB006957, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB006957, 2021. a
Short summary
Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations....