Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-779-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-779-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
14 Jun 2024
Review article |
| 14 Jun 2024
| 14 Jun 2024
New insights into the eastern subpolar North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation from OVIDE
University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Plouzané, 29280, France
Damien Desbruyères
University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Plouzané, 29280, France
Pascale Lherminier
University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Plouzané, 29280, France
Antón Velo
Departamento de Oceanografía, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
Lidia Carracedo
University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Plouzané, 29280, France
Marcos Fontela
Departamento de Oceanografía, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
Fiz F. Pérez
Departamento de Oceanografía, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
Related authors
Yavor Kostov, Marie-José Messias, Herlé Mercier, David P. Marshall, and Helen L. Johnson
Ocean Sci., 20, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine factors affecting variability in the volume of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), a water mass that is important for the uptake and storage of heat and carbon in the Atlantic Ocean. We find that LSW accumulated in the Labrador Sea exhibits a lagged response to remote conditions: surface wind stress, heat flux, and freshwater flux anomalies, especially along the pathways of the North Atlantic Current branches. We use our results to reconstruct and attribute historical changes in LSW volume.
Tillys Petit, Virginie Thierry, and Herlé Mercier
Ocean Sci., 18, 1055–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water is a dense water carried within the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. From a combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018, our study analyzes the pathways and evolution of its properties as it flows through a main fracture of the Reykjanes Ridge, the Bight Fracture Zone (BFZ). We show that 0.8 ± 0.2 Sv of ISOW flows through the BFZ and is mainly homogenized within the rift valley of the ridge.
Gilles Reverdin, Claire Waelbroeck, Catherine Pierre, Camille Akhoudas, Giovanni Aloisi, Marion Benetti, Bernard Bourlès, Magnus Danielsen, Jérôme Demange, Denis Diverrès, Jean-Claude Gascard, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Hervé Le Goff, Pascale Lherminier, Claire Lo Monaco, Herlé Mercier, Nicolas Metzl, Simon Morisset, Aïcha Naamar, Thierry Reynaud, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Virginie Thierry, Susan E. Hartman, Edward W. Mawji, Solveig Olafsdottir, Torsten Kanzow, Anton Velo, Antje Voelker, Igor Yashayaev, F. Alexander Haumann, Melanie J. Leng, Carol Arrowsmith, and Michael Meredith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2721–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CISE-LOCEAN seawater stable isotope dataset has close to 8000 data entries. The δ18O and δD isotopic data measured at LOCEAN have uncertainties of at most 0.05 ‰ and 0.25 ‰, respectively. Some data were adjusted to correct for evaporation. The internal consistency indicates that the data can be used to investigate time and space variability to within 0.03 ‰ and 0.15 ‰ in δ18O–δD17; comparisons with data analyzed in other institutions suggest larger differences with other datasets.
Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, and Virginie Thierry
Ocean Sci., 16, 99–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The region south of Cape Farewell (SCF) is recognized as a deep convection site. Convection deeper than 1300 m occurred SCF in 2015 and persisted during three additional winters. Extreme air–sea buoyancy fluxes caused the 2015 event. For the following winters, air–sea fluxes were close to the climatological average, but local cooling above 800 m and the advection below 1200 m of a fresh anomaly from the Labrador Sea decreased stratification and allowed for the persistence of deep convection.
Damien G. Desbruyères, Herlé Mercier, Guillaume Maze, and Nathalie Daniault
Ocean Sci., 15, 809–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the North Atlantic, ocean currents transport warm waters northward in the upper water column, and cold waters southwards at depth. This circulation is here reconstructed from surface data and thermodynamics theory. Its driving role in recent temperature changes (1993–2017) in the North Atlantic is evidenced, and predictions of near-future variability (5 years) are provided and discussed.
Géraldine Sarthou, Pascale Lherminier, Eric P. Achterberg, Fernando Alonso-Pérez, Eva Bucciarelli, Julia Boutorh, Vincent Bouvier, Edward A. Boyle, Pierre Branellec, Lidia I. Carracedo, Nuria Casacuberta, Maxi Castrillejo, Marie Cheize, Leonardo Contreira Pereira, Daniel Cossa, Nathalie Daniault, Emmanuel De Saint-Léger, Frank Dehairs, Feifei Deng, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Jérémy Devesa, Lorna Foliot, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Morgane Gallinari, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Arthur Gourain, Emilie Grossteffan, Michel Hamon, Lars Eric Heimbürger, Gideon M. Henderson, Catherine Jeandel, Catherine Kermabon, François Lacan, Philippe Le Bot, Manon Le Goff, Emilie Le Roy, Alison Lefèbvre, Stéphane Leizour, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Pere Masqué, Olivier Ménage, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Herlé Mercier, Fabien Perault, Fiz F. Pérez, Hélène F. Planquette, Frédéric Planchon, Arnout Roukaerts, Virginie Sanial, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Catherine Schmechtig, Rachel U. Shelley, Gillian Stewart, Jill N. Sutton, Yi Tang, Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde, Manon Tonnard, Paul Tréguer, Pieter van Beek, Cheryl M. Zurbrick, and Patricia Zunino
Biogeosciences, 15, 7097–7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The GEOVIDE cruise (GEOTRACES Section GA01) was conducted in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea in May–June 2014. In this special issue, results from GEOVIDE, including physical oceanography and trace element and isotope cyclings, are presented among 17 articles. Here, the scientific context, project objectives, and scientific strategy of GEOVIDE are provided, along with an overview of the main results from the articles published in the special issue.
Virginie Racapé, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, Pascale Lherminier, Laurent Bopp, Fiz F. Pérèz, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 15, 4661–4682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study of a model–data comparison investigates the relationship between transport, air–sea flux and storage rate of Cant in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean over the past 53 years. It reveals the key role played by Central Water for storing Cant in the subtropical region and for supplying Cant into the deep ocean. The Cant transfer to the deep ocean occurred mainly north of the OVIDE section, and just a small fraction was exported to the subtropical gyre within the lower MOC.
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Fiz F. Pérez, Pascale Lherminier, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, and Paul Tréguer
Biogeosciences, 15, 2075–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, 2018
Patricia Zunino, Pascale Lherminier, Herlé Mercier, Nathalie Daniault, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 14, 5323–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The heat content in the subpolar North Atlantic is in a new phase of long-term decrease from the mid-2000s, which intensified in 2013–2014. We focus on the pronounced heat content drop. In summer 2014, the MOC intensity was higher than the mean (2002–2012) and the heat transport was also relatively high. We show that the air–sea heat flux is responsible for most of the intense cooling. Concurrently, we observed freshwater content increase mainly explained by the air–sea freshwater flux.
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Patricia Zunino, Friederike Fröb, Lidia I. Carracedo, Aida F. Ríos, Herlé Mercier, Are Olsen, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 13, 3701–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the progressive acidification (pH decrease) of the North Atlantic waters from direct observations between 1991 and 2015. The greatest pH decreases were observed in surface and intermediate waters. We conclude that the observed pH decreases are a consequence of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. In addition we find that they have been partially offset by alkalinity increases.
P. Zunino, M. I. Garcia-Ibañez, P. Lherminier, H. Mercier, A. F. Rios, and F. F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 11, 2375–2389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, 2014
David Curbelo-Hernández, Fiz F. Pérez, Melchor González-Dávila, Sergey V. Gladyshev, Aridane G. González, David González-Santana, Antón Velo, Alexey Sokov, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1388, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluated CO2-carbonate system dynamics in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre from 2009 to 2019. Significant ocean acidification, largely due to rising anthropogenic CO2 levels, was found. Cooling, freshening, and enhanced convective processes intensified this trend, affecting calcite and aragonite saturation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Ocean Acidification and improve our knowledge about its impact on marine ecosystems.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Yavor Kostov, Marie-José Messias, Herlé Mercier, David P. Marshall, and Helen L. Johnson
Ocean Sci., 20, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine factors affecting variability in the volume of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), a water mass that is important for the uptake and storage of heat and carbon in the Atlantic Ocean. We find that LSW accumulated in the Labrador Sea exhibits a lagged response to remote conditions: surface wind stress, heat flux, and freshwater flux anomalies, especially along the pathways of the North Atlantic Current branches. We use our results to reconstruct and attribute historical changes in LSW volume.
Christoph Heinze, Thorsten Blenckner, Peter Brown, Friederike Fröb, Anne Morée, Adrian L. New, Cara Nissen, Stefanie Rynders, Isabel Seguro, Yevgeny Aksenov, Yuri Artioli, Timothée Bourgeois, Friedrich Burger, Jonathan Buzan, B. B. Cael, Veli Çağlar Yumruktepe, Melissa Chierici, Christopher Danek, Ulf Dieckmann, Agneta Fransson, Thomas Frölicher, Giovanni Galli, Marion Gehlen, Aridane G. González, Melchor Gonzalez-Davila, Nicolas Gruber, Örjan Gustafsson, Judith Hauck, Mikko Heino, Stephanie Henson, Jenny Hieronymus, I. Emma Huertas, Fatma Jebri, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Fortunat Joos, Jaideep Joshi, Stephen Kelly, Nandini Menon, Precious Mongwe, Laurent Oziel, Sólveig Ólafsdottir, Julien Palmieri, Fiz F. Pérez, Rajamohanan Pillai Ranith, Juliano Ramanantsoa, Tilla Roy, Dagmara Rusiecka, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Miriam Seifert, Anna Shchiptsova, Bablu Sinha, Christopher Somes, Reiner Steinfeldt, Dandan Tao, Jerry Tjiputra, Adam Ulfsbo, Christoph Völker, Tsuyoshi Wakamatsu, and Ying Ye
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-182, 2023
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
For assessing the consequences of human-induced climate change for the marine realm, it is necessary to not only look at gradual changes but also at abrupt changes of environmental conditions. We summarise abrupt changes in ocean warming, acidification, and oxygen concentration as the key environmental factors for ecosystems. Taking these abrupt changes into account requires greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced to a larger extent than previously thought to limit respective damage.
Victor Rousseau, Robin Fraudeau, Matthew Hammond, Odilon Joël Houndegnonto, Michaël Ablain, Alejandro Blazquez, Fransisco Mir Calafat, Damien Desbruyères, Giuseppe Foti, William Llovel, Florence Marti, Benoît Meyssignac, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-236, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of regional Ocean Heat Content (OHC) is crucial for climate analysis and future climate predictions. In our study, we accurately estimate regional OHC changes in the Atlantic Ocean using satellite and in situ data. Findings reveal significant warming in the Atlantic basin from 2002 to 2020 with a mean trend of 0.17W/m², representing 230 times the power of global nuclear plants. The product has also been successfully validated in the North Atlantic basin using in situ data.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Tillys Petit, Virginie Thierry, and Herlé Mercier
Ocean Sci., 18, 1055–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water is a dense water carried within the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. From a combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018, our study analyzes the pathways and evolution of its properties as it flows through a main fracture of the Reykjanes Ridge, the Bight Fracture Zone (BFZ). We show that 0.8 ± 0.2 Sv of ISOW flows through the BFZ and is mainly homogenized within the rift valley of the ridge.
Gilles Reverdin, Claire Waelbroeck, Catherine Pierre, Camille Akhoudas, Giovanni Aloisi, Marion Benetti, Bernard Bourlès, Magnus Danielsen, Jérôme Demange, Denis Diverrès, Jean-Claude Gascard, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Hervé Le Goff, Pascale Lherminier, Claire Lo Monaco, Herlé Mercier, Nicolas Metzl, Simon Morisset, Aïcha Naamar, Thierry Reynaud, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Virginie Thierry, Susan E. Hartman, Edward W. Mawji, Solveig Olafsdottir, Torsten Kanzow, Anton Velo, Antje Voelker, Igor Yashayaev, F. Alexander Haumann, Melanie J. Leng, Carol Arrowsmith, and Michael Meredith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2721–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CISE-LOCEAN seawater stable isotope dataset has close to 8000 data entries. The δ18O and δD isotopic data measured at LOCEAN have uncertainties of at most 0.05 ‰ and 0.25 ‰, respectively. Some data were adjusted to correct for evaporation. The internal consistency indicates that the data can be used to investigate time and space variability to within 0.03 ‰ and 0.15 ‰ in δ18O–δD17; comparisons with data analyzed in other institutions suggest larger differences with other datasets.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, and María Dolores Doval
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-33, 2021
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
We created a weekly database of pH and total alkalinity in a coastal upwelling system between 1992 and 2019. This product is very relevant to analyze the natural variability and the anthropogenic influence in the CO2 system in order to gain knowledge about the drivers of the variability and the possible future conditions of the Ría de Vigo. Biological ocean acidification experiments can also take advantage of this product to better restrict its parameters.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Marion Lagarde, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Hélène Planquette, Mélanie Grenier, Moustafa Belhadj, Pascale Lherminier, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 17, 5539–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5539-2020, 2020
Xosé Antonio Padin, Antón Velo, and Fiz F. Pérez
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2647–2663, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2647-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2647-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The ARIOS (Acidification in the Rias and the Iberian Continental Shelf) database holds biogeochemical information from 3357 oceanographic stations, giving 17 653 discrete samples. This unique collection is a starting point for evaluating ocean acidification in the Iberian upwelling system, characterized by intense biogeochemical interactions as an observation-based analysis, or for use as inputs in a coupled physical–biogeochemical model to disentangle these interactions at the ecosystem level.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lijing Cheng, Matthew D. Palmer, James Hansen, Caterina Tassone, Valentin Aich, Susheel Adusumilli, Hugo Beltrami, Tim Boyer, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Damien Desbruyères, Catia Domingues, Almudena García-García, Pierre Gentine, John Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Masayoshi Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian A. King, Gottfried Kirchengast, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, John Lyman, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Maeva Monier, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Axel Schweiger, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Andrew Shepherd, Donald A. Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Fiammetta Straneo, Mary-Louise Timmermans, and Susan E. Wijffels
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2013–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to obtain the Earth heat inventory over the period 1960–2018.
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, and Alex Kozyr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1725–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work offers a vision of the global ocean regarding the carbon cycle and the implications of ocean acidification through a climatology of a changing variable in the context of climate change: total dissolved inorganic carbon. The climatology was designed through artificial intelligence techniques to represent the mean state of the present ocean. It is very useful to introduce in models to evaluate the state of the ocean from different perspectives.
Ben I. Moat, David A. Smeed, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Damien G. Desbruyères, Claudie Beaulieu, William E. Johns, Darren Rayner, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Molly O. Baringer, Denis Volkov, Laura C. Jackson, and Harry L. Bryden
Ocean Sci., 16, 863–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The RAPID 26° N array has been measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since 2004. Since 2009 the AMOC has, compared with previous years, been in a low state. In 2013–2015, in the northern North Atlantic, strong cooling was observed in the ocean and anticipated to intensify the strength of the AMOC some years later. Here, we analyse the latest results from 26° N and conclude that while the AMOC has increased since 2009, this increase is not statistically significant.
Juan L. Herrera, Jose González, Fiz F. Pérez, Gabriel Rosón, and Ramiro A. Varela
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-45, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-45, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic Acidification (OA) is a big concern linked to climate change. Project A.RIOS is creating a network to monitor OA at the Galician coast (NW Spain). Between 2017 and May 2019, we moored a pH recording device four times at the Ría de Vigo. We present the pH data collected along with other seawater variables. All the data is available at PANGEA (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909933). We think that this data improves the Ría pH database by much.
Manon Tonnard, Hélène Planquette, Andrew R. Bowie, Pier van der Merwe, Morgane Gallinari, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Yoan Germain, Arthur Gourain, Marion Benetti, Gilles Reverdin, Paul Tréguer, Julia Boutorh, Marie Cheize, François Lacan, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Leonardo Pereira-Contreira, Rachel Shelley, Pascale Lherminier, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 17, 917–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the spatial distribution of dissolved Fe during spring 2014, in order to understand the processes influencing the biogeochemical cycle in the North Atlantic. Our results highlighted elevated Fe close to riverine inputs at the Iberian Margin and glacial inputs at the Newfoundland and Greenland margins. Atmospheric deposition appeared to be a minor source of Fe. Convection was an important source of Fe in the Irminger Sea, which was depleted in Fe relative to nitrate.
Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, and Virginie Thierry
Ocean Sci., 16, 99–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The region south of Cape Farewell (SCF) is recognized as a deep convection site. Convection deeper than 1300 m occurred SCF in 2015 and persisted during three additional winters. Extreme air–sea buoyancy fluxes caused the 2015 event. For the following winters, air–sea fluxes were close to the climatological average, but local cooling above 800 m and the advection below 1200 m of a fresh anomaly from the Labrador Sea decreased stratification and allowed for the persistence of deep convection.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Henry C. Bittig, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Steve D. Jones, Sara Jutterström, Maren K. Karlsen, Alex Kozyr, Siv K. Lauvset, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Maciej Telszewski, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2019 is the first update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 840 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2017.
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Melchor González-Dávila, Emil Jeansson, Alex Kozyr, and Steven M. A. C. van Heuven
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1109–1127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we are contributing to the knowledge of the consequences of climate change in the ocean. We have focused on a variable related to this process: total alkalinity. We have designed a monthly climatology of total alkalinity using artificial intelligence techniques, that is, a representation of the average capacity of the ocean in the last decades to decelerate the consequences of climate change. The climatology is especially useful to infer the evolution of the ocean through models.
Damien G. Desbruyères, Herlé Mercier, Guillaume Maze, and Nathalie Daniault
Ocean Sci., 15, 809–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the North Atlantic, ocean currents transport warm waters northward in the upper water column, and cold waters southwards at depth. This circulation is here reconstructed from surface data and thermodynamics theory. Its driving role in recent temperature changes (1993–2017) in the North Atlantic is evidenced, and predictions of near-future variability (5 years) are provided and discussed.
Arthur Gourain, Hélène Planquette, Marie Cheize, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Rachel Shelley, Pascale Lherminier, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 16, 1563–1582, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1563-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1563-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The GEOVIDE cruise (May–June 2014, R/V Pourquoi Pas?) aimed to provide a better understanding of trace metal biogeochemical cycles in the North Atlantic. As particles play a key role in the global biogeochemical cycle of trace elements in the ocean, we discuss the distribution of particulate iron (PFe). Lithogenic sources appear to dominate the PFe cycle through margin and benthic inputs.
Feifei Deng, Gideon M. Henderson, Maxi Castrillejo, Fiz F. Perez, and Reiner Steinfeldt
Biogeosciences, 15, 7299–7313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7299-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7299-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To better use Pa / Th to reconstruct deep water ventilation rate, we assessed controls on 230Th and 231Pa in the northern North Atlantic. With extended optimum multi-parameter analysis and CFC-based water-mass age, we found the imprint of young overflow water on Th and Pa and enhanced scavenging near the seafloor. A significantly higher advective loss of Pa to the south relative to Th in the Atlantic was estimated, supporting the use of Pa / Th for assessing basin-scale meridional transport.
Géraldine Sarthou, Pascale Lherminier, Eric P. Achterberg, Fernando Alonso-Pérez, Eva Bucciarelli, Julia Boutorh, Vincent Bouvier, Edward A. Boyle, Pierre Branellec, Lidia I. Carracedo, Nuria Casacuberta, Maxi Castrillejo, Marie Cheize, Leonardo Contreira Pereira, Daniel Cossa, Nathalie Daniault, Emmanuel De Saint-Léger, Frank Dehairs, Feifei Deng, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Jérémy Devesa, Lorna Foliot, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Morgane Gallinari, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Arthur Gourain, Emilie Grossteffan, Michel Hamon, Lars Eric Heimbürger, Gideon M. Henderson, Catherine Jeandel, Catherine Kermabon, François Lacan, Philippe Le Bot, Manon Le Goff, Emilie Le Roy, Alison Lefèbvre, Stéphane Leizour, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Pere Masqué, Olivier Ménage, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Herlé Mercier, Fabien Perault, Fiz F. Pérez, Hélène F. Planquette, Frédéric Planchon, Arnout Roukaerts, Virginie Sanial, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Catherine Schmechtig, Rachel U. Shelley, Gillian Stewart, Jill N. Sutton, Yi Tang, Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde, Manon Tonnard, Paul Tréguer, Pieter van Beek, Cheryl M. Zurbrick, and Patricia Zunino
Biogeosciences, 15, 7097–7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The GEOVIDE cruise (GEOTRACES Section GA01) was conducted in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea in May–June 2014. In this special issue, results from GEOVIDE, including physical oceanography and trace element and isotope cyclings, are presented among 17 articles. Here, the scientific context, project objectives, and scientific strategy of GEOVIDE are provided, along with an overview of the main results from the articles published in the special issue.
Maxi Castrillejo, Núria Casacuberta, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Hans-Arno Synal, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Pascale Lherminier, Géraldine Sarthou, Jordi Garcia-Orellana, and Pere Masqué
Biogeosciences, 15, 5545–5564, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5545-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5545-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The investigation of water mass transport pathways and timescales is important to understand the global ocean circulation. Following earlier studies, we use artificial radionuclides introduced to the oceans in the 1950s to investigate the water transport in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA). For the first time, we combine measurements of the long-lived iodine-129 and uranium-236 to confirm earlier findings/hypotheses and to better understand shallow and deep ventilation processes in the SPNA.
Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Christian Schlosser, Hélène Planquette, Arthur Gourain, Marie Cheize, Julia Boutorh, Rachel Shelley, Leonardo Contreira Pereira, Martha Gledhill, Mark J. Hopwood, François Lacan, Pascale Lherminier, Geraldine Sarthou, and Eric P. Achterberg
Biogeosciences, 15, 5271–5286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5271-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5271-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the North Atlantic and Labrador Sea, low aerosol deposition and enhanced primary productivity control the dissolved aluminium (dAl) surface distribution, while remineralization of particles seems to control the distribution at depth. DAl in the ocean allows us to indirectly quantify the amount of dust deposited to a given region for a given period. Hence, the study of its distribution, cycling, sources, and sinks is of major importance to improve aerosol deposition models and climate models.
Virginie Racapé, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, Pascale Lherminier, Laurent Bopp, Fiz F. Pérèz, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 15, 4661–4682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study of a model–data comparison investigates the relationship between transport, air–sea flux and storage rate of Cant in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean over the past 53 years. It reveals the key role played by Central Water for storing Cant in the subtropical region and for supplying Cant into the deep ocean. The Cant transfer to the deep ocean occurred mainly north of the OVIDE section, and just a small fraction was exported to the subtropical gyre within the lower MOC.
Emilie Le Roy, Virginie Sanial, Matthew A. Charette, Pieter van Beek, François Lacan, Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, Paul B. Henderson, Marc Souhaut, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Catherine Jeandel, Fiz F. Pérez, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 15, 3027–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We report detailed sections of radium-226 (226Ra, T1/2 = 1602 y) activities and barium (Ba) concentrations determined in the North Atlantic (Portugal–Greenland–Canada) in the framework of the international GEOTRACES program (GA01 section–GEOVIDE project, May–July 2014). Dissolved 226Ra and Ba are strongly correlated along the section, which may reflect their similar chemical behavior.
Daniel Cossa, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Fiz F. Pérez, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Jeroen E. Sonke, Hélène Planquette, Pascale Lherminier, Julia Boutorh, Marie Cheize, Jan Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Rachel Shelley, and Géraldine Sarthou
Biogeosciences, 15, 2309–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2309-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2309-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We first report the mercury distribution in the water section across the subpolar and subtropical gyres of the North Atlantic Ocean (GEOTRACES-GA01 transect). It allows the characterisation of various seawater types in terms of mercury content and the quantification of mercury transport associated with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. It shows the nutrient-like biogeochemical behaviour of mercury in this ocean.
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Fiz F. Pérez, Pascale Lherminier, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, and Paul Tréguer
Biogeosciences, 15, 2075–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, 2018
Friederike Fröb, Are Olsen, Fiz F. Pérez, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Emil Jeansson, Abdirahman Omar, and Siv K. Lauvset
Biogeosciences, 15, 51–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-51-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-51-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
On long timescales, the inventory of total dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean is mainly driven by the increase in anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere due to human activities. On short timescales, however, the anthropogenic signal can be masked by the variability in natural inorganic carbon, shown in this study based on Irminger Sea cruise data from 1991 to 2015. In order to estimate oceanic carbon budgets, we suggest jointly assessing natural, anthropogenic and total carbon.
Patricia Zunino, Pascale Lherminier, Herlé Mercier, Nathalie Daniault, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 14, 5323–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The heat content in the subpolar North Atlantic is in a new phase of long-term decrease from the mid-2000s, which intensified in 2013–2014. We focus on the pronounced heat content drop. In summer 2014, the MOC intensity was higher than the mean (2002–2012) and the heat transport was also relatively high. We show that the air–sea heat flux is responsible for most of the intense cooling. Concurrently, we observed freshwater content increase mainly explained by the air–sea freshwater flux.
Are Olsen, Robert M. Key, Steven van Heuven, Siv K. Lauvset, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Pérez, and Toru Suzuki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The GLODAPv2 data product collects data from more than 700 hydrographic cruises into a global and internally calibrated product. It provides access to the data from almost all ocean carbon cruises carried out since the 1970s and is a unique resource for marine science, in particular regarding the ocean carbon cycle. GLODAPv2 will form the foundation for future routine synthesis of hydrographic data of the same sort.
Siv K. Lauvset, Robert M. Key, Are Olsen, Steven van Heuven, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Perez, Toru Suzuki, and Sylvain Watelet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the mapped climatologies that are part of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 (GLODAPv2). GLODAPv2 is a uniformly calibrated open ocean data product on inorganic carbon and carbon-relevant variables. Global mapped climatologies of the total dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, saturation state of calcite and aragonite, anthropogenic carbon, preindustrial carbon content, inorganic macronutrients, oxygen, salinity, and temperature have been created.
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Patricia Zunino, Friederike Fröb, Lidia I. Carracedo, Aida F. Ríos, Herlé Mercier, Are Olsen, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 13, 3701–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the progressive acidification (pH decrease) of the North Atlantic waters from direct observations between 1991 and 2015. The greatest pH decreases were observed in surface and intermediate waters. We conclude that the observed pH decreases are a consequence of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. In addition we find that they have been partially offset by alkalinity increases.
C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, R. M. Andrew, J. G. Canadell, S. Sitch, J. I. Korsbakken, P. Friedlingstein, G. P. Peters, R. J. Andres, T. A. Boden, R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, R. F. Keeling, P. Tans, A. Arneth, D. C. E. Bakker, L. Barbero, L. Bopp, J. Chang, F. Chevallier, L. P. Chini, P. Ciais, M. Fader, R. A. Feely, T. Gkritzalis, I. Harris, J. Hauck, T. Ilyina, A. K. Jain, E. Kato, V. Kitidis, K. Klein Goldewijk, C. Koven, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. Lenton, I. D. Lima, N. Metzl, F. Millero, D. R. Munro, A. Murata, J. E. M. S. Nabel, S. Nakaoka, Y. Nojiri, K. O'Brien, A. Olsen, T. Ono, F. F. Pérez, B. Pfeil, D. Pierrot, B. Poulter, G. Rehder, C. Rödenbeck, S. Saito, U. Schuster, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, T. Steinhoff, B. D. Stocker, A. J. Sutton, T. Takahashi, B. Tilbrook, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, G. R. van der Werf, S. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, N. Viovy, A. Wiltshire, S. Zaehle, and N. Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 349–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. We describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on a range of data and models and their interpretation by a broad scientific community.
P. Zunino, M. I. Garcia-Ibañez, P. Lherminier, H. Mercier, A. F. Rios, and F. F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 11, 2375–2389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Approach: In situ Observations | Properties and processes: Overturning circulation, gyres and water masses
Observed change and the extent of coherence in the Gulf Stream system
Anomalous North Pacific subtropical mode water volume and density decrease in a recent stable Kuroshio Extension period from Argo observations
The Southern Ocean deep mixing band emerges from a competition between winter buoyancy loss and upper stratification strength
Comparing observed and modelled components of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26° N
Continued warming of deep waters in Fram Strait
Water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments
Long-term eddy modulation affects the meridional asymmetry of the halocline in the Beaufort Gyre
Technical note: Determining Arctic Ocean halocline and cold halostad depths based on vertical stability
The Iceland–Faroe warm-water flow towards the Arctic estimated from satellite altimetry and in situ observations
Helene Asbjørnsen, Tor Eldevik, Johanne Skrefsrud, Helen L. Johnson, and Alejandra Sanchez-Franks
Ocean Sci., 20, 799–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf Stream system is essential for northward ocean heat transport. Here, we use observations along the path of the extended Gulf Stream system and an observationally constrained ocean model to investigate variability in the Gulf Stream system since the 1990s. We find regional differences in the variability between the subtropical, subpolar, and Nordic Seas regions, which warrants caution in using observational records at a single latitude to infer large-scale circulation change.
Jing Sheng, Cong Liu, Yanzhen Gu, Peiliang Li, Fangguo Zhai, and Ning Zhou
Ocean Sci., 20, 817–834, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The homogeneous water column, named mode water, retains atmosphere conditions and biogeochemical elements from the deep winter mixed layer and became weaker and warmer in the North Pacific subtropical ocean in 2018–2021 even though the Kuroshio Extension was stable. Locally anomalous east wind transporting warm water to the north and enhanced near-surface stratification hinder the deepening of the winter mixed layer. This study has broad implications for climate change and biogeochemical cycles.
Romain Caneill, Fabien Roquet, and Jonas Nycander
Ocean Sci., 20, 601–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In winter, heat loss increases density at the surface of the Southern Ocean. This increase in density creates a mixed layer deeper than 250 m only in a narrow deep mixing band (DMB) located around 50° S. North of the DMB, the stratification is too strong to be eroded, so mixed layers are shallower. The density of cold water is almost not impacted by temperature changes. Thus, heat loss does not significantly increase the density south of the DMB, so no deep mixed layers are produced.
Harry Bryden, Jordi Beunk, Sybren Drijfhout, Wilco Hazeleger, and Jennifer Mecking
Ocean Sci., 20, 589–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is widespread interest in whether the Gulf Stream will decline under global warming. We analyse 19 coupled climate model projections of the AMOC over the 21st century. The model consensus is that the AMOC will decline by about 40 % due to reductions in northward Gulf Stream transport and southward deep western boundary current transport. Whilst the wind-driven Gulf Stream decreases by 4 Sv, most of the decrease in the Gulf Stream is due to a reduction of 7 Sv in its thermohaline component.
Salar Karam, Céline Heuzé, Mario Hoppmann, and Laura de Steur
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-458, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A long-term mooring array in Fram Strait allows for an evaluation in decadal trends in temperature in this major oceanic gateway into the Arctic. Since the 1980’s, the deep waters of the Greenland Sea and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic have warmed rapidly at a rate of 0.11 °C and 0.05 °C per decade, respectively, at a depth of 2500 m. We show that the temperatures of the two basins converged around 2017, and that the deep waters of the Greenland Sea are now a heat source for the Arctic Ocean.
Jessica Kolbusz, Jan Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan Jamieson
Ocean Sci., 20, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We collected observations of the ocean environment at depths over 6000 m in the Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific using sensor-equipped landers. We found that trench locations impact the water characteristics over these depths. Moving northward, they generally warmed but differed due to their position along bottom water circulation paths. These insights stress the importance of further research in understanding the environment of these deep regions and their importance.
Jinling Lu, Ling Du, and Shuhao Tao
Ocean Sci., 19, 1773–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1773-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1773-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With the recent developments in observations and reanalysis data in the Beaufort Gyre, we investigate an improved understanding of eddy activity and asymmetrical halocline variability in the upper ocean. The halocline structures on the southern and northern sides of the central gyre have tended to be identical since 2014. The results suggest that enhanced eddy modulation through eddy fluxes influences oceanic stratification, resulting in reduced meridional asymmetry of the halocline.
Enrico P. Metzner and Marc Salzmann
Ocean Sci., 19, 1453–1464, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1453-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean cold halocline separates the cold surface mixed layer from the underlying warm Atlantic Water, and thus provides a precondition for sea ice formation. Here, we introduce a new method for detecting the halocline base and compare it to two existing methods. We show that the largest differences between the methods are found in the regions that are most prone to a halocline retreat in a warming climate, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods.
Bogi Hansen, Karin M. H. Larsen, Hjálmar Hátún, Steffen M. Olsen, Andrea M. U. Gierisch, Svein Østerhus, and Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir
Ocean Sci., 19, 1225–1252, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on in situ observations combined with sea level anomaly (SLA) data from satellite altimetry, volume as well as heat (relative to 0 °C) transport of the Iceland–Faroe warm-water inflow towards the Arctic (IF inflow) increased from 1993 to 2021. The reprocessed SLA data released in December 2021 represent observed variations accurately. The IF inflow crosses the Iceland–Faroe Ridge in two branches, with retroflection in between. The associated coupling to overflow reduces predictability.
Cited articles
Bacon, S.: RRS Discovery cruise 230, 07 Aug–17 Sep 1997. Two hydrographic sections across the boundaries of the Subpolar Gyre: FOUREX, Southampton Oceanographic Center, Cruise Report 16, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, 104 pp., https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/306/ (last access: 5 June 2024), 1998.
Böning, C. W., Scheinert, M., Dengg, J., Biastoch, A., and Funk, A.: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026906, 2006.
Bretherton, C. S., Widmann, M., Dymnikov, valentin P., Wallace, J. M., and Bladé, I.: The Effective Number of Spatial Degrees of Freedom of a Time-Varying Field, J. Clim., 12, 1990–2009, 1999.
Bryden, H. L., Johns, W. E., King, B. A., McCarthy, G. D., McDonagh, E. L., Moat, B. I., and Smeed, D. A.: Reduction in Ocean Heat Transport at 26° N since 2008 Cools the Eastern Subpolar Gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 33, 1677–1689, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0323.1, 2020.
Chafik, L., Holliday, N. P., Bacon, S., and Rossby, T.: Irminger Sea Is the Center of Action for Subpolar AMOC Variability Geophysical Research Letters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099133, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099133, 2022.
Cheng, L. and Zhu, J.: Artifacts in variations of ocean heat content induced by the observation system changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7276–7283, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061881, 2014.
Daniault, N., Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., Sarafanov, A., Falina, A., Zunino, P., Pérez, F. F., Ríos, A. F., Ferron, B., Huck, T., and Thierry, V.: The northern North Atlantic Ocean mean circulation in the early 21st century, Prog. Oceanogr., 146, 142–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.06.007, 2016.
de Jong, M. F. and de Steur, L.: Strong winter cooling over the Irminger Sea in winter 2014–2015, exceptional deep convection, and the emergence of anomalously low SST, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7106–7113, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069596, 2016.
de Jong, M. F., Oltmanns, M., Karstensen, J., and de Steur, L.: Deep convection in the Irminger Sea observed with a dense mooring array, Oceanography, 31, 50–59, 2018.
Desbruyères, D., Thierry, V., and Mercier, H.: Simulated decadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation across the A25-Ovide section, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 462–475, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008342, 2013a.
Desbruyères, D.: The meridional overturning circulation variability and heat content changes in the north atlantic subpolar the Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability and Heat Content Canges in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. PhD thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00119/23064/ (last access: 5 june 2024 ), 2013b.
Desbruyères, D., Mercier, H., and Thierry, V.: On the mechanisms behind decadal heat content changes in the eastern subpolar gyre, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 262–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.02.005, 2015.
Desbruyères, D. G., Mercier, H., Maze, G., and Daniault, N.: Surface predictor of overturning circulation and heat content change in the subpolar North Atlantic, Ocean Sci., 15, 809–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, 2019.
Desbruyères, D., Chafik, L., and Maze, G.: A shift in the ocean circulation has warmed the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since 2016, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 48, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00120-y, 2021.
ECCO Consortium, Fukumori, I., Wang, O., Fenty, I., Forget, G., Heimbach, P., and Ponte, R. M.: ECCO Ancillary Data, Version 4, Release 4, PO.DAAC [data set], CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/ECCL4-ANC44, 2021.
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS): Global Ocean- Delayed Mode gridded CORA-In-situ Observations objective analysis in Delayed Mode, Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/46219, 2023a.
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS): Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00024, 2023b.
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS): Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed, Copernicus Climate Service, Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00145, 2023c.
Frajka-Williams, E., Ansorge, I. J., Baehr, J., Bryden, H. L., Chidichimo, M. P., Cunningham, S. A., Danabasoglu, G., Dong, S., Donohue, K. A., Elipot, S., Heimbach, P., Holliday, N. P., Hummels, R., Jackson, L. C., Karstensen, J., Lankhorst, M., Le Bras, I. A., Susan Lozier, M., McDonagh, E. L., Meinen, C. S., Mercier, H., Moat, B. I., Perez, R. C., Piecuch, C. G., Rhein, M., Srokosz, M. A., Trenberth, K. E., Bacon, S., Forget, G., Goni, G., Kieke, D., Koelling, J., Lamont, T., McCarthy, G. D., Mertens, C., Send, U., Smeed, D. A., Speich, S., van den Berg, M., Volkov, D., and Wilson, C.: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: Observed transport and variability, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 260, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260, 2019.
Fu, Y., Lozier, M. S., Biló, T. C., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., Cyr, F., Jong, M. F. De, Drysdale, L., Fraser, N., Fried, N., Furey, H. H., Han, G., Handmann, P., Holliday, N. P., Holte, J., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Jones, S., Karstensen, J., Li, F., Pacini, A., Pickart, R. S., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., and Yashayaev, I.: Seasonality of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 181, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00848-9, 2023.
Fukumori, I., Heimbach, P., Ponte, R. M., and Wunsch, C.: A dynamically consistent, multivariable ocean climatology, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 2107–2128, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0213.1, 2018.
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 6704–6716, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067, 2013.
Gourcuff, C., Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., and Le Traon, P. Y.: Altimetry combined with hydrography for ocean transport estimation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28, 1324–1337, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JTECHO818.1, 2011.
Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676–679, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5224.676, 1995.
Jackson, L. C., Peterson, K. A., Roberts, C. D., and Wood, R. A.: Recent slowing of Atlantic overturning circulation as a recovery from earlier strengthening, Nat. Geosci., 9, 518–522, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2715, 2016.
Jackson, L. C., Dubois, C., Forget, G., Haines, K., Harrison, M., Iovino, D., Köhl, A., Mignac, D., Masina, S., Peterson, K. A., Piecuch, C. G., Roberts, C. D., Robson, J., Storto, A., Toyoda, T., Valdivieso, M., Wilson, C., Wang, Y., and Zuo, H.: JGR Oceans, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 124, 9141–9170, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210, 2019.
Jackson, L. C., Biastoch, A., Buckley, M. W., Desbruyères, D. G., Williams, E. F., Moat, B., and Robson, J.: The evolution of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation since 1980, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 241–254, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00263-2, 2022.
Johns, W. E., Elipot, S., Smeed, D. A., Moat, B., King, B., Volkov, D. L., and Smith, R. H.: Towards two decades of Atlantic Ocean mass and heat transports at 26.5° N, Philos. Trans. A., 381, 20220188, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0188, 2023.
Jousset S., Mulet S., Wilkin J., Greiner E., Dibarboure G., and Picot N.: “New global Mean Dynamic Topography CNES-CLS-22 combining drifters, hydrological profiles and High Frequency radar data”, OSTST 2022, https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a03-2022.3292.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., and Gandin, L.: The NCEP / NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996.
Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Johns, W. E., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Marotzke, J., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C. S., Chidichimo, M. P., Atkinson, C., Beal, L. M., Bryden, H. L., and Collins, J.: Seasonal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5° N, J. Clim., 23, 5678–5698, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3389.1, 2010.
Kim, H., Park, J., Kim, D., and Kim, J.: North Atlantic Oscillation impact on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation shaped by the mean state, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 6, 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00354-x, 2023.
Kostov, Y., Johnson, H. L., Marshall, D. P., Heimbach, P., Forget, G., Holliday, N. P., Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Pillar, H. R., and Smith, T.: Distinct sources of interannual subtropical and subpolar Atlantic overturning variability, Nat. Geosci., 14, 491–495, https://doi.org/10.1038/S41561-021-00759-4, 2021.
Kostov, Y., Messias, M. J., Mercier, H., Johnson, H. L., and Marshall, D. P.: Fast mechanisms linking the Labrador Sea with subtropical Atlantic overturning, Clim. Dynam., 60, 2687–2712, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06459-y, 2023.
Le Bras, I. A., Straneo, F., Holte, J., De Jong, M. F., and Holliday, N. P.: Rapid Export of Waters Formed by Convection Near the Irminger Sea's Western Boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085989, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085989, 2020.
Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Gourcuff, C., Alvarez, M., Bacon, S., and Kermabon, C.: Transports across the 2002 Greenland-Portugal Ovide section and comparison with 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C07003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003716, 2007.
Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Huck, T., Gourcuff, C., Perez, F. F., Morin, P., Sarafanov, A., and Falina, A.: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the subpolar gyre observed at the A25-OVIDE section in June 2002 and 2004, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1374–1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.07.009, 2010.
Li, F., Lozier, M. S., Bacon, S., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., De Jong, M. F., Fraser, N., Fried, N., Han, G., Holliday, N. P., Holte, J., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Jones, S., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Le Bras, I. A., Lherminier, P., Lin, X., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pacini, A., Petit, T., Pickart, R. S., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Visbeck, M., Yashayaev, I., and Zhou, C.: Subpolar North Atlantic western boundary density anomalies and the Meridional Overturning Circulation, Nat. Commun., 12, 3002, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23350-2, 2021.
Lozier, S. M., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., and de Steur, L.: A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic, Science, 363, 516–521, 2019.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J.: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Abrupt Climate Change, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 9, 83–104, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060415, 2017.
MacLachlan, C., Arribas, A., Peterson, K. A., Maidens, A., Fereday, D., Scaife, A. A., Gordon, M., Vellinga, M., Williams, A., Comer, R. E., Camp, J., Xavier, P., Madec, G., and National, F.: Global Seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a high-resolution seasonal forecast system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 1072–1084, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2396, 2015.
McCarthy, G., Frajka-Williams, E., Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C. S., Bryden, H. L., Rayner, D., Duchez, A., Roberts, C., and Cunningham, S. A.: Observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052933, 2012.
McCarthy, G. D., Brown, P. J., Flagg, C. N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C. W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K. M. H., Lherminier, P., Meinen, C. S., Moat, B. I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., and Smeed, D. A.: Sustainable Observations of the AMOC: Methodology and Technology, Rev. Geophys., 58, 1–34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000654, 2020.
Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., Sarafanov, A., Gaillard, F., Daniault, N., Desbruyères, D., Falina, A., Ferron, B., Gourcuff, C., Huck, T., and Thierry, V.: Variability of the meridional overturning circulation at the Greenland–Portugal OVIDE section from 1993 to 2010, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 250–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.001, 2015.
Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., and Pérez, Fiz F.: The Greenland-Portugal Go-Ship A25 OVIDE CTDO2 hydrographic data, SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/46448, 2022.
Messias, M. J. and Mercier, H.: The redistribution of anthropogenic excess heat is a key driver of warming in the North Atlantic, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 118, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00443-4, 2022.
Met Office: EN4: quality controlled subsurface ocean temperature and salinity profiles and objective analyses, Met Office Hadley Centre [data set], https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/, last access: 16 May 2023.
Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Frajka-Williams, E., Desbruyères, D. G., Beaulieu, C., Johns, W. E., Rayner, D., Sanchez-Franks, A., Baringer, M. O., Volkov, D., Jackson, L. C., and Bryden, H. L.: Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26° N, Ocean Sci., 16, 863–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, 2020.
Mudelsee, M.: Trend analysis of climate time series: A review of methods, Earth-Sci. Rev., 190, 310–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.005, 2019.
NOAA NWS: The North Atlantic Oscillation, National Centers for Environmental Prediction [data set], https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/nao.shtml, last access: 3 September 2023.
NOAA PSL: The NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis 1, NOAA PSL [data set], Boulder, Colorado, USA, https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html, last access: 10 February 2023.
OVIDE Group: The OVIDE set of cruises, French Oceanographic cruises directory, https://doi.org/10.18142/140, 2024.
Pérez, F. F., Mercier, H., Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Lherminier, P., Velo, A., Pardo, P. C., Rosón, G., and Ríos, A. F.: Atlantic Ocean CO2 uptake reduced by weakening of the meridional overturning circulation, Nat. Geosci., 6, 146–152, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1680, 2013.
Petit, T., Lozier, M. S., Josey, S. A., and Cunningham, S. A.: Atlantic Deep Water Formation Occurs Primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by Local Buoyancy Forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL091028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091028, 2020.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Argo float observations of basin-scale deep convection in the Irminger sea during winter 2011–2012, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 109, 76–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.12.012, 2016.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Gyre-scale deep convection in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean during winter 2014–2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1439–1447, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071895, 2017.
Robson, J., Hodson, D., Hawkins, E., and Sutton, R.: Atlantic overturning in decline?, Nat. Geosci., 7, 2–3, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2050, 2014.
Roussenov, V. M., Williams, R. G., Lozier, M. S., Holliday, N. P., and Smith, D. M.: Historical Reconstruction of Subpolar North Atlantic Overturning and Its Relationship to Density, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 127, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017732, 2022.
Sarthou, G., Lherminier, P., Achterberg, E. P., Alonso-Pérez, F., Bucciarelli, E., Boutorh, J., Bouvier, V., Boyle, E. A., Branellec, P., Carracedo, L. I., Casacuberta, N., Castrillejo, M., Cheize, M., Contreira Pereira, L., Cossa, D., Daniault, N., De Saint-Léger, E., Dehairs, F., Deng, F., Desprez de Gésincourt, F., Devesa, J., Foliot, L., Fonseca-Batista, D., Gallinari, M., García-Ibáñez, M. I., Gourain, A., Grossteffan, E., Hamon, M., Heimbürger, L. E., Henderson, G. M., Jeandel, C., Kermabon, C., Lacan, F., Le Bot, P., Le Goff, M., Le Roy, E., Lefèbvre, A., Leizour, S., Lemaitre, N., Masqué, P., Ménage, O., Menzel Barraqueta, J.-L., Mercier, H., Perault, F., Pérez, F. F., Planquette, H. F., Planchon, F., Roukaerts, A., Sanial, V., Sauzède, R., Schmechtig, C., Shelley, R. U., Stewart, G., Sutton, J. N., Tang, Y., Tisnérat-Laborde, N., Tonnard, M., Tréguer, P., van Beek, P., Zurbrick, C. M., and Zunino, P.: Introduction to the French GEOTRACES North Atlantic Transect (GA01): GEOVIDE cruise, Biogeosciences, 15, 7097–7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, 2018.
Scaife, A. A., Arribas, A., Blockey, E., Brookshaw, A., Clark, R. T., Dunstone, N., Eade, R., Fereday, D., Folland, C. K., Gordon, M., Hermanson, L., Kniwght, J. R., Lea, D. J., MacLachlan, C., Maidens, A., Martin, M., Peterson, A. K., Smith, D., Vellinga, M., Wallace, E., Waters, J., and Williams, A.: Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2514–2519, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059637, 2014.
Sloyan, B. M., Wanninkhof, R., Kramp M., Johnson, G. C., Talley, L. D., Tanhua, T., McDonagh, E., Cusack, C., O’Rourke, E., McGovern, E., Katsumata, K., Diggs, S., Hummon, J., Ishii, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Boss, E., Ansorge, I., Perez, F. F., Mercier, H., Williams, M. J. M., Anderson, L., Lee, J. H., Murata, A., Kouketsu, S., Jeansson, E., Hoppema, M., and Campos, E.: The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP): A Platform for Integrated Multidisciplinary Ocean Science, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 445, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00445, 2019.
Smeed, D. A., Josey, S. A., Beaulieu, C., Johns, W. E., Moat, B. I., Frajka-Williams, E., Rayner, D., Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O., Bryden, H. L., and McCarthy, G. D.: The North Atlantic Ocean Is in a State of Reduced Overturning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1527–1533, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076350, 2018.
Srokosz, M. A. and Bryden, H. L.: Observing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation yields a decade of inevitable surprises, Science, 348, 1255575, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255575, 2015.
Szekely, T., Gourrion, J., Pouliquen, S., and Reverdin, G.: The CORA 5.2 dataset for global in situ temperature and salinity measurements: data description and validation, Ocean Sci., 15, 1601–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1601-2019, 2019.
Thomson, R. E. and Emery, W. J.: Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography: Third Edition, Elsevier Science, 712 pp., https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-66362-0, 2014.
Tooth, O. J., Johnson, H. L., Wilson, C., and Evans, D. G.: Seasonal overturning variability in the eastern North Atlantic subpolar gyre: a Lagrangian perspective, Ocean Sci., 19, 769–791, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-769-2023, 2023.
Wang, H., Zhao, J., Li, F., and Lin, X.: Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Subpolar North Atlantic Diagnosed From a High Resolution Reanalysis Data Set, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 126, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017130, 2021.
Weijer, W., Cheng, W., Garuba, O. A., Hu, A., and Nadiga, B. T.: CMIP6 Models Predict Significant 21st Century Decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086075, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086075, 2020.
Williams, R. G., Katavouta, A., and Roussenov, V.: Regional asymmetries in ocean heat and carbon storage due to dynamic redistribution in climate model projections, J. Clim., 34, 3907–3925, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0519.1, 2021.
Worthington, E. L., Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Mecking, J. V, Marsh, R., and Mccarthy, G. D.: A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline, Ocean Sci., 17, 285–299, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021
Yashayaev, I. and Loder, J. W.: Recurrent replenishment of Labrador Sea Water and associated decadal-scale variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 121, 8095–8114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012046, 2016.
Yeager, S., Castruccio, F., Chang, P., Danabasoglu, G., Maroon, E., Small, J., Wang, H., Wu, L., and Zhang, S.: An outsized role for the Labrador Sea in the multidecadal variability of the Atlantic overturning circulation, Sci. Adv., 7, eabh3592, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3592, 2021.
Zhang, R.: Latitudinal dependence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044474, 2010.
Zhao, J. and Johns, W.: Wind-Driven Seasonal Cycle of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1541–1562, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0144.1, 2014a.
Zhao, J. and Johns, W.: Wind-forced interannual variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5° N, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 119, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009407, 2014b.
Zou, S., Lozier, S. M., and Buckley, M. W.: How Is Meridional Coherence Maintained in the Lower Limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation? Geophysical Research Letters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080958, 2018.
Zunino, P., Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Daniault, N., García-Ibáñez, M. I., and Pérez, F. F.: The GEOVIDE cruise in May–June 2014 reveals an intense Meridional Overturning Circulation over a cold and fresh subpolar North Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 14, 5323–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, 2017.
Zunino, P., Mercier, H., and Thierry, V.: Why did deep convection persist over four consecutive winters (2015–2018) southeast of Cape Farewell?, Ocean Sci., 16, 99–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020, 2020.
Short summary
We study the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) measured between Greenland and Portugal between 1993–2021. We identify changes in AMOC limb volume and velocity as two major drivers of AMOC variability at subpolar latitudes. Volume variations dominate on the seasonal timescale, while velocity variations are more important on the decadal timescale. This decomposition proves useful for understanding the origin of the differences between AMOC time series from different analyses.
We study the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) measured between Greenland and...
