Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-3287-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-3287-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
Review article
 | 
21 Oct 2026
Review article |  | 21 Oct 2026

The circulation and water mass (trans)formations in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea and their implications for the deep ocean circulation: a narrative

Bert Rudels and Eddy Carmack

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Short summary
The pathways and transformations of water masses within the Arctic Mediterranean Sea are traced and how waters leaving differ from those entering elucidated. Processes constraining sea ice formation and melting due to atmospheric interaction and exchanges with the underlying ocean are central to understanding the Arctic Ocean. The focus is on the Atlantic water, how its northward circulation affects the Arctic conditions, and how returning, transformed water impacts the global circulation.
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