Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-973-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-973-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 06 Jul 2023
| 06 Jul 2023
Global variability of high-nutrient low-chlorophyll regions using neural networks and wavelet coherence analysis
Gotzon Basterretxea
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Ecology, Instituto Mediterráneo de
Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190
Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
Joan S. Font-Muñoz
Department of Marine Ecology, Instituto Mediterráneo de
Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190
Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
Ismael Hernández-Carrasco
Department of Oceanography and Global Change, Instituto
Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel
Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
Sergio A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy
Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Earth Sciences,
University of Southern California, Marine Biology and Biological
Oceanography, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, United States
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- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Spatial comparison of the molecular composition of copper-binding organic ligands isolated by Cu(II)-IMAC-SPE and detected by Tims-TOF MS L. Criqui & C. Guéguen https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1788001
- Success and limits of reconstructing phytoplankton pigment temporal variations from simultaneous surface ocean physics with a Unet model L. Ollier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/ae8bb2
- Intensifying ocean stratification reduces vertical phosphate supply and carbon sink magnitude R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70463
- Spring Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in the Bering Sea and Surrounding Waters Based on MODIS Data K. Kivva et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans7020021
- One-third of Southern Ocean productivity is supported by dust deposition J. Weis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07366-4
- Biological traits predict species’ time-varying responses to multiple global change drivers T. Sasaki et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70606-w
- A multi-year La Niña event sustained an exceptionally persistent chlorophyll-a enhancement in the Patagonian Shelf A. Delgado et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105565
- Temperature-enhanced effects of iron on Southern Ocean phytoplankton C. Eich et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024
- Climate benefit and ecological cost trade-offs for ocean iron fertilization J. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10795-y
- New insights into global biogeographic distribution patterns of oceanic tintinnids: a species-level approach W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaf028
- Global spatiotemporal variability of chlorophyll a and environmental drivers revealed by empirical orthogonal function analysis W. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70165
- Glacially derived iron is more bioavailable to Antarctic phytoplankton than other sources J. Stimpfle et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03092-5
- Competing effects of wind and buoyancy forcing on ocean oxygen trends in recent decades H. Hollitzer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53557-y
- Drivers of Ocean Iron Stress Variability in High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll Regions from Ocean Color J. Lin & R. Letscher https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0073
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Natural and continental influence on aerosol distributions over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in the late winter and early spring of 2021 T. Miyakawa et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-025-00752-0
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Spatial comparison of the molecular composition of copper-binding organic ligands isolated by Cu(II)-IMAC-SPE and detected by Tims-TOF MS L. Criqui & C. Guéguen https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1788001
- Success and limits of reconstructing phytoplankton pigment temporal variations from simultaneous surface ocean physics with a Unet model L. Ollier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/ae8bb2
- Intensifying ocean stratification reduces vertical phosphate supply and carbon sink magnitude R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70463
- Spring Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in the Bering Sea and Surrounding Waters Based on MODIS Data K. Kivva et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans7020021
- One-third of Southern Ocean productivity is supported by dust deposition J. Weis et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07366-4
- Biological traits predict species’ time-varying responses to multiple global change drivers T. Sasaki et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70606-w
- A multi-year La Niña event sustained an exceptionally persistent chlorophyll-a enhancement in the Patagonian Shelf A. Delgado et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105565
- Temperature-enhanced effects of iron on Southern Ocean phytoplankton C. Eich et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4637-2024
- Climate benefit and ecological cost trade-offs for ocean iron fertilization J. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10795-y
- New insights into global biogeographic distribution patterns of oceanic tintinnids: a species-level approach W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaf028
- Global spatiotemporal variability of chlorophyll a and environmental drivers revealed by empirical orthogonal function analysis W. Choi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70165
- Glacially derived iron is more bioavailable to Antarctic phytoplankton than other sources J. Stimpfle et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03092-5
- Competing effects of wind and buoyancy forcing on ocean oxygen trends in recent decades H. Hollitzer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53557-y
- Drivers of Ocean Iron Stress Variability in High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll Regions from Ocean Color J. Lin & R. Letscher https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0073
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 Sep 2026
Short summary
We examine global ocean color data and modeling outputs of nutrients using SOM analysis to identify characteristic spatial and temporal patterns of HNLC regions and their association with different climate modes. HNLC regions in polar and subpolar areas have experienced an increase in phytoplankton biomass over the last decades, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Our study finds that chlorophyll variations in HNLC regions respond to major climate variability signals.
We examine global ocean color data and modeling outputs of nutrients using SOM analysis to...
