Ocean Science
Ocean Science
OS
Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-531-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-531-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
Research article
 | 
11 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 11 Feb 2026

Externally-forced and intrinsic variability of the Mediterranean surface and overturning circulations

Damien Héron, Thierry Penduff, Jean-Michel Brankart, Pierre Brasseur, Samuel Somot, Robin Waldman, and Romain Pennel

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Short summary
Our study used realistic ocean simulations to determine how much of the Mediterranean’s circulation is due to natural randomness rather than atmospheric forcing. We found that spontaneous ocean variability is strong in several regions and can persist for years or even decades. This randomness influences how well models and observations can capture the Mediterranean’s response to climate change.
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