Ocean Science
Ocean Science
OS
Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-761-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-761-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
Research article
 | 
04 Mar 2026
Research article |  | 04 Mar 2026

Response of a semi-enclosed sea to perturbed freshwater and open ocean salinity forcing

Lars Arneborg, Magnus Hieronymus, Per Pemberton, Ye Liu, and Sam T. Fredriksson

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Short summary
Climate change influences estuaries and their ecosystems not only by rising temperatures but also by salinity changes. This modeling study highlights the magnitude and causes of the Baltic Sea salinity sensitivity to fresh water forcing and changed ocean salinity. The large sensitivity to increased fresh water forcing is shown to be caused by dilution of fresh water within the estuary, recirculation of much of the outflow water back into the estuary, as well as decreasing inflows of ocean water.
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