Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2161-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2161-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
Research article
 | 
16 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 16 Jul 2026

TS-Cast: deep learning for subsurface ocean reconstruction from satellite observations in the northwestern Pacific

Jeong-Yeob Chae, Kathleen A. Donohue, and Jae-Hun Park

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Latest update: 11 Sep 2026
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Short summary
We introduce TS (Temperature-Salinity)-Cast, a novel deep neural network that reconstructs subsurface thermohaline structures from satellite observations. Validated against independent time-series data, TS-Cast achieves root mean squared errors of < 1 °C and < 0.1 psu in the upper 500 m of the Kuroshio Extension, comparable or surpassing data-assimilated numerical models. Critically, we demonstrate that the physical limitations of the input satellite data fundamentally constrain the model's predictive skill.
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