Articles | Volume 17, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 06 Jul 2021
| 06 Jul 2021
Spatial and temporal variability of solar penetration depths in the Bay of Bengal and its impact on sea surface temperature (SST) during the summer monsoon
Jack Giddings
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental
Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental
Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Adrian J. Matthews
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental
Sciences and School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4
7TJ, UK
Manoj M. Joshi
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental
Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Benjamin G. M. Webber
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental
Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Brian A. King
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Puthenveettil N. Vinayachandran
Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of
Science, Bengaluru, India
Related authors
Jack Giddings, Adrian J. Matthews, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Karen J. Heywood, Manoj Joshi, and Benjamin G. M. Webber
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 635–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of chlorophyll on the southwest monsoon is unknown. Here, seasonally varying chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal was imposed in a general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer model. The SST increases by 0.5 °C in response to chlorophyll forcing and shallow mixed layer depths in coastal regions during the inter-monsoon. Precipitation increases significantly to 3 mm d-1 across Myanmar during June and over northeast India and Bangladesh during October, decreasing model bias.
Meredith G. Meyer, Esther Portela, Walker O. Smith Jr., and Karen J. Heywood
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3830, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3830, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the annual phytoplankton bloom, rates of primary production and carbon export in the Ross Sea, Antarctica are uncoupled from each other and from oxygen and carbon stocks. These biogeochemical rates support the high productivity, low export classification of the region and suggest that environmental factors influence these stocks and rates differently and make projections under future climate change scenarios difficult.
Peter M. F. Sheehan, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, and Bastien Y. Queste
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3681, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3681, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements and computer models, we identify a large flux of oxygen within the Southwest Monsoon Current, which flows north into the Bay of Bengal between June and September each year. Oxygen levels in the Bay are very low, but not quite low enough for key nutrient cycles to be as dramatically altered as in other low-oxygen regions. We suggest that the flux we identify contributes to keeping oxygen levels in the Bay above the threshold below which dramatic changes would occur.
Duncan Watson-Parris, Laura J. Wilcox, Camilla W. Stjern, Robert J. Allen, Geeta Persad, Massimo A. Bollasina, Annica M. L. Ekman, Carley E. Iles, Manoj Joshi, Marianne T. Lund, Daniel McCoy, Daniel Westervelt, Andrew Williams, and Bjørn H. Samset
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1946, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2020, regulations by the International Maritime Organization aimed to reduce aerosol emissions from ships. These aerosols previously had a cooling effect, which the regulations might reduce, revealing more greenhouse gas warming. Here we find that while there is regional warming, the global 2020–2040 temperature rise is only +0.03°C. This small change is difficult to distinguish from natural climate variability, indicating the regulations have had a limited effect on observed warming to date.
Helene Asbjørnsen, Tor Eldevik, Johanne Skrefsrud, Helen L. Johnson, and Alejandra Sanchez-Franks
Ocean Sci., 20, 799–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf Stream system is essential for northward ocean heat transport. Here, we use observations along the path of the extended Gulf Stream system and an observationally constrained ocean model to investigate variability in the Gulf Stream system since the 1990s. We find regional differences in the variability between the subtropical, subpolar, and Nordic Seas regions, which warrants caution in using observational records at a single latitude to infer large-scale circulation change.
Emma Howard, Steven Woolnough, Nicholas Klingaman, Daniel Shipley, Claudio Sanchez, Simon C. Peatman, Cathryn E. Birch, and Adrian J. Matthews
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3815–3837, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a coupled atmosphere–mixed-layer ocean simulation setup that will be used to study weather processes in Southeast Asia. The set-up has been used to compare high-resolution simulations, which are able to partially resolve storms, to coarser simulations, which cannot. We compare the model performance at representing variability of rainfall and sea surface temperatures across length scales between the coarse and fine models.
William J. Dow, Christine M. McKenna, Manoj M. Joshi, Adam T. Blaker, Richard Rigby, and Amanda C. Maycock
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes to sea surface temperatures in the extratropical North Pacific are driven partly by patterns of local atmospheric circulation, such as the Aleutian Low. We show that an intensification of the Aleutian Low could contribute to small changes in temperatures across the equatorial Pacific via the initiation of two mechanisms. The effect, although significant, is unlikely to explain fully the recently observed multi-year shift of a pattern of climate variability across the wider Pacific.
Thomas Wilder, Xiaoming Zhai, David Munday, and Manoj Joshi
Ocean Sci., 19, 1669–1686, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1669-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1669-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The dissipation rate of eddy energy in current energy budget-based eddy parameterisations is still relatively unconstrained, leading to uncertainties in ocean transport and ocean heat uptake. Here, we derive a dissipation rate due to the interaction of surface winds and eddy currents, a process known to significantly damp ocean eddies. The dissipation rate is quantified using seasonal climatology and displays wide spatial variability, with some of the largest values found in the Southern Ocean.
Ria Oelerich, Karen J. Heywood, Gillian M. Damerell, Marcel du Plessis, Louise C. Biddle, and Sebastiaan Swart
Ocean Sci., 19, 1465–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
At the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, relatively warm waters encounter the colder waters surrounding Antarctica. Observations from underwater vehicles and altimetry show that medium-sized cold-core eddies influence the southern boundary's barrier properties by strengthening the slopes of constant density lines across it and amplifying its associated jet. As a result, the ability of exchanging properties, such as heat, across the southern boundary is reduced.
Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, and Johannes Karstensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1801–1830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In early 2020, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment took place in the northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, a dynamical region where different water masses interact. Four oceanographic vessels and a fleet of autonomous devices were deployed to study the processes at play and sample the upper ocean, each with its own observing capability. The article first describes the data calibration and validation and second their cross-validation, using a hierarchy of instruments and estimating the uncertainty.
Manoj Joshi, Robert A. Hall, David P. Stevens, and Ed Hawkins
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 443–455, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon's orbital plane and affects ocean tides. In this work we use a climate model to examine the effect of this cycle on the ocean, surface, and atmosphere. The timing of anomalies is consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming and has implications for when global temperatures will exceed 1.5 ℃ above pre-industrial levels. Regional anomalies have implications for seasonal climate areas such as Europe.
Peter M. F. Sheehan, Gillian M. Damerell, Philip J. Leadbitter, Karen J. Heywood, and Rob A. Hall
Ocean Sci., 19, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-77-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-77-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, i.e. the mixing driven by small-scale ocean turbulence, in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean via two methods. We find good agreement between the results of both. A region of elevated mixing is found between 200 and 500 m, and we calculate the associated heat and salt fluxes. We find that double-diffusive mixing in salt fingers, a common feature of the tropical oceans, drives larger heat and salt fluxes than the turbulent mixing.
Callum Rollo, Karen J. Heywood, and Rob A. Hall
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using an underwater buoyancy-powered autonomous glider, we collected profiles of temperature and salinity from the ocean north-east of Barbados. Most of the temperature and salinity profiles contained staircase-like structures of alternating constant values and large gradients. We wrote an algorithm to identify these staircases. We hypothesise that these staircases are prevented from forming where background gradients in temperature and salinity are too great.
Alan D. Fox, Patricia Handmann, Christina Schmidt, Neil Fraser, Siren Rühs, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Torge Martin, Marilena Oltmanns, Clare Johnson, Willi Rath, N. Penny Holliday, Arne Biastoch, Stuart A. Cunningham, and Igor Yashayaev
Ocean Sci., 18, 1507–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 2010s show exceptional freshening and cooling of the upper ocean, peaking in 2016 with the lowest salinities recorded for 120 years. Using results from a high-resolution ocean model, supported by observations, we propose that the leading cause is reduced surface cooling over the preceding decade in the Labrador Sea, leading to increased outflow of less dense water and so to freshening and cooling of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic.
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Jacqueline Boutin, Liliane Merlivat, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Gareth A. Lee, Marcos Cobas García, David Antoine, and Kiminori Shitashima
Ocean Sci., 18, 1245–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An underwater glider mission was carried out in spring 2016 near a mooring in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The glider deployment served as a test of a prototype ion-sensitive field-effect transistor pH sensor. Mean net community production rates were estimated from glider and buoy measurements of dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations before and during the spring bloom. Incorporating advection is important for accurate mass budgets. Unexpected metabolic quotients were found.
Yixi Zheng, David P. Stevens, Karen J. Heywood, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
The Cryosphere, 16, 3005–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New observations reveal the Thwaites gyre in a habitually ice-covered region in the Amundsen Sea for the first time. This gyre rotates anticlockwise, despite the wind here favouring clockwise gyres like the Pine Island Bay gyre – the only other ocean gyre reported in the Amundsen Sea. We use an ocean model to suggest that sea ice alters the wind stress felt by the ocean and hence determines the gyre direction and strength. These processes may also be applied to other gyres in polar oceans.
Yanxin Wang, Karen J. Heywood, David P. Stevens, and Gillian M. Damerell
Ocean Sci., 18, 839–855, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It is important that climate models give accurate projections of future extremes in summer and winter sea surface temperature because these affect many features of the global climate system. Our results demonstrate that some models would give large errors if used for future projections of these features, and models with more detailed representation of vertical structure in the ocean tend to have a better representation of sea surface temperature, particularly in summer.
Helen E. Phillips, Amit Tandon, Ryo Furue, Raleigh Hood, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Viviane Menezes, Shijian Hu, Ben Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Deepak Cherian, Emily Shroyer, Ming Feng, Hemantha Wijesekera, Abhisek Chatterjee, Lisan Yu, Juliet Hermes, Raghu Murtugudde, Tomoki Tozuka, Danielle Su, Arvind Singh, Luca Centurioni, Satya Prakash, and Jerry Wiggert
Ocean Sci., 17, 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of the Indian Ocean has progressed through new observations and advances in theory and models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean, describing Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, climate variability, and the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat.
Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Yukio Masumoto, Michael J. Roberts, Jenny A. Huggett, Issufo Halo, Abhisek Chatterjee, Prakash Amol, Garuda V. M. Gupta, Arvind Singh, Arnab Mukherjee, Satya Prakash, Lynnath E. Beckley, Eric Jorden Raes, and Raleigh Hood
Biogeosciences, 18, 5967–6029, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling in the coastal ocean triggers biological productivity and thus enhances fisheries. Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of upwelling and the underlying mechanisms is important. In this paper, the present understanding of the upwelling along the coastline of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa all the way up to the coast of Australia is reviewed. The review provides a synthesis of the physical processes associated with upwelling and its impact on the marine ecosystem.
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Ben I. Moat, and David A. Smeed
Ocean Sci., 17, 1321–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the North Atlantic, ocean currents carry warm surface waters northward and return cooler deep waters southward. This type of ocean circulation, known as overturning, is important for the Earth’s climate. This overturning has been measured using a mooring array at 26° N in the North Atlantic since 2004. Here we use these mooring data and global satellite data to produce a new method for monitoring the overturning over longer timescales, which could potentially be applied to different latitudes.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Clàudia Abancó, Georgina L. Bennett, Adrian J. Matthews, Mark Anthony M. Matera, and Fibor J. Tan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1531–1550, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1531-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1531-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In 2018 Typhoon Mangkhut triggered thousands of landslides in the Itogon region (Philippines). An inventory of 1101 landslides revealed that landslides mostly occurred in slopes covered by wooded grassland in clayey materials, predominantly facing E-SE. Satellite rainfall and soil moisture data associated with Typhoon Mangkhut and the previous months in 2018 were analyzed. Results showed that landslides occurred during high-intensity rainfall that coincided with the highest soil moisture values.
Adam T. Blaker, Manoj Joshi, Bablu Sinha, David P. Stevens, Robin S. Smith, and Joël J.-M. Hirschi
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 275–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
FORTE 2.0 is a flexible coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model that can be run on modest hardware. We present two 2000-year simulations which show that FORTE 2.0 is capable of producing a stable climate. Earlier versions of FORTE were used for a wide range of studies, ranging from aquaplanet configurations to investigating the cold European winters of 2009–2010. This paper introduces the updated model for which the code and configuration are now publicly available.
Jack Giddings, Adrian J. Matthews, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Karen J. Heywood, Manoj Joshi, and Benjamin G. M. Webber
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 635–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of chlorophyll on the southwest monsoon is unknown. Here, seasonally varying chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal was imposed in a general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer model. The SST increases by 0.5 °C in response to chlorophyll forcing and shallow mixed layer depths in coastal regions during the inter-monsoon. Precipitation increases significantly to 3 mm d-1 across Myanmar during June and over northeast India and Bangladesh during October, decreasing model bias.
Ben I. Moat, David A. Smeed, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Damien G. Desbruyères, Claudie Beaulieu, William E. Johns, Darren Rayner, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Molly O. Baringer, Denis Volkov, Laura C. Jackson, and Harry L. Bryden
Ocean Sci., 16, 863–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The RAPID 26° N array has been measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since 2004. Since 2009 the AMOC has, compared with previous years, been in a low state. In 2013–2015, in the northern North Atlantic, strong cooling was observed in the ocean and anticipated to intensify the strength of the AMOC some years later. Here, we analyse the latest results from 26° N and conclude that while the AMOC has increased since 2009, this increase is not statistically significant.
Satyaban B. Ratna, Timothy J. Osborn, Manoj Joshi, Bao Yang, and Jianglin Wang
Clim. Past, 15, 1825–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1825-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1825-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the relationships in models and reconstructions between multidecadal variability of East Asian temperature and two extratropical modes of variability. The relationship between East Asian temperature and Pacific multidecadal variability is largely driven by internal variability, whereas with Atlantic multidecadal variability it is more strongly influenced by the presence or absence of external forcing. We discuss the implications for diagnosing teleconnections from reconstructions.
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
Reiner Onken, Heinz-Volker Fiekas, Laurent Beguery, Ines Borrione, Andreas Funk, Michael Hemming, Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Karen J. Heywood, Jan Kaiser, Michaela Knoll, Baptiste Mourre, Paolo Oddo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Bastien Y. Queste, Aniello Russo, Kiminori Shitashima, Martin Siderius, and Elizabeth Thorp Küsel
Ocean Sci., 14, 321–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-321-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-321-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In June 2014, high-resolution oceanographic data were collected in the
western Mediterranean Sea by two research vessels, 11 gliders, moored
instruments, drifters, and one profiling float. The objective
of this article is to provide an overview of the data set which
is utilised by various ongoing studies, focusing on (i) water masses and circulation, (ii) operational forecasting, (iii) data assimilation, (iv) variability of the ocean, and (v) new payloads
for gliders.
Peter M. F. Sheehan, Barbara Berx, Alejandro Gallego, Rob A. Hall, Karen J. Heywood, Sarah L. Hughes, and Bastien Y. Queste
Ocean Sci., 14, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-225-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-225-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate tidal velocities using observations of ocean currents collected by an underwater glider. We use these velocities to investigate the location of sharp boundaries between water masses in shallow seas. Narrow currents along these boundaries are important transport pathways around shallow seas for pollutants and organisms. Tides are an important control on boundary location in summer, but seawater salt concentration can also influence boundary location, especially in winter.
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C.E. Bakker, Jacqueline Boutin, Kiminori Shitashima, Gareth Lee, Oliver Legge, and Reiner Onken
Ocean Sci., 13, 427–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Underwater gliders are useful platforms for monitoring the world oceans at a high resolution. An experimental pH sensor was attached to an underwater glider in the Mediterranean Sea, which is an important carbon sink region. Comparing measurements from the glider with those obtained from a ship indicated that there were issues with the experimental pH sensor. Correcting for these issues enabled us to look at pH variability in the area related to biomass abundance and physical water properties.
Imke Grefe, Sophie Fielding, Karen J. Heywood, and Jan Kaiser
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-73, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Bastien Y. Queste, Liam Fernand, Timothy D. Jickells, Karen J. Heywood, and Andrew J. Hind
Biogeosciences, 13, 1209–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1209-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1209-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In stratified shelf seas, physical and biological conditions can lead to seasonal oxygen depletion when consumption exceeds supply. An ocean glider obtained a high-resolution 3-day data set of biochemical and physical properties in the central North Sea. The data revealed very high oxygen consumption rates, far exceeding previously reported rates. A consumption–supply oxygen budget indicates a localized or short-lived resuspension event causing rapid remineralization of benthic organic matter.
C. Heuzé, J. K. Ridley, D. Calvert, D. P. Stevens, and K. J. Heywood
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3119–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3119-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Most ocean models, including NEMO, have unrealistic Southern Ocean deep convection. That is, through extensive areas of the Southern Ocean, they exhibit convection from the surface of the ocean to the sea floor. We find this convection to be an issue as it impacts the whole ocean circulation, notably strengthening the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Using sensitivity experiments, we show that counter-intuitively the vertical mixing needs to be enhanced to reduce this spurious convection.
M. Joshi, M. Stringer, K. van der Wiel, A. O'Callaghan, and S. Fueglistaler
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1157–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1157-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1157-2015, 2015
Cited articles
Argo: Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC), SEANOE, https://doi.org/10.17882/42182, 2018.
BODC: British Oceanographic Data Centre, OceanGlider Data Assembly Centre, available at:
https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/bodc_database/gliders/, last access: 2 September 2019.
Copernicus: Marine Environment Monitoring Service, available at: https://marine.copernicus.eu/, last
access: 15 August 2018.
Drushka, K., Sprintall, J., and Gille, S. T.: Subseasonal variations in
salinity and barrier-layer thickness in the eastern equatorial Indian
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 805–823,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009422, 2014.
Duncan, B. and Han, W.: Indian Ocean intraseasonal sea surface temperature
variability during boreal summer: Madden-Julian Oscillation versus
submonthly forcing and processes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004958, 2009.
Fu, X., Wang, B., Li, T., and McCreary, J. P.: Coupling between
northward-propagating, intraseasonal oscillations and sea surface
temperature in the Indian Ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733–1753,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1733:CBNIOA>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Gao, Y., Klingaman, N. P., DeMott, C. A., and Hsu, P.-C.: Diagnosing ocean
feedbacks to the BSISO: SST-modulated surface fluxes and the moist static
energy budget, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 146–170,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029303, 2018.
Giddings, J., Matthews, A. J., Klingaman, N. P., Heywood, K. J., Joshi, M.,
and Webber, B. G. M.: The effect of seasonally and spatially varying
chlorophyll on Bay of Bengal surface ocean properties and the South Asian
monsoon, Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 635–655,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, 2020.
Girishkumar, M. S., Joseph, J., Thangaprakash, V. P., Pottapinjara, V., and
McPhaden, M. J.: Mixed layer temperature budget for the northward
propagating summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) in the central
Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8841–8854,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013073, 2017.
Gordon, H. R. and McCluney, W. R.: Estimation of the depth of sunlight
penetration in the sea for remote sensing, Appl. Opt., 14, 413–416,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.14.000413, 1975.
Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Bolvin, D. T., Gu, G. J., Nelkin E. J.,
Bowman, K. P., Hoong, Y., Stocker, E. F., and Wolff, D. B.: The TRMM
multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear,
combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales, J. Hydrometeorol.,
8, 38–55, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM560.1, 2007.
IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater
– 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties, Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides Number 56, available at: http://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Manual.pdf (last access: 20 May 2019), UNESCO, 196 pp., 2010.
Jaeger, G. S. and Mahadevan, A.: Submesoscale-selective compensation of
fronts in a salinity-stratified ocean, Sci. Adv., 4, e1701504, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701504, 2018.
Jensen, T. G.: Cross-equatorial pathways of salt and tracers from the
northern Indian Ocean: Modelling results, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2111–2127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00048-1, 2003.
Jerlov, N. G.: Optical oceanography, Oceanography Series 5, Elsevier
Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 193 pp., 1968.
Kara, A. B., Rochford, P. A., and Hurlburt, H. E.: An optimal definition for
ocean mixed layer depth, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 16803–16821,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900072, 2000.
Kay, J. E., Deser, C., Phillips, A., Mai, A., Hannay, C., Strand, G.,
Arblaster, J. M. Bates, S. C., Danabasoglu, G., Edwards, J., Holland, M.,
Kushner, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, D., Lindsay, K., Middleton, A.,
Munoz, E., Neale, R., Oleson, K., Polvani, L., and Vertenstein, M.: The
Community Earth System Model (CESM) large ensemble project: A community
resource for studying climate change in the presence of internal climate
variability, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1333–1349,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1, 2015.
Kim, G. E., Gnanadesikan, A., DelCastillo, C. E., and Pradal, M.-A.: Upper
ocean cooling in a coupled climate model due to light attenuation by
yellowing materials, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6134–6140,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077297, 2018.
Kumar, B. P., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Murty, V. S. N., and Mcphaden, M.
J.: TropFlux: air-sea fluxes for the global tropical oceans – description
and evaluation, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1521–1543,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1115-0, 2012.
Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., and Doney, S. C.: Oceanic vertical mixing:
A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev.
Geophys., 32, 363–403, https://doi.org/10.1029/94RG01872, 1994.
Lavender, S., Jackson, T., and Sathyendranath, S.: The ocean colour climate
change initiative, Ocean Challenge, 21, 29–31,
available at: https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/ocean-colour/ (last access: 4 July 2018), 2015.
Lee, Z.-P., Darecki, M., Carder, K. L., Davis, C. O., Stramski, D., and
Rhea, W. J.: Diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance: An
evaluation of remote sensing methods, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C02017,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002573, 2005.
Lengaigne, M., Menkes, C., Aumont, O., Gorgues, T., Bopp, L., André,
J.-M., and Madec, G.: Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical
Pacific climate in a coupled general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 28,
503–516, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2, 2007.
Lévy, M., Shankar, D., André, J.-M., Shenoi, S. S. C., Durand, F.,
and de Boyer Montégut, C.: Basin-wide seasonal evolution of the Indian
Ocean's phytoplankton blooms, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C12014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004090, 2007.
Lewis, M. R., Carr, M.-E., Feldman, G. C., Esaias, W., and McClain, C.:
Influence of penetrating solar radiation on the heat budget of the
equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 347, 543–545,
https://doi.org/10.1038/347543a0, 1990.
Li, Y., Han, W., Wang, W., Ravichandran, M., Lee, T., and Shinoda, T.: Bay
of Bengal salinity stratification and Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal
oscillation: 2. Impact on SST and convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122,
4312–4328, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012692, 2017.
Lotliker, A. A., Omand, M. M., Lucas, A. J., Laney, S. R., Mahadevan, A.,
and Ravichandran, M.: Penetrative radiative flux in the Bay of
Bengal, Oceanogr., 29, 214–221, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.53,
2016.
Madhu, N. V., Jyothibabu, R., Maheswaran, P. A., John Gerson, V.,
Gopalakrishnan, T. C., and Nair, K. K. C.: Lack of seasonality in
phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) and production in the western
Bay of Bengal, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 1868–1883, 2006.
McPhaden, M. J., Meyers, G., Ando, K., Masumoto, Y., Murty, V. S. N.,
Ravichandran, M., Syamsudin, F., Vialard, J., Yu, L., and Yu, W.: RAMA: The
research moored array for African-Asian-Australian monsoon analysis and
prediction, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 459–480.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2608.1, 2009.
Mignot, J., Swingedouw, D., Deshayes, J., Marti, O., Talandier, C.,
Séférian, R., Lengaigne, M., and Madec, G.: On the evolution of the
oceanic component of the IPSL climate models from CMIP3 to CMIP5: A mean
state comparison, Ocean Model., 72, 167–184,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.09.001, 2013.
Morel, A.: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous
matter content (case I waters), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 93, 10749–10768,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC09p10749, 1988.
Morel, A. and Antoine, D.: Heating rate within the upper ocean in relation
to its bio-optical state, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1652–1665,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1652:HRWTUO>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz,
B. A.: Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean
color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a
multi-sensor approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 69–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.012, 2007.
Morel, A. and Maritorena, S.: Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A
reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 7163–7180,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000319, 2001.
Müller, P., Li, X.-P., and Niyogi, K. K.: Non-photochemical quenching. A
response to excess light energy, Plant Physiol., 125, 1558–1566, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.125.4.1558, 2001.
Murtugudde, R., Beauchamp, J., McClain, C. R., Lewis, M., and Busalacchi, A.
J.: Effects of penetrative radiation on the upper tropical ocean
circulation, J. Climate, 15, 470–486,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0470:EOPROT> 2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Nakamoto, S., Kumar, S. P., Oberhuber, J. M., Muneyama, K., and Frouin, R.:
Chlorophyll modulation of sea surface temperature in the Arabian Sea in a
mixed-layer isopycnal general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27,
747–750, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002371, 2000.
Ohlmann, J. C.: Ocean radiant heating in climate models, J. Climate, 16,
1337–1351, 2003.
Ohlmann, J. C. and Siegel, D. A.: Ocean radiant heating. Part II:
Parameterizing solar radiation transmission through the upper ocean, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1849–1865, 2000.
Ohlmann, J. C., Siegel, D. A., and Washburn, L.: Radiant heating of the
western equatorial Pacific during TOGA-COARE, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103,
5379–5395, 1998.
Organelli, E., Claustre, H., Bricaud, A., Schmechtig, C., Poteau, A., Xing,
X., Prieur, L., D'Ortenzio, F., Dall'Olmo, G., Vellucci, V.: A novel
near-real-time quality-control procedure for radiometric profiles measured
by Bio-Argo floats: protocols and performances, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 33,
937–951, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0193.1, 2016.
Paulson, C. A. and Simpson, J. J.: Irradiance measurements in the upper
ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952–956,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1977)007{%}3C0952:IMITUO{%}3E2.0.CO;2,
1977.
Ramachandran, S., Tandon, A., Mackinnon, J., Lucas, A. J., Pinkel, R.,
Waterhouse, A. F., Nash, J., Shroyer, E., Mahadevan, A., Weller, R. A. and
Farrar, J. T.: Submesoscale processes at shallow salinity fronts in the Bay
of Bengal: Observations during the winter monsoon, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48,
479–509,
2018.
Sager, J. C. and McFarlane, J. C.: Radiation, in: Plant Growth Chamber
Handbook, edited by: Langhans R. W. and Tibbitts T. W., available at: https://www.controlledenvironments.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2017/06/Ch01.pdf (last access: 16 July 2020), Iowa State Univ.
Press., Iowa State Univ., Iowa, USA, 1–29, 1997.
Sanchez-Franks, A., Kent, E. C., Matthews, A. J., Webber, B. G. M., Peatman,
S. C., and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Intraseasonal variability of air-sea
fluxes over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon, J. Climate, 31,
7087–7109, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0652.1, 2018.
Sanchez-Franks, A., Webber, B. G. M., King, B. A., Vinayachandran, P. N.,
Matthews, A. J., Sheehan, P. M. F., Behara, A., and Neema, C. P.: The
railroad switch effect of seasonally reversing currents on the Bay of Bengal
high-salinity core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6005–6014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082208, 2019.
Sathyendranath, S., Grant, M., Brewin, R. J. W., Brockmann, C., Brotas, V., Chuprin, A., Doerffer,
R., Dowell, M., Farman, A., Groom, S., Jackson, T., Krasemann, H., Lavender, S., Martinez Vicente,
V., Mazeran, C., Mélin, F., Moore, T.S., Müller, D., Platt, T., Regner, P., Roy, S., Steinmetz, F.,
Swinton, J., Valente, A., Zühlke, M., Antoine, D., Arnone, R., Balch, W. M., Barker, K., Barlow, R.,
Bélanger, S., Berthon, J.-F., Beşiktepe, Ş., Brando, V. E., Canuti, E., Chavez, F., Claustre, H., Crout,
R., Feldman, G., Franz, B., Frouin, R., García-Soto, C., Gibb, S. W., Gould, R., Hooker, S., Kahru,
M., Klein, H., Kratzer, S., Loisel, H., McKee, D., Mitchell, B. G., Moisan, T., Muller-Karger, F.,
O'Dowd, L., Ondrusek, M., Poulton, A. J., Repecaud, M., Smyth, T., Sosik, H. M., Taberner, M.,
Twardowski, M., Voss, K., Werdell, J., Wernand, M., and Zibordi, G.: ESA Ocean Colour Climate
Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci): Version 3.1 Data, Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data], https://doi.org/10.5285/9c334fbe6d424a708cf3c4cf0c6a53f5, 2018.
Sengupta, D., Bharath Raj, G. N., Ravichandran, M., Sree Lekha, J., and
Papa, F.: Near-surface salinity and stratification in the north Bay of
Bengal from moored observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4448–4456,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068339, 2016.
Sengupta, D., Goswami, B. N., and Senan, R.: Coherent intraseasonal
oscillations of ocean and atmosphere during the Asian summer
monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4127–4130,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013587, 2001.
Smith, R. C. and Baker, K. S.: Optical properties of the clearest natural
waters (200–800 nm), Appl. Opt., 20, 177–184,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.20.000177, 1981.
Smith, R., Jones, P., Briegleb, B., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G., Dennis, J.,
Dukowicz, J., Eden, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Gent, P., Hecht, M., Jayne, S.,
Jochum, M., Large, W., Lindsay, K., Maltrud, M., Norton, N., Peacock, S.,
Vertenstein, M., and Yeager, S.: The parallel ocean program (POP) reference
manual ocean component of the community climate system model (CCSM), available at: http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/pop2/doc/sci/POPRefManual.pdf (last access: 4 February 2019), Rep.
LAUR-01853, 141, 1–140,
2010.
SSALTO/Duacs: DT all-sat-merged Global Ocean Gridded SSALTO/DUACS Sea Surface Height L4
product and derived variables, available at: https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/home.html, last access:
15 August 2018.
Sweeney, C., Gnanadesikan, A., Griffies, S. M., Harrison, M. J., Rosati, A.
J., and Samuels, B. L.: Impacts of shortwave penetration depth on
large-scale ocean circulation and heat transport, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35,
1103–1119, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2740.1, 2005.
Thomalla, S. J., Moutier, W., Ryan-Keogh, T. J., Gregor, L., and Schütt,
J.: An optimized method for correcting fluorescence quenching using optical
backscattering on autonomous platforms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 16,
132–144, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10234, 2018.
Thushara, V., Vinayachandran, P. N. M., Matthews, A. J., Webber, B. G. M., and Queste, B. Y.: Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal, Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019.
Turner, A. G., Joshi, M., Robertson, E. S., and Woolnough, S. J.: The effect
of Arabian Sea optical properties on SST biases and the South Asian summer
monsoon in a coupled GCM, Clim. Dynam, 39, 811–826,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1254-3, 2012.
Vialard, J., Foltz, G. R., McPhaden, M. J., Duvel, J. P., and de Boyer
Montégut, C.: Strong Indian Ocean sea surface temperature signals
associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation in late 2007 and early
2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19608,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035238, 2008.
Vijith, V., Vinayachandran, P. N., Webber, B. G., Matthews, A. J., George,
J. V., Kannaujia, V. K., Lotliker, A. A., and Amol, P.: Closing the sea
surface mixed layer temperature budget from in situ observations alone:
Operation Advection during BoBBLE, Sci. Rep., 10, 7062,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63320-0, 2020.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Chauhan, P., Mohan, M., and Nayak, S.: Biological
response of the sea around Sri Lanka to summer monsoon, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L01302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533, 2004.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Matthews, A. J., Vijay Kumar, K., Sanchez-Franks, A.,
Thushara, V., George, J, Vijith, V., Webber, B. G. M., Queste, B. Y., Roy,
R., Sarkar, A., Baranowski, D. B., Bhat, G. S., Klingaman, N. P., Peatman,
S. C., Parida, C., Heywood, K. J., Hall, R., King, B., Kent, E. C., Nayak,
A. A., Neema, C. P., Amol, P., Lotliker, A., Kankonkar, A., Gracias, D. G.,
Vernekar, S., D'Souza, A. C., Valluvan, G., Pargaonkar, S. M., Dinesh, K.,
Giddings, J., and Joshi, M.: BoBBLE (Bay of Bengal Boundary Layer
Experiment): Ocean–atmosphere interaction and its impact on the South Asian
monsoon, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 1569–1587,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0230.1, 2018.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Murty, V. S. N., and Ramesh Babu, V.: Observations of
barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 8018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000831,
2002.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Yamagata, T.: Monsoon response of the sea around
Sri Lanka: Generation of thermal domes and anticyclonic vortices, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 28, 1946–1960,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1946:MROTSA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Neema, C. P., Mathew, S., and Remya, R.: Mechanisms
of summer intraseasonal sea surface temperature oscillations in the Bay of
Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C01005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007433, 2012.
Wang, B. and Xie, X.: A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal
oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 72–86,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0072:AMFTBS> 2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Webber, B. G. M., Matthews, A. J., Vinayachandran, P. N., Neema, C. P.,
Sanchez-Franks, A., Vijith, V., Amol, P., and Baranowski, D. B.: The
dynamics of the southwest monsoon current in 2016 from high-resolution in
situ observations and models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2259–2282,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0215.1, 2018.
Wetzel, P., Maier-Reimer, E., Botzet, M., Jungclaus, J., Keenlyside, N., and
Latif, M.: Effects of ocean biology on the penetrative radiation in a
coupled climate model, J. Climate, 19, 3973–3987,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3828.1, 2006.
Xing, X., Morel, A., Claustre, H., Antoine, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Poteau, A.,
and Mignot, A.: Combined processing and mutual interpretation of radiometry
and fluorimetry from autonomous profiling Bio-Argo floats: Chlorophyll a
retrieval, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C06020,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006899, 2011.
Zaneveld, J. R. V., Kitchen, J. C., and Pak, H.: The influence of optical
water type on the heating rate of a constant depth mixed layer, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 86, 6426–6428, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC07p06426,
1981.
Zaneveld, J. R. V., Boss, E., and Barnard, A.: Influence of surface waves on
measured and modeled irradiance profiles, Appl. Opt., 40, 1442–1449,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.40.001442, 2001.
Short summary
Little is known about the impact of chlorophyll on SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Solar irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three Argo floats is used to determine the effect of chlorophyll on BoB SST during the 2016 summer monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon Current has high chlorophyll concentrations (∼0.5 mg m−3) and shallow solar penetration depths (∼14 m). Ocean mixed layer model simulations show that SST increases by 0.35°C per month, with the potential to influence monsoon rainfall.
Little is known about the impact of chlorophyll on SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Solar...
