Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3131-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3131-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
An overview of the ocean data ecosystem
Maya Bloch Haimson
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Geosciences, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 31905 Haifa, Israel
Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd (PCB), Tel-Shikmona, P.O. Box 2336, 3109701 Haifa, Israel
Yoav Lehahn
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Marine Geosciences, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 31905 Haifa, Israel
Tomer Sagi
Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7K, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
Related authors
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Yotam Fadida, Vicky Verma, Roy Barkan, Eli Biton, Aviv Solodoch, and Yoav Lehahn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021986/v2, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021986/v2, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In the ultra-oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean, winter phytoplankton blooms are enhanced by submesoscale horizontal stirring. Satellite data and simulations show these currents transport chlorophyll-rich coastal waters offshore, contributing ~24 % to the seasonal surface chlorophyll increase. This highlights the key role of horizontal processes in bloom dynamics and ecosystem regulation.
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Marine Metadata Interoperability Project Semantic Web Services: https://mmisw.org/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Marine Regions: https://marineregions.org/gazetteer.php (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
MarineTLO|A Top Level Ontology for the Marine/Biodiversity Domain: https://projects.ics.forth.gr/isl/MarineTLO/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Mdakane, L. W., Sibolla, B., and Haupt, S.: Exploring the potential of open-data for oceans monitoring with ai analytics, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1/W2-2023, 1467–1472, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1467-2023, 2023.
Member repositories|DataONE: https://www.dataone.org/network/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Mercator Ocean – Ocean Forecasters: https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/en/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
Michener, W., Vieglais, D., Vision, T., Kunze, J., Cruse, P., and Janée, G.: DataONE: Data observation network for earth - preserving data and enabling innovation in the biological and environmental sciences, D-Lib Magazine, 17, https://doi.org/10.1045/january2011-michener, 2011.
Míguez, B. M., Novellino, A., Vinci, M., Claus, S., Calewaert, J. B., Vallius, H., Schmitt, T., Pititto, A., Giorgetti, A., Askew, N., Iona, S., Schaap, D., Pinardi, N., Harpham, Q., Kater, B. J., Populus, J., She, J., Palazov, A. V., McMeel, O., Oset, P., Lear, D., Manzella, G. M. R., Gorringe, P., Simoncelli, S., Larkin, K., Holdsworth, N., Arvanitidis, C. D., Jack, M. E. M., Chaves Montero, M. del M., Herman, P. M. J., and Hernandez, F.: The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet): Visions and roles of the gateway to marine data in Europe, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00313, 2019.
MOSAiC Ontology: https://ontologies.dataone.org/MOSAiC.html (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
MSFD: https://www.msfd.eu/index.html (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI): https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
National Data Buoy Center: https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M.: Digital ecosystems for developing digital twins of the earth: The destination earth case, Remote Sens., 13, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112119, 2021.
NCBO BioPortal: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
NERC Vocabulary Server: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/products/web_services/vocab/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
NetCDF Templates|National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI): https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/netcdf-templates (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
News|CMEMS: https://marine.copernicus.eu/news (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
NOAA Open Data Dissemination (NODD)|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: https://www.noaa.gov/information-technology/open-data-dissemination (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
NOAA Open Data Dissemination (NODD) Program: North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies: https://ncics.org/data/noaa-big-data-project/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
NVS: https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
OBIS-SEAMAP: https://seamap.env.duke.edu/ (last access 24 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Action 2030 – Ocean Panel: https://oceanpanel.org/ocean-action-2030/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Best Practices System: https://www.oceanbestpractices.org/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Biodiversity Information System: https://obis.org/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024a.
Ocean Biodiversity Information System: https://obis.org/data/externalsources/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024b.
Ocean Climate Laboratory|National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI): https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-climate-laboratory (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Data Ecosystem⋅Concept and Instance Map/Main view⋅Kumu: https://kumu.io/odini/ocean-data-ecosystem (last access: 10 November 2025), 2024.
Ocean Data Information System: https://odis.org/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Decade – The Science We Need For The Ocean We Want: https://oceandecade.org/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
Ocean Infohub: https://oceaninfohub.org/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
OceanOPS: https://www.ocean-ops.org/board (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
ODINI/Ocean Data Ecosystem Model⋅GitLab: https://gitlab.com/odini_dev/data-ecosystem-model (last access: 16 September 2025), 2025.
ODIP: http://www.odip.org/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
ODV – SeaDataNet: https://www.seadatanet.org/Software/ODV (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
ODV: ODV: https://odv.awi.de/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
Oliveira, M. I. S., de Lima, G. F. B., and Lóscio, B. F.: Investigations into Data Ecosystems: a systematic mapping study, Knowl. Inf. Syst., 61, 589–630, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1323-6 , 2019.
Ontologies – EU Vocabularies - Publications Office of the EU: https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/ontologies (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Ontologies, Common Vocabularies, and Identifiers – The US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS): https://ioos.noaa.gov/data/data-standards/ontologies-common-vocabularies-identifiers/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Open Science – Creative Commons: https://creativecommons.org/about/open-science/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
OSF|Oceanic Data Description Extraction Project: https://osf.io/8vafs/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
OSP Maritime Domain Ontology – Open Simulation Platform: https://opensimulationplatform.com/mdo/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Overview|NETMAR: https://netmar.nersc.no/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
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Pecci, L., Fichaut, M., and Schaap, D.: SeaDataNet, an enhanced ocean data infrastructure giving services to scientists and society, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/509/1/012042, 2020.
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Pinardi, N., Stander, J., Legler, D., O'Brien, K., Boyer, T., Cuff, T., Garcia, H., Freeman, E., Sun, C., Gates, L., Gong, Z., Iona, A., Xinyang, Y., Bahurel, P., Belbouch, M., Belov, S., Brunner, S. L., Burger, E. F., Carval, T., Chang-Seng, D., Charpentier, E., Coppini, G., Fischer, A. S., Gallage, C., Hermes, J., Heslop, E., Grimes, S., Hill, K. L., Horsburgh, K. J., Mancini, S., Moodie, N., Ouellet, M., Poli, P., Pissierssens, P., Proctor, R., Smith, N., Swail, V., and Turton, J. D.: The Joint IOC (of UNESCO) and WMO collaborative effort for met-ocean services, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00410, 2019.
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Rueda, C., Bermudez, L., and Fredericks, J.: The MMI ontology registry and repository: A portal for marine metadata interoperability, in: MTS/IEEE Biloxi – Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges, OCEANS 2009, https://doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2009.5422206, 2009.
Ryabinin, V., Barbière, J., Haugan, P., Kullenberg, G., Smith, N., McLean, C., Troisi, A., Fischer, A. S., Aricò, S., Aarup, T., Pissierssens, P., Visbeck, M., Enevoldsen, H., and Rigaud, J.: The UN decade of ocean science for sustainable development, Front. Mar. Sci., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00470, 2019.
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SeaView Data: https://seaviewdata.org/ (last access: 23 December 2024), 2024.
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Sensitive Data Ontology (SENSO): https://ontologies.dataone.org/SENSO.html (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
Simons Collaborative Marine Atlas Project: https://simonscmap.com/ (last access: 24 December 2024), 2024.
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Short summary
In this review paper we aim to create an easy-to-navigate map of the field of ocean data, enabling the reader to establish a broad understanding of the ocean data sector, and bridging gaps between different disciplines and levels of familiarity with ocean data. This is done through the concept of the "data ecosystem", which is used to describe the actors, organisations, and infrastructures involved in all aspects of the data value chain.
In this review paper we aim to create an easy-to-navigate map of the field of ocean data,...
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