Articles | Volume 20, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 17 Jan 2024
| 17 Jan 2024
Internal tides off the Amazon shelf – Part 1: The importance of the structuring of ocean temperature during two contrasted seasons
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Mercator Ocean International, 31400, Toulouse, France
Ariane Koch-Larrouy
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Isabelle Dadou
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Michel Tchilibou
Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31500, Ramonville Saint-Agne, France
Guillaume Morvan
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Jérôme Chanut
Mercator Ocean International, 31400, Toulouse, France
Alex Costa da Silva
Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, DOCEAN/UFPE, Recife, Brazil
Vincent Vantrepotte
Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), 62930, Wiméreux, France
Damien Allain
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), 31400 Toulouse, France
Trung-Kien Tran
Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), 62930, Wiméreux, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Amine M'hamdi, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Alex Costa da Silva, Isabelle Dadou, Carina Regina De Macedo, Anthony Bosse, Vincent Vantrepotte, Habib Micaël Aguedjou, Trung-Kien Tran, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Arnaud Bertrand, Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo, James Lee, Marcelo Rollnic, and Moacyr Araujo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2141, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
In the ocean off the Amazon shelf, internal waves caused by tides shift water layers through advection and mix them through turbulence, altering the deep chlorophyll maximum, a proxy for phytoplankton. Using an autonomous underwater glider and satellite data, we found these waves redistribute chlorophyll vertically, enhancing its supply at the surface and at depth. This redistribution supports ocean productivity and may impact the entire marine food web.
Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrere, Florent Lyard, Clément Ubelmann, Gérald Dibarboure, Edward D. Zaron, and Brian K. Arbic
Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level observations along the swaths of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission were used to characterize internal tides at three semidiurnal frequencies off the Amazon shelf in the tropical Atlantic during the SWOT calibration/validation period. The atlases were derived using harmonic analysis and principal component analysis. The SWOT-derived internal tide atlas outperforms the reference atlas previously used to correct SWOT observations.
Michel Tchilibou, Simon Barbot, Loren Carrere, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3947, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the annual and monthly MIOST (MIOST24) internal tide atlases for the Indo-Philippine archipelago and the region off the Amazon shelf. Derived from 25 years of altimetry data and an updated wavelength database, the atlases reveal significant monthly variability of internal tides in both regions. The new atlas improves the correction of internal tides in altimetry data and outperforms MIOST 2022 and HRET existing atlases, thus supporting the development of a global atlas.
Erick Vinicius Correia da Cunha, Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo, Gabriel Bittencourt Farias, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-3-2024, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-89-2024, 2024
Fabius Kouogang, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Jorge Magalhaes, Alex Costa da Silva, Daphne Kerhervé, Arnaud Bertrand, Evan Cervelli, Jean-François Ternon, Pierre Rousselot, James Lee, Marcelo Rollnic, and Moacyr Araujo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2548, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2548, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The first time direct measurements of turbulent dissipation from AMAZOMIX revealed high energy dissipations within [10-6,10-4] W.kg-1 caused at 65 % apart from internal tides in their generation zone, and [10-8,10-7] W.kg-1 caused at 50.4 % by mean circulation of surrounding water masses far fields. Finally, estimates of nutrient fluxes showed a very high flux of nitrate ([10-2, 10-0] mmol N m-2.s-1) and phosphate ([10-3, 10-1] mmol P m-2.s-1), due to both processes in Amazon region.
Carina Regina de Macedo, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Jorge Manuel Magalhães, Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini, Trung Kien Tran, Marcelo Caetano Barreto Rosa, and Vincent Vantrepotte
Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the internal solitary waves (ISWs) off the Amazon shelf, their velocity, and their variability in seasonal and tidal cycles. The analysis is based on a large remote-sensing data set. The region is newly described as a hot spot for ISWs with mode-2 internal tide wavelength. The wave activity is higher during spring tides. The mode-1 waves located in the region influenced by the North Equatorial Counter Current showed a velocity/wavelength 14.3 % higher during the boreal summer/fall.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Edward D. Zaron, Tonia A. Capuano, and Ariane Koch-Larrouy
Ocean Sci., 19, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-43-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton in the upper ocean are food for fish and are thus economically important to humans; furthermore, phytoplankton consume nutrients and generate oxygen by photosynthesis, just like plants on land. Vertical mixing in the ocean is responsible for transporting nutrients into the sunlit zone of the surface ocean. We used remotely sensed data to quantify the influence of tidal mixing on phytoplankton through an analysis of ocean color, which we interpret as chlorophyll concentration.
Everton Giachini Tosetto, Arnaud Bertrand, Sigrid Neumann-Leitão, Alex Costa da Silva, and Miodeli Nogueira Júnior
Ocean Sci., 18, 1763–1779, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the western tropical South Atlantic, coastward currents spread oceanic cnidarians over the continental shelf. While both coastal and oceanic communities co-occur in scenarios of higher runoff and weaker boundary current intensity, oceanic species dominate almost the entire shelf during the dry season characterized by stronger currents. Meanwhile, offshore, when the mixed-layer depth is shallower, the enhanced primary productivity supports larger populations of planktonic cnidarians.
Michel Tchilibou, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Yves Morel, Julien Jouanno, and Rosemary Morrow
Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This high-resolution model-based study investigates the variability in the generation, propagation, and sea height signature (SSH) of the internal tide off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons. ITs propagate further north during the season characterized by weak currents and mesoscale eddies and a shallow and strong pycnocline. IT imprints on SSH dominate those of the geostrophic motion for horizontal scales below 200 km; moreover, the SSH is mainly incoherent below 70 km.
Ramilla Vieira Assunção, Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy, Alex Costa da Silva, Bernard Bourlès, Gary Vargas, Gildas Roudaut, and Arnaud Bertrand
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2021-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2021-101, 2021
Publication in OS not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Active acoustics has been used to characterize physical structures and processes in the ocean, typically attributed to biological dispersion or turbulent structures. We take advantage of acoustic data from the Southwest Atlantic to test the feasibility of this approach in an oligotrophic region. The results show that the thermohaline structure impacts the vertical distribution of acoustic scatterers, however the methods tested did not allow a robust estimate of the thermohaline limits.
Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Michel Tchilibou, and Loren Carrere
Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides are responsible for surface deformations of the ocean that could affect the measurements of the forthcoming SWOT altimetric mission and need to be corrected. This study highlights the variability of the properties of internal tides based on the stratification variability only. A single methodology is successfully applied in two areas driven by different oceanic processes: the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay.
Florent H. Lyard, Damien J. Allain, Mathilde Cancet, Loren Carrère, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Since the mid-1990s, a series of FES (finite element solution) global ocean tidal atlases has been produced with the primary objective to provide altimetry missions with a tidal de-aliasing correction. We describe the underlying hydrodynamic/data assimilation design and accuracy assessments for the FES2014 release. The FES2014 atlas shows overall improved performance and has consequently been integrated in satellite altimetry and gravimetric data processing and adopted in ITRF standards.
Clément Bricaud, Julien Le Sommer, Gurvan Madec, Christophe Calone, Julie Deshayes, Christian Ethe, Jérôme Chanut, and Marina Levy
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5465–5483, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5465-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5465-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In order to reduce the cost of ocean biogeochemical models, a multi-grid approach where ocean dynamics and tracer transport are computed with different spatial resolution has been developed in the NEMO v3.6 OGCM. Different experiments confirm that the spatial resolution of hydrodynamical fields can be coarsened without significantly affecting the resolved passive tracer fields. This approach leads to a factor of 7 reduction of the overhead associated with running a full biogeochemical model.
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Florent Lyard, Rosemary Morrow, Ariane Koch Larrouy, Damien Allain, and Bughsin Djath
Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on internal tides in the marginal Solomon Sea where LLWBCs transit. The objective is to characterize such internal tides and to give some insights into their impacts on water mass transformation in this area of interest for the global circulation. Results are discussed for two contrasted ENSO conditions with different mesoscale activity and stratification. Such study is motivated by the next altimetric SWOT mission that will be able to observe such phenomena.
Violaine Piton, Marine Herrmann, Florent Lyard, Patrick Marsaleix, Thomas Duhaut, Damien Allain, and Sylvain Ouillon
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1583–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1583-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1583-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Consequences of tidal dynamics on hydro-sedimentary processes are a recurrent issue in estuarine and coastal processes studies, and accurate tidal solutions are a prerequisite for modeling sediment transport. This study presents the implementation and optimization of a model configuration in terms of bathymetry and bottom friction and assess the influence of these parameters on tidal solutions, in a macro-tidal environment: the Gulf of Tonkin (Vietnam).
Michel Tchilibou, Lionel Gourdeau, Rosemary Morrow, Guillaume Serazin, Bughsin Djath, and Florent Lyard
Ocean Sci., 14, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is motivated by the next SWOT altimetric mission dedicated to the observation of mesoscale and submesoscale oceanic features. It focuses on tropical areas with a strong discrepancy in the spectral signature between altimetry and models. The paper reviews the spectral signature of tropical turbulence which presents a rich variety of phenomena depending on the latitudinal dependence of the Coriolis force. Internal tides observed by altimetry explain the discrepancy with the model.
I. Hernández-Carrasco, J. Sudre, V. Garçon, H. Yahia, C. Garbe, A. Paulmier, B. Dewitte, S. Illig, I. Dadou, M. González-Dávila, and J. M. Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 12, 5229–5245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5229-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5229-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We have reconstructed maps of air-sea CO2 fluxes at high resolution (4 km) in the offshore Benguela region using sea surface temperature and ocean colour data and CarbonTracker CO2 fluxes data at low resolution (110 km).
The inferred representation of pCO2 improves the description provided by CarbonTracker, enhancing small-scale variability.
We find that the resolution, as well as the inferred pCO2 data itself, is closer to in situ measurements of pCO2.
C. Maraldi, J. Chanut, B. Levier, N. Ayoub, P. De Mey, G. Reffray, F. Lyard, S. Cailleau, M. Drévillon, E. A. Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, P. Marsaleix, and the Mercator Research and Development Team
Ocean Sci., 9, 745–771, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-745-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-745-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Approach: Numerical Models | Properties and processes: Internal waves, turbulence and mixing
Coupled estimation of internal tides and turbulent motions via statistical modal decomposition
Non-negligible impact of Stokes drift and wave-driven Eulerian currents on simulated surface particle dispersal in the Mediterranean Sea
Process-based modelling of nonharmonic internal tides using adjoint, statistical, and stochastic approaches. Part I: statistical model and analysis of observational data
Seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide – a comparison between sea surface height and energetics
Internal and forced ocean variability in the Mediterranean Sea
Numerical investigation of interaction between anticyclonic eddy and semidiurnal internal tide in the northeastern South China Sea
Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 1: Coherent internal-tide characteristics and sea surface height signature
Igor Maingonnat, Gilles Tissot, and Noé Lahaye
Ocean Sci., 21, 807–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-807-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-807-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The entanglement of waves and currents in observational data complicates their respective estimation. We propose a data-driven method that provides a reduced set of modes for waves and currents. These sets of modes are correlated with each other, enabling us to perform a coupled estimation of these two physical processes. This methodology is capable of producing estimates from an instantaneous observation of sea surface height and for a strong jet signal.
Siren Rühs, Ton van den Bremer, Emanuela Clementi, Michael C. Denes, Aimie Moulin, and Erik van Sebille
Ocean Sci., 21, 217–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-217-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-217-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Simulating the transport of floating particles on the ocean surface is crucial for solving many societal issues. Here, we investigate how the representation of wind-generated surface waves impacts particle transport simulations. We find that different wave-driven processes can alter transport patterns and that commonly adopted approximations are not always adequate. This suggests that ideally coupled ocean–wave models should be used for surface particle transport simulations.
Kenji Shimizu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4192, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4192, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates the importance of viewing internal tides (internal waves at tidal frequencies) as the sum of many random waves, because statistical principles introduce characteristics that do not exist for the sum of a few random waves. This view leads us to the existence of a universal probability distribution for internal tides, which can be used for scientific and engineering purposes in the future, as is the case of surface waves.
Harpreet Kaur, Maarten C. Buijsman, Zhongxiang Zhao, and Jay F. Shriver
Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the seasonal variability in internal tide sea surface height in a global model simulation. We also compare this with altimetry and the seasonal variability in the internal tide energy terms. Georges Bank and the Arabian Sea show the strongest seasonal variability. This study also reveals that sea surface height may not be the most accurate indicator of the true seasonal variability in the internal tides because it is modulated by the seasonal variability in stratification.
Roberta Benincasa, Giovanni Liguori, Nadia Pinardi, and Hans von Storch
Ocean Sci., 20, 1003–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1003-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1003-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean dynamics result from the interplay of internal processes and external inputs, primarily from the atmosphere. It is crucial to discern between these factors to gauge the ocean's intrinsic predictability and to be able to attribute a signal under study to either external factors or internal variability. Employing a simple analysis, we successfully characterized this variability in the Mediterranean Sea and compared it with the oceanic response induced by atmospheric conditions.
Liming Fan, Hui Sun, Qingxuan Yang, and Jianing Li
Ocean Sci., 20, 241–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding internal tide generation and propagation is crucial for predicting large-scale circulation and climate change. Internal tides are prone to interacting with background currents with similar spatial scales during propagation. This paper investigates the physical mechanism of the interaction between semidiurnal internal tides and an anticyclonic eddy in the northeastern South China Sea using a numerical model with high spatial and temporal resolution.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Cited articles
Aguedjou, H. M. A., Dadou, I., Chaigneau, A., Morel, Y., and Alory, G.: Eddies in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean and Their Seasonal Variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 12156–12164, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083925, 2019.
Aguedjou, H. M. A., Chaigneau, A., Dadou, I., Morel, Y., Pegliasco, C., Da-Allada, C. Y., and Baloïtcha, E.: What Can We Learn From Observed Temperature and Salinity Isopycnal Anomalies at Eddy Generation Sites? Application in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, JC017630, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017630, 2021.
Archer, D., Martin, P., Buffett, B., Brovkin, V., Rahmstorf, S., and Ganopolski, A.: The importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 222, 333–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.011, 2004.
Baines, P. G.: On internal tide generation models, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 29, 307–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(82)90098-X, 1982.
Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Tchilibou, M., and Carrere, L.: Background stratification impacts on internal tide generation and abyssal propagation in the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay, Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021.
Barton, E. D., Inall, M. E., Sherwin, T. J., and Torres, R.: Vertical structure, turbulent mixing and fluxes during Lagrangian observations of an upwelling filament system off Northwest Iberia, Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 249–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00069-6, 2001.
Beardsley, R. C., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W. R., Lentz, S. J., Castro, B. M., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N.: The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 2283–2319, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01688, 1995.
Bertrand, A., De Saint Leger, E., and Koch-Larrouy, A.: AMAZOMIX 2021, French Oceanographic Cruises [data set], https://doi.org/10.17600/18001364, 2021.
Bessières, L.: Impact des marées sur la circulation générale océanique dans une perspective climatique, PhD Thesis, Océan Atmosphère, Université Paul Sabatier – Toulouse III, France, 179 pp., https://theses.hal.science/tel-00172154 (last access: 15 January 2024), 2007.
Bessières, L., Madec, G., and Lyard, F.: Global tidal residual mean circulation: Does it affect a climate OGCM?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032644, 2008.
Bourles, B., Molinari, R. L., Johns, E., Wilson, W. D., and Leaman, K. D.: Upper layer currents in the western tropical North Atlantic (1989–1991), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 1361–1375, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900025, 1999.
Bourles, B., Araujo, M., McPhaden, M. J., Brandt, P., Foltz, G. R., Lumpkin, R., Giordani, H., Hernandez, F., Lefèvre, N., Nobre, P., Campos, E., Saravanan, R., Trotte-Duhà, J., Dengler, M., Hahn, J., Hummels, R., Lübbecke, J. F., Rouault, M., Cotrim, L., Sutton, A., Jochum, M., and Perez, R. C.: PIRATA: A Sustained Observing System for Tropical Atlantic Climate Research and Forecasting, Earth Space Sci., 6, 577–616, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000428, 2019.
Buijsman, M. C., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Wallcraft, A. J., and Zamudio, L.: Semidiurnal internal tide incoherence in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5286–5305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012590, 2017.
Chapman, C. C., Lea, M.-A., Meyer, A., Sallée, J.-B., and Hindell, M.: Defining Southern Ocean fronts and their influence on biological and physical processes in a changing climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0705-4, 2020.
Clayson, C. A. and Bogdanoff, A. S.: The Effect of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Warming on Climatological Air–Sea Fluxes, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 26, 2546–2556, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00062.1, 2013.
Collins, M., An, S.-I., Cai, W., Ganachaud, A., Guilyardi, E., Jin, F.-F., Jochum, M., Lengaigne, M., Power, S., Timmermann, A., Vecchi, G., and Wittenberg, A.: The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 3, 391–397, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo868, 2010.
de Lavergne, C., Vic, C., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Waterhouse, A. F., Whalen, C. B., Cuypers, Y., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ferron, B., and Hibiya, T.: A Parameterization of Local and Remote Tidal Mixing, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, MS002065, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002065, 2020.
de Macedo, C. R., Koch-Larrouy, A., da Silva, J. C. B., Magalhães, J. M., Lentini, C. A. D., Tran, T. K., Rosa, M. C. B., and Vantrepotte, V.: Spatial and temporal variability in mode-1 and mode-2 internal solitary waves from MODIS-Terra sun glint off the Amazon shelf, Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023.
Didden, N. and Schott, F.: Eddies in the North Brazil Current retroflection region observed by Geosat altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 20121–20131, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC01184, 1993.
Dong, S., Sprintall, J., Gille, S. T., and Talley, L.: Southern Ocean mixed-layer depth from Argo float profiles, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C06013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004051, 2008.
Dunphy, M. and Lamb, K. G.: Focusing and vertical mode scattering of the first mode internal tide by mesoscale eddy interaction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009293, 2014.
Egbert, G. D. and Ray, R. D.: Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data, Nature, 405, 775–778, https://doi.org/10.1038/35015531, 2000.
Fassoni-Andrade, A. C., Durand, F., Azevedo, A., Bertin, X., Santos, L. G., Khan, J. U., Testut, L., and Moreira, D. M.: Seasonal to interannual variability of the tide in the Amazon estuary, Cont. Shelf Res., 255, 104945, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.104945, 2023.
Fontes, R. F. C., Castro, B. M., and Beardsley, R. C.: Numerical study of circulation on the inner Amazon Shelf, Ocean Dynam., 58, 187–198, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0139-4, 2008.
Gabioux, M., Vinzon, S. B., and Paiva, A. M.: Tidal propagation over fluid mud layers on the Amazon shelf, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 113–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.09.001, 2005.
Garzoli, S. L., Ffield, A., and Yao, Q.: North Brazil Current rings and the variability in the latitude of retroflection, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(03)80154-X, 2003.
GEBCO Compilation Group: GEBCO_2020 Grid, British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, NERC, UK [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9, 2020.
Gévaudan, M., Durand, F., and Jouanno, J.: Influence of the Amazon-Orinoco Discharge Interannual Variability on the Western Tropical Atlantic Salinity and Temperature, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, JC018495, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018495, 2022.
Hernandez, O., Jouanno, J., and Durand, F.: Do the Amazon and Orinoco freshwater plumes really matter for hurricane-induced ocean surface cooling?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 2119–2141, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011021, 2016.
Hernandez, O., Jouanno, J., Echevin, V., and Aumont, O.: Modification of sea surface temperature by chlorophyll concentration in the Atlantic upwelling systems, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5367–5389, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012330, 2017.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Jayakrishnan, P. R. and Babu, C. A.: Study of the Oceanic Heat Budget Components over the Arabian Sea during the Formation and Evolution of Super Cyclone Gonu, Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 3, 282–290, https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2013.33030, 2013.
Jithin, A. K. and Francis, P. A.: Role of internal tide mixing in keeping the deep Andaman Sea warmer than the Bay of Bengal, Sci. Rep., 10, 11982, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68708-6, 2020.
Johns, W. E., Lee, T. N., Schott, F. A., Zantopp, R. J., and Evans, R. H.: The North Brazil Current retroflection: Seasonal structure and eddy variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 95, 22103–22120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC12p22103, 1990.
Johns, W. E., Lee, T. N., Beardsley, R. C., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., and Castro, B.: Annual Cycle and Variability of the North Brazil Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 103–128, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0103:ACAVOT>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Jouanno, J., Marin, F., du Penhoat, Y., Sheinbaum, J., and Molines, J.-M.: Seasonal heat balance in the upper 100 m of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C09003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006912, 2011.
Kara, A. B., Rochford, P. A., and Hurlburt, H. E.: Mixed layer depth variability over the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3079, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000736, 2003.
Kelly, S. M., Nash, J. D., and Kunze, E.: Internal-tide energy over topography, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C06014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005618, 2010.
Koch-Larrouy, A., Madec, G., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Gerkema, T., Bessières, L., and Molcard, R.: On the transformation of Pacific Water into Indonesian Throughflow Water by internal tidal mixing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028405, 2007.
Koch-Larrouy, A., Madec, G., Iudicone, D., Atmadipoera, A., and Molcard, R.: Physical processes contributing to the water mass transformation of the Indonesian Throughflow, Ocean Dynam., 58, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0154-5, 2008.
Koch-Larrouy, A., Lengaigne, M., Terray, P., Madec, G., and Masson, S.: Tidal mixing in the Indonesian Seas and its effect on the tropical climate system, Clim. Dynam., 34, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0642-4, 2010.
Koch-Larrouy, A., Atmadipoera, A., van Beek, P., Madec, G., Aucan, J., Lyard, F., Grelet, J., and Souhaut, M.: Estimates of tidal mixing in the Indonesian archipelago from multidisciplinary INDOMIX in-situ data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 106, 136–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.09.007, 2015.
Kosuth, P., Callède, J., Laraque, A., Filizola, N., Guyot, J. L., Seyler, P., Fritsch, J. M., and Guimarães, V.: Sea-tide effects on flows in the lower reaches of the Amazon River, Hydrol. Process., 23, 3141–3150, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7387, 2009.
Kunze, E., MacKay, C., McPhee-Shaw, E. E., Morrice, K., Girton, J. B., and Terker, S. R.: Turbulent Mixing and Exchange with Interior Waters on Sloping Boundaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 910–927, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-075.1, 2012.
Lambeck, K. and Runcorn, S. K.: Tidal dissipation in the oceans: astronomical, geophysical and oceanographic consequences, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 287, 545–594, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1977.0159, 1977.
Lascaratos, A.: Estimation of deep and intermediate water mass formation rates in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 1327–1332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(93)90072-U, 1993.
Laurent, L. S. and Garrett, C.: The Role of Internal Tides in Mixing the Deep Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2882–2899, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<2882:TROITI>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Leclair, M. and Madec, G.: A conservative leapfrog time stepping method, Ocean Model., 30, 88–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.06.006, 2009.
Lellouche, J.-M., Greiner, E., Le Galloudec, O., Garric, G., Regnier, C., Drevillon, M., Benkiran, M., Testut, C.-E., Bourdalle-Badie, R., Gasparin, F., Hernandez, O., Levier, B., Drillet, Y., Remy, E., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: Recent updates to the Copernicus Marine Service global ocean monitoring and forecasting real-time
Lentini, C. A. D., Magalhães, J. M., da Silva, J. C. B., and Lorenzzetti, J. A.: Transcritical Flow and Generation of Internal Solitary Waves off the Amazon River: Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations and Interpretation, Oceanography, 29, 187–195, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24862294 (last access: 22 November 2022), 2016.
Lentz, S. J. and Limeburner, R.: The Amazon River Plume during AMASSEDS: Spatial characteristics and salinity variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 2355–2375, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01411, 1995.
Le Provost, C. and Lyard, F.: Energetics of the M2 barotropic ocean tides: an estimate of bottom friction dissipation from a hydrodynamic model, Science Direct Prog. Oceanogr., 40, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00022-0, 1997.
Li, C., Zhou, W., Jia, X., and Wang, X.: Decadal/interdecadal variations of the ocean temperature and its impacts on climate, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 23, 964–981, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-006-0964-7, 2006.
Li, Y., Curchitser, E. N., Wang, J., and Peng, S.: Tidal Effects on the Surface Water Cooling Northeast of Hainan Island, South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, JC016016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC016016, 2020.
Lyard, F. H., Allain, D. J., Cancet, M., Carrère, L., and Picot, N.: FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance, Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021.
Madec, G., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Chanut, J., Clementi, E., Coward, A., Ethé, C., Iovino, D., Lea, D., Lévy, C., Lovato, T., Martin, N., Masson, S., Mocavero, S., Rousset, C., Storkey, D., Vancoppenolle, M., Müeller, S., Nurser, G., Bell, M., and Samson, G.: NEMO ocean engine, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878122, 2019.
Magalhaes, J. M., da Silva, J. C. B., Buijsman, M. C., and Garcia, C. A. E.: Effect of the North Equatorial Counter Current on the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves off the Amazon shelf (SAR observations), Ocean Sci., 12, 243–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-243-2016, 2016.
Mei, W., Xie, S.-P., Primeau, F., McWilliams, J. C., and Pasquero, C.: Northwestern Pacific typhoon intensity controlled by changes in ocean temperatures, Sci. Adv., 1, e1500014, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500014, 2015.
Moisan, J. R. and Niiler, P. P.: The Seasonal Heat Budget of the North Pacific: Net Heat Flux and Heat Storage Rates (1950–1990), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 401–421, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0401:TSHBOT>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Muller-Karger, F. E., McClain, C. R., and Richardson, P. L.: The dispersal of the Amazon's water, Nature, 333, 56–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/333056a0, 1988.
Munk, W. and Wunsch, C.: Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45, 1977–2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3, 1998.
Nagai, T. and Hibiya, T.: Internal tides and associated vertical mixing in the Indonesian Archipelago, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 3373–3390, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010592, 2015.
NCEI: WOA18 Data Access, NCEI [data set], https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-atlas-2018/, last access: 27 June 2022.
Neto, A. V. N. and da Silva, A. C.: Seawater temperature changes associated with the North Brazil current dynamics, Ocean Dynam., 64, 13–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0667-4, 2014.
Niwa, Y. and Hibiya, T.: Estimation of baroclinic tide energy available for deep ocean mixing based on three-dimensional global numerical simulations, J. Oceanogr., 67, 493–502, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0052-1, 2011.
Nugroho, D., Koch-Larrouy, A., Gaspar, P., Lyard, F., Reffray, G., and Tranchant, B.: Modelling explicit tides in the Indonesian seas: An important process for surface sea water properties, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 131, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.033, 2018.
Peng, S., Liao, J., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Khokiattiwong, S., and Yu, W.: Energetics Based Estimation of the Diapycnal Mixing Induced by Internal Tides in the Andaman Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016521, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016521, 2021.
Prestes, Y. O., da Silva, A. C., and Jeandel, C.: Amazon water lenses and the influence of the North Brazil Current on the continental shelf, Cont. Shelf Res., 160, 36–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2018.04.002, 2018.
Richardson, P. L., Hufford, G. E., Limeburner, R., and Brown, W. S.: North Brazil Current retroflection eddies, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 99, 5081–5093, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC03486, 1994.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., and Slowey, N.: Temperature control on the incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and cadmium into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama Bank: Prospects for thermocline paleoceanography, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 3633–3643, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00181-6, 1997.
Ruault, V., Jouanno, J., Durand, F., Chanut, J., and Benshila, R.: Role of the Tide on the Structure of the Amazon Plume: A Numerical Modeling Approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015495, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015495, 2020.
Salamena, G. G., Whinney, J. C., Heron, S. F., and Ridd, P. V.: Internal tidal waves and deep-water renewal in a tropical fjord: Lessons from Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 253, 107291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107291, 2021.
Schott, F. A., Dengler, M., Brandt, P., Affler, K., Fischer, J., Bourlès, B., Gouriou, Y., Molinari, R. L., and Rhein, M.: The zonal currents and transports at 35∘ W in the tropical Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016849, 2003.
Sharples, J., Tweddle, J. F., Green, J. A. M., Palmer, M. R., Kim, Y.-N., Hickman, A. E., Holligan, P. M., Moore, C. M., Rippeth, T. P., Simpson, J. H., and Krivtsov, V.: Spring-neap modulation of internal tide mixing and vertical nitrate fluxes at a shelf edge in summer, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1735–1747, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.5.1735, 2007.
Sharples, J., Moore, C. M., Hickman, A. E., Holligan, P. M., Tweddle, J. F., Palmer, M. R., and Simpson, J. H.: Internal tidal mixing as a control on continental margin ecosystems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040683, 2009.
Silva, A., Araujo, M., Medeiros, C., Silva, M., and Bourles, B.: Seasonal changes in the mixed and barrier layers in the western Equatorial Atlantic, Braz. J. Oceanogr., 53, 83–98, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592005000200001, 2005.
Smith, J. E., Smith, C. M., Vroom, P. S., Beach, K. L., and Miller, S.: Nutrient and growth dynamics of Halimeda tuna on Conch Reef, Florida Keys: Possible influence of internal tides on nutrient status and physiology, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1923–1936, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.6.1923, 2004.
Smith, K. A., Rocheleau, G., Merrifield, M. A., Jaramillo, S., and Pawlak, G.: Temperature variability caused by internal tides in the coral reef ecosystem of Hanauma bay, Hawai'i, Cont. Shelf Res., 116, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.01.004, 2016.
Speer, K. G., Isemer, H.-J., and Biastoch, A.: Water mass formation from revised COADS data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2444–2457, https://https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<2444:WMFFRC>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A. L., Koch-Larrouy, A., Lee, T., Potemra, J. T., Pujiana, K., and Wijffels, S. E.: The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean–climate system, Nat. Geosci., 7, 487–492, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2188, 2014.
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A. L., Wijffels, S. E., Feng, M., Hu, S., Koch-Larrouy, A., Phillips, H., Nugroho, D., Napitu, A., Pujiana, K., Susanto, R. D., Sloyan, B., Peña-Molino, B., Yuan, D., Riama, N. F., Siswanto, S., Kuswardani, A., Arifin, Z., Wahyudi, A. J., Zhou, H., Nagai, T., Ansong, J. K., Bourdalle-Badié, R., Chanut, J., Lyard, F., Arbic, B. K., Ramdhani, A., and Setiawan, A.: Detecting Change in the Indonesian Seas, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 257, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00257, 2019.
Swift, J. H. and Aagaard, K.: Seasonal transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland seas, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 28, 1107–1129, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(81)90050-9, 1981.
Tchilibou, M., Gourdeau, L., Morrow, R., Serazin, G., Djath, B., and Lyard, F.: Spectral signatures of the tropical Pacific dynamics from model and altimetry: a focus on the meso-/submesoscale range, Ocean Sci., 14, 1283–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1283-2018, 2018.
Tchilibou, M., Gourdeau, L., Lyard, F., Morrow, R., Koch Larrouy, A., Allain, D., and Djath, B.: Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions, Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020.
Tchilibou, M., Koch-Larrouy, A., Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Morel, Y., Jouanno, J., and Morrow, R.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints, Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022.
Varona, H. L., Veleda, D., Silva, M., Cintra, M., and Araujo, M.: Amazon River plume influence on Western Tropical Atlantic dynamic variability, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 85, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2018.10.002, 2019.
Vlasenko, V. and Stashchuk, N.: Amplification and Suppression of Internal Waves by Tides over Variable Bottom Topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1959–1973, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2958.1, 2006.
Wang, X., Peng, S., Liu, Z., Huang, R. X., Qian, Y.-K., and Li, Y.: Tidal Mixing in the South China Sea: An Estimate Based on the Internal Tide Energetics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 107–124 https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0082.1, 2016.
Wentz, F. J.: A 17-Yr Climate Record of Environmental Parameters Derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager, J. Climate, 28, 6882–6902, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0155.1, 2015.
Wentz, F. J., Gentemann, C., and Hilburn, K. A.: Remote Sensing Systems TRMM TMI, Environmental Suite on 0.25 deg grid, Version 7.1, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA [data set], https://www.remss.com/missions/tmi (last access: 27 June 2022), 2015.
Whalen, C. B., Talley, L. D., and MacKinnon, J. A.: Spatial and temporal variability of global ocean mixing inferred from Argo profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18612, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053196, 2012.
Xie, S.-P. and Carton, J. A.: Tropical Atlantic variability: Patterns, mechanisms, and impacts, Wash. DC, Am. Geophys. Union Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 147, 121–142, https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM07, 2004.
Xu, P., Yang, W., Zhu, B., Wei, H., Zhao, L., and Nie, H.: Turbulent mixing and vertical nitrate flux induced by the semidiurnal internal tides in the southern Yellow Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 208, 104240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2020.104240, 2020.
Yadidya, B. and Rao, A. D.: Projected climate variability of internal waves in the Andaman Sea, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00574-8, 2022.
Zalesak, S. T.: Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids, J. Comput. Phys., 31, 335–362, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(79)90051-2, 1979.
Zaron, E. D.: Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1, 2019.
Short summary
Twin simulations, with and without tides, are used to assess the impact of internal tides (ITs) on ocean temperature off the Amazon mouth at a seasonal scale. We found that in the surface layers, ITs and barotropic tides cause a cooling effect on sea surface temperature, subsequently leading to an increase in the net heat flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Vertical mixing is identified as the primary driver, followed by vertical and horizontal advection.
Twin simulations, with and without tides, are used to assess the impact of internal tides (ITs)...
