Articles | Volume 10, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-611-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-611-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Jul 2014
Research article |
| 04 Jul 2014
Residual circulation and freshwater transport in the Dutch Wadden Sea: a numerical modelling study
M. Duran-Matute
Dept. of Physical Oceanography, Royal NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg (Texel), the Netherlands
currently at: Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
T. Gerkema
Dept. of Physical Oceanography, Royal NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg (Texel), the Netherlands
G. J. de Boer
Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands
J. J. Nauw
Dept. of Physical Oceanography, Royal NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg (Texel), the Netherlands
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Related authors
Theo Gerkema and Matias Duran-Matute
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1223–1235, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1223-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1223-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Local mean sea level often varies strongly from year to year (on the order of a few decimeters). This is mainly due to interannual variability in wind climate and atmospheric pressure. In this paper, regional differences in the sensitivity of mean sea level to atmospheric forcing are studied in an inter-tidal basin. Correcting for the atmospheric effects removes most of the interannual variability in mean sea level.
Marvin Lorenz, Katri Viigand, and Ulf Gräwe
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1439–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1439-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1439-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study divides the sea level components that contribute to extreme sea levels in the Baltic Sea into three parts: the filling state of the Baltic Sea, seiches, and storm surges. In the western part of the Baltic Sea, storm surges are the main factor, while in the central and northern parts, the filling state plays a larger role. Using a numerical model, we show that wind and air pressure are the main drivers of these events, with Atlantic sea level also playing a small role.
Florian Börgel, Sven Karsten, Karoline Rummel, and Ulf Gräwe
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2005–2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2005-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2005-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting river runoff, which is crucial for managing water resources and understanding climate impacts, can be challenging. This study introduces a new method using convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) networks, a machine learning model that processes spatial and temporal data. Focusing on the Baltic Sea region, our model uses weather data as input to predict daily river runoff for 97 rivers.
Anna-Selma van der Kaaden, Dick van Oevelen, Christian Mohn, Karline Soetaert, Max Rietkerk, Johan van de Koppel, and Theo Gerkema
Ocean Sci., 20, 569–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-water corals (CWCs) and tidal waves in the interior of the ocean have been connected in case studies. We demonstrate this connection globally using hydrodynamic simulations and a CWC database. Internal-tide generation shows a similar depth pattern with slope steepness and latitude as CWCs. Our results suggest that internal-tide generation can be a useful predictor of CWC habitat and that current CWC habitats might change following climate-change-related shoaling of internal-tide generation.
Anna-Selma van der Kaaden, Sandra R. Maier, Siluo Chen, Laurence H. De Clippele, Evert de Froe, Theo Gerkema, Johan van de Koppel, Furu Mienis, Christian Mohn, Max Rietkerk, Karline Soetaert, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 21, 973–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Combining hydrodynamic simulations and annotated videos, we separated which hydrodynamic variables that determine reef cover are engineered by cold-water corals and which are not. Around coral mounds, hydrodynamic zones seem to create a typical reef zonation, restricting corals from moving deeper (the expected response to climate warming). But non-engineered downward velocities in winter (e.g. deep winter mixing) seem more important for coral reef growth than coral engineering.
Marvin Lorenz and Ulf Gräwe
Ocean Sci., 19, 1753–1771, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the variability of extreme sea levels in a 13 member hindcast ensemble for the Baltic Sea. The ensemble mean shows good agreement with observations regarding return levels and trends. However, we find great variability and uncertainty within the ensemble. We argue that the variability of storms in the atmospheric data directly translates into the variability of the return levels. These results highlight the need for large regional ensembles to minimise uncertainties.
Joshua Kiesel, Marvin Lorenz, Marcel König, Ulf Gräwe, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2961–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Among the Baltic Sea littoral states, Germany is anticipated to experience considerable damage as a result of increased coastal flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). Here we apply a new modelling framework to simulate how flooding along the German Baltic Sea coast may change until 2100 if dikes are not upgraded. We find that the study region is highly exposed to flooding, and we emphasise the importance of current plans to update coastal protection in the future.
Bronwyn E. Cahill, Piotr Kowalczuk, Lena Kritten, Ulf Gräwe, John Wilkin, and Jürgen Fischer
Biogeosciences, 20, 2743–2768, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2743-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2743-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of optically significant water constituents on surface heating rates and thermal energy fluxes in the western Baltic Sea. During productive months in 2018 (April to September) we found that the combined effect of coloured
dissolved organic matter and particulate absorption contributes to sea surface heating of between 0.4 and 0.9 K m−1 d−1 and a mean loss of heat (ca. 5 W m−2) from the sea to the atmosphere. This may be important for regional heat balance budgets.
Dirk S. van Maren, Christian Maushake, Jan-Willem Mol, Daan van Keulen, Jens Jürges, Julia Vroom, Henk Schuttelaars, Theo Gerkema, Kirstin Schulz, Thomas H. Badewien, Michaela Gerriets, Andreas Engels, Andreas Wurpts, Dennis Oberrecht, Andrew J. Manning, Taylor Bailey, Lauren Ross, Volker Mohrholz, Dante M. L. Horemans, Marius Becker, Dirk Post, Charlotte Schmidt, and Petra J. T. Dankers
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 53–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-53-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-53-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the main findings of a large measurement campaign aiming to better understand how an exposed estuary (the Ems Estuary on the Dutch–German border) interacts with a tidal river (the lower Ems River). Eight simultaneously deployed ships measuring a tidal cycle and 10 moorings collecting data throughout a spring–neap tidal cycle have produced a dataset providing valuable insight into processes determining exchange of water and sediment between the two systems.
Pia Kolb, Anna Zorndt, Hans Burchard, Ulf Gräwe, and Frank Kösters
Ocean Sci., 18, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River engineering measures greatly changed tidal dynamics in the Weser estuary. We studied the effect on saltwater intrusion with numerical models. Our analysis shows that a deepening of the navigation channel causes saltwater to intrude further into the Weser estuary. This effect is mostly masked by the natural variability of river discharge. In our study, it proved essential to recalibrate individual hindcast models due to differences in sediments, bed forms, and underlying bathymetric data.
Matthias Gröger, Manja Placke, H. E. Markus Meier, Florian Börgel, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Cyril Dutheil, Ulf Gräwe, Magnus Hieronymus, Thomas Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Semjon Schimanke, Jian Su, and Germo Väli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8613–8638, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons of oceanographic climate data from different models often suffer from different model setups, forcing fields, and output of variables. This paper provides a protocol to harmonize these elements to set up multidecadal simulations for the Baltic Sea, a marginal sea in Europe. First results are shown from six different model simulations from four different model platforms. Topical studies for upwelling, marine heat waves, and stratification are also assessed.
Jens Daniel Müller, Bernd Schneider, Ulf Gräwe, Peer Fietzek, Marcus Bo Wallin, Anna Rutgersson, Norbert Wasmund, Siegfried Krüger, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 4889–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on profiling pCO2 measurements from a field campaign, we quantify the biomass production of a cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic Sea, the export of which would foster deep water deoxygenation. We further demonstrate how this biomass production can be accurately reconstructed from long-term surface measurements made on cargo vessels in combination with modelled temperature profiles. This approach enables a better understanding of a severe concern for the Baltic’s good environmental status.
Erik Jacobs, Henry C. Bittig, Ulf Gräwe, Carolyn A. Graves, Michael Glockzin, Jens D. Müller, Bernd Schneider, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 2679–2709, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a unique data set of 8 years of continuous carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) surface water measurements from a commercial ferry to study upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Its seasonality and regional and interannual variability are examined. Strong upwelling events drastically increase local surface CO2 and CH4 levels and are mostly detected in late summer after long periods of impaired mixing. We introduce an extrapolation method to estimate regional upwelling-induced trace gas fluxes.
Robert Daniel Osinski, Kristina Enders, Ulf Gräwe, Knut Klingbeil, and Hagen Radtke
Ocean Sci., 16, 1491–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of the uncertainty in atmospheric data of a storm event on the transport of microplastics and sediments. The model chain includes the WRF atmospheric model, the WAVEWATCH III® wave model, and the GETM regional ocean model as well as a sediment transport model based on the FABM framework. An ensemble approach based on stochastic perturbations of the WRF model is used. We found a strong impact of atmospheric uncertainty on the amount of transported material.
Hagen Radtke, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Ulf Gräwe, and H. E. Markus Meier
Clim. Past, 16, 1617–1642, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1617-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1617-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the last century, salinity in the Baltic Sea showed a multidecadal oscillation with a period of 30 years. Using a numerical circulation model and wavelet coherence analysis, we demonstrate that this variation has at least two possible causes. One driver is river runoff which shows a 30-year variation. The second one is a variation in the frequency of strong inflows of saline water across Darss Sill which also contains a pronounced 30-year period.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Déborah Idier, Aimée B. A. Slangen, and Karline Soetaert
Ocean Sci., 16, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-307-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-307-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A model downscaling approach is used to investigate the effects of sea-level rise (SLR) on local tides. Results indicate that SLR induces larger increases in tidal amplitude and stronger nonlinear tidal distortion in the bay compared to the adjacent shelf sea. SLR can also change shallow-water tidal asymmetry and influence the direction and magnitude of bed-load sediment transport. The model downscaling approach is widely applicable for local SLR projections in estuaries and coastal bays.
Beate Stawiarski, Stefan Otto, Volker Thiel, Ulf Gräwe, Natalie Loick-Wilde, Anna K. Wittenborn, Stefan Schloemer, Janine Wäge, Gregor Rehder, Matthias Labrenz, Norbert Wasmund, and Oliver Schmale
Biogeosciences, 16, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The understanding of surface water methane production in the world oceans is still poor. By combining field studies and incubation experiments, our investigations suggest that zooplankton contributes to subthermocline methane enrichments in the central Baltic Sea by methane production within the digestive tract of copepods and/or by methane production through release of methane precursor substances into the surrounding water, followed by microbial degradation to methane.
Thomas Frederikse and Theo Gerkema
Ocean Sci., 14, 1491–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1491-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1491-2018, 2018
Theo Gerkema and Matias Duran-Matute
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 1223–1235, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1223-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1223-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Local mean sea level often varies strongly from year to year (on the order of a few decimeters). This is mainly due to interannual variability in wind climate and atmospheric pressure. In this paper, regional differences in the sensitivity of mean sea level to atmospheric forcing are studied in an inter-tidal basin. Correcting for the atmospheric effects removes most of the interannual variability in mean sea level.
Joeran Maerz, Richard Hofmeister, Eefke M. van der Lee, Ulf Gräwe, Rolf Riethmüller, and Kai W. Wirtz
Biogeosciences, 13, 4863–4876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4863-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4863-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated sinking velocity (ws) of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the German Bight. By inferring ws indirectly from an extensive turbidity data set and hydrodynamic model results, we found enhanced ws in a coastal transition zone. Combined with known residual circulation patterns, this led to a new conceptual understanding of the retention of fine minerals and nutrients in shallow coastal areas. The retention is likely modulated by algal excretions enhancing flocculation of SPM.
Borja Aguiar-González and Theo Gerkema
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 23, 285–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-285-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-285-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We derive a new two-fluid layer model consisting of forced rotation-modified Boussinesq equations for studying the limiting amplitudes of tidally generated fully nonlinear, weakly nonhydrostatic dispersive interfacial tides and solitons. Numerical solutions show that solitons attain in some cases a limiting table-shaped form, but may also be limited well below that state by saturation of the underlying quasi-linear internal tide under increasing barotropic forcing.
Rahel Vortmeyer-Kley, Ulf Gräwe, and Ulrike Feudel
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 23, 159–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-159-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Since eddies play a major role in the dynamics of oceanic flows, it is of great interest to gain information about their tracks, lifetimes and shapes. We develop an eddy tracking tool based on structures in the flow with collecting (attracting) or separating (repelling) properties. In test cases mimicking oceanic flows it yields eddy lifetimes close to the analytical ones. It even provides a detailed view of the dynamics that can be useful to gain more insight into eddy dynamics in oceanic flows.
M. C. H. Tiessen, L. Fernard, T. Gerkema, J. van der Molen, P. Ruardij, and H. W. van der Veer
Ocean Sci., 10, 357–376, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-357-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-357-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Approach: Numerical Models | Depth range: Shelf-sea depth | Geographical range: Shelf Seas | Phenomena: Current Field
Circulation of the European northwest shelf: a Lagrangian perspective
Dynamical connections between large marine ecosystems of austral South America based on numerical simulations
Numerical issues of the Total Exchange Flow (TEF) analysis framework for quantifying estuarine circulation
Large-scale forcing of the European Slope Current and associated inflows to the North Sea
Different approaches to model the nearshore circulation in the south shore of O'ahu, Hawaii
Simulated melt rates for the Totten and Dalton ice shelves
Effect of tidal stream power generation on the region-wide circulation in a shallow sea
Marcel Ricker and Emil V. Stanev
Ocean Sci., 16, 637–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-637-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-637-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The dynamics of the European northwest shelf are analysed using both classical Eulerian and Lagrangian data from simulated particles. Focussing on the latter, a quantity named
normalised cumulative particle densitymeasures particle accumulation. Yearly averages reveal no surface accumulation areas in the deep ocean and elongated patterns on the shelf mainly along fronts. Sensitivity experiments show the influence of tides and wind, unveiling important vertical dynamics in coastal areas.
Karen Guihou, Alberto R. Piola, Elbio D. Palma, and Maria Paz Chidichimo
Ocean Sci., 16, 271–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-271-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-271-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange between the Humboldt and Patagonian large marine ecosystems, the largest marine ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere, is investigated with numerical simulations. Most of the southern Patagonian Shelf waters originate from the South Pacific's upper layer. The exchange takes place mainly through the shelf break via the Cape Horn shelf. The interannual variability of shelf exchange is partly explained by the large-scale wind variability and associated with the Southern Annular Mode.
Marvin Lorenz, Knut Klingbeil, Parker MacCready, and Hans Burchard
Ocean Sci., 15, 601–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-601-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-601-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are areas where riverine and oceanic waters meet and mix. The exchange flow of an estuary describes the water properties of the inflowing and outflowing water. These can be described by simple bulk values for volume fluxes and salinities. This work focuses on the numerics of one computational method for these values, the Total Exchange Flow. We show that only the so-called dividing salinity method is able to reliably calculate the correct values, even for complex situations.
Robert Marsh, Ivan D. Haigh, Stuart A. Cunningham, Mark E. Inall, Marie Porter, and Ben I. Moat
Ocean Sci., 13, 315–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-315-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-315-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To the west of Britain and Ireland, a strong ocean current follows the steep slope that separates the deep Atlantic and the continental shelf. This “Slope Current” exerts an Atlantic influence on the North Sea and its ecosystems. Using a combination of computer modelling and archived data, we find that the Slope Current weakened over 1988–2007, reducing Atlantic influence on the North Sea, due to a combination of warming of the subpolar North Atlantic and weakening winds to the west of Scotland.
Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza and Brian Powell
Ocean Sci., 13, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-31-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-31-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The relevance of including the wave effect into a nearshore circulation model is discussed. Two different approaches are tested in the framework of an operational forecast system. It is shown that the waves are essential to represent the circulation patterns near the coast. While it seams to be ideal to consider the full coupling between surface waves and ocean currents, a computationally cheaper alternative is tested and shown to give equivalent qualitative results.
D. E. Gwyther, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, J. R. Hunter, and J. L. Roberts
Ocean Sci., 10, 267–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-267-2014, 2014
G. I. Shapiro
Ocean Sci., 7, 165–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-165-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-165-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Abdelrhman, M. A.: Simplified modeling of flushing and residence times in 42 embayments in New England, USA, with special attention to Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 62, 339–351, 2005.
Bolin, B. and Rodhe, H.: A note on the concepts of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs, Tellus, 25, 58–62, 1973.
Buijsman, M. C. and Ridderinkhof, H.: Long-term ferry-ADCP observations of tidal currents in the Marsdiep inlet, Cont. Shelf Res., 57, 237–256, 2007a.
Buijsman, M. C. and Ridderinkhof, H.: Water transport at subtidal frequencies in the Marsdiep inlet, J. Sea Res., 58, 255–268, 2007b.
Burchard, H.: Applied Turbulence Modelling in Marine Waters, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Vol. 100, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2002.
Dutour Sikirić, M., Janeković, I., and Kuzmić, M.: A new approach to bathymetry smoothing in sigma-coordinate ocean models, Ocean Model., 29, 128–136, 2009.
Elias, E. P. L., Cleveringa, J., Buijsman, M. C., Roelvink, J. A., and Stive, M. J. F. : Field and model data analysis of sand transport patterns in Texel Tidal inlet (the Netherlands), Coast. Eng., 53, 505–529, 2006.
Gerkema, T., Nauw, J. J., and van der Hout, C. M.: Measurements on the transport of suspended particulate matter in the Vlie Inlet, Neth. J. Geosci., https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.7, in press, 2014.
Jackett, D. R., McDougall, T. J., Feistel, R., Wright, D. G., and Griffies, S. M.: Algorithms for density, potential temperature, conservative temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 1709–1728, 2006.
Jerlov, N.: Marine Optics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1976.
Kondo, J.: Air–sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 9, 91–112, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00232256, 1975.
Li, C.: Subtidal water flux through a multiple-inlet system: observations before and during a cold front event and numerical experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 1877–1892, 2013.
Louters, T. and Gerritsen, F.: Het mysterie van de wadden: hoe een getijdesysteem inspeelt op de zeespiegelstijging (The mystery of the flats: how a tidal system responds to sea level rise), Tech. rep., Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Rijksinstituut voor Kust and Zee (RIKZ), The Hague, 1994 (in Dutch).
Meier, H. E. M.: Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt- and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 74, 610–627, 2007.
Monsen, N. E., Cloern, J. E., Lucas, L. V., and Monismith, S. G.: A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1545–1553, 2002.
Nauw, J. J., Merckelbach, L. M., Ridderinkhof, H., and van Aken, H. M.: Long-term ferry-based observations of the suspended sediment fluxes through the Marsdiep inlet using acoustic Doppler current profilers, J. Sea Res., 87, 17–29, 2014.
Oost, A. P., Hoekstra, P., Wiersma, A., Flemming, B., Lammerts, E. J., Pejrup, M., Hofstede, J., van der Valk, B., Kiden, P., Bartholdy, J., van der Berg, M. W., Vos, P. C., de Vries, S., and Wang, Z. B.: Barrier island management: lessons from the past and directions for the future, Ocean Coast. Manage., 68, 18–38, 2012.
Paulson, C. A. and Simpson, J. J.: Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952–956, 1977.
Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B., and Lentz, S.: Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE, Comput. Geosci., 28, 929–937, 2002.
Plieger, R.: Een Kalman filter voor het Kuststrook model (A Kalman filter for the 'Kuststrook' model), Tech. rep., Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Rijksinstituut voor Kust and Zee (RIKZ), The Hague, 1999 (in Dutch).
Postma, H.: The distribution of temperature and salinity in the Wadden Sea, Tijdschrift van het Koninkijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 67, 34–42, 1950.
Postma, H.: Hydrography of the Wadden Sea: movements and properties of water and particulate matter, Balkema, 1982.
Reise, K., Baptist, M., Burbridge, P., Dankers, N., Ludwig, F., Flemming, B., Oost, A. P., and Smit, C.: The Wadden Sea – a universally outstanding tidal wetland, in: Wadden Sea Ecosystem, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 29, 7–24, 2010.
Ridderinkhof, H.: Tidal and residual flows in the western Dutch Wadden Sea I: numerical model results, Neth. J. Sea Res., 22, 1–21, 1988a.
Ridderinkhof, H.: Tidal and residual flows in the Western Dutch Wadden Sea II: an analytical model to study the constant flow between connected tidal basins, Neth. J. Sea Res., 22, 185–198, 1988b.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic model with a nonaligned vertical coordinate, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 108, 3090, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001047, 2003.
Stanev, E. V., Wolff, J.-O., Burchard, H., Bolding, K., and Flöser, G.: On the circulation in the East Frisian Wadden Sea: numerical modeling and data analysis, Ocean Dynam., 53, 27–51, 2003.
Stips, A. K.: Fitting measured irradiance of Jerlov water types to double exponential functions using R, Tech. rep., Joint Resarch Centre, European Commision, Ispra, 2010.
Stips, A. K., Bolding, K., Pohlmann, T., and Burchard, H.: Simulating the temporal and spatial dynamics of the North Sea using the new model GETM (general estuarine transport model), Ocean Dynam., 54, 266–283, 2004.
van Aken, H. M.: Variability of the water temperature in the western Wadden Sea on tidal to centennial time scales, J. Sea Res., 60, 227–234, 2008a.
van Aken, H. M.: Variability of the salinity in the western Wadden Sea on tidal to centennial time scales, J. Sea Res., 59, 121–132, 2008b.
Verlaan, M. and Heemink, A.: Kalman filtering in two and three-dimensional shallow water flow models, in: Proceedings of Hydroinformatics 98, Denmark, 1061–1068, 1998.
Wiegman, N., Perluka, R., Oude Elberink, S., and Vogelzang, J.: Vaklodingen: de inwintechnieken en hun combinaties. Vergelijking tussen verschillende inwintechnieken en de combinaties ervan ["Vaklodingen" (bathymetric surveys): data collection techniques and their combinations], Tech. rep., AGI-Rapport, AGI-2005-GSMH-012, Adviesdienst Geo-Informatica en ICT (AGI), Delft, 2005 (in Dutch).
Zhang, W. G., Wilkin, J. L., and Chant, R. J.: Modeling the pathways and mean dynamics of river plume dispersal in the New York Bight, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1167–1183, 2009.
Zimmerman, J. T. F.: Mixing and flushing of tidal embayments in the western Dutch Wadden Sea part I: Distribution of salinity and calculation of mixing time scales, Neth. J. Sea Res., 10, 149–191, 1976.
