Carton, J. A., Cao, X., Giese, B. S., and Da Silva, A. M.: Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1165–1175, 1996. a
Claus, M., Greatbatch, R. J., and Brandt, P.: Influence of the barotropic mean flow on the width and the structure of the Atlantic equatorial deep jets, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 2485–2497, 2014.
a,
b
Claus, M., Greatbatch, R. J., Brandt, P., and Toole, J. M.: Forcing of the Atlantic equatorial deep jets derived from observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3549–3562, 2016. a
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) (2017): ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set],
http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu:80/dods/public_data/Reanalysis_Data/ERA5/monthly_2d/Surface (last access: 7 January 2023), 2023. a
Crespo, L. R., Prigent, A., Keenlyside, N., Koseki, S., Svendsen, L., Richter, I., and Sánchez-Gómez, E.: Weakening of the Atlantic Niño variability under global warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 822–827, 2022.
a,
b
Ding, H., Keenlyside, N. S., and Latif, M.: Seasonal cycle in the upper equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005418, 2009.
a
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS): The eddy-resolving (
) Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis (GLORYS12V1): GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030. Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set],
https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030/services,
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021, 2023
a
Foltz, G. R., Brandt, P., Richter, I., et al.: The tropical Atlantic observing system, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 206,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00206, 2019.
a
Illig, S. and Bachèlery, M.-L.: Propagation of subseasonal equatorially-forced coastal trapped waves down to the benguela upwelling system, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 1–10, 2019. a
Imbol Koungue, R. A., Illig, S., and Rouault, M.: Role of interannual Kelvin wave propagations in the equatorial Atlantic on the Angola Benguela Current system, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 4685–4703, 2017.
a,
b,
c,
d
Imbol Koungue, R. A., Rouault, M., Illig, S., Brandt, P., and Jouanno, J.: Benguela Niños and Benguela Niñas in forced ocean simulation from 1958 to 2015, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 5923–5951, 2019.
a,
b,
c
Jean-Michel, L., Eric, G., Romain, B.-B., Gilles, G., Angélique, M., Marie, D., Clement, B., Mathieu, H., Olivier, L. G., Charly, R., C. Tony, Testut, C.-E., Gasparin, F., Ruggiero, G., Benkiran, M., Drillet, Y., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: The Copernicus global
oceanic and sea ice GLORYS12 reanalysis, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 698876,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.698876, 2021.
a,
b
Kopte, R., Brandt, P., Dengler, M., Tchipalanga, P., Macuéria, M., and Ostrowski, M.: The Angola Current: Flow and hydrographic characteristics as observed at 11 S, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 1177–1189, 2017. a
Kopte, R., Brandt, P., Claus, M., Greatbatch, R. J., and Dengler, M.: Role of Equatorial Basin-mode resonance for the seasonal variability of the Angola current at 11 S, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 261–281, 2018. a
Koungue, I., Rodrigue, A., Brandt, P., Lübbecke, J., Prigent, A., Martins, M., and Rodrigues, R. R.: The 2019 Benguela Niño, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.800103, 2021.
a,
b
Marie, D., Jean-Michel, L., Charly, R., Gilles, G., Clément, B., Olga, H., and Romain, B.-B.: Quality information document for Global Ocean Reanalysis Products GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_030, Copernicus Marine Service Information, CMEMS-GLO-QUID-001-030, 2022.
a,
b
Matsuno, T.: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 44, 25–43, 1966.
a,
b
Nnamchi, H. C., Li, J., Kucharski, F., Kang, I.-S., Keenlyside, N. S., Chang, P., and Farneti, R.: Thermodynamic controls of the Atlantic Niño, Nat. Commun., 6, 1–10, 2015. a
Okumura, Y. and Xie, S.-P.: Interaction of the Atlantic equatorial cold tongue and the African monsoon, J. Climate, 17, 3589–3602, 2004. a
Philander, S.: Forced oceanic waves, Rev. Geophys., 16, 15–46, 1978.
a,
b
Prigent, A., Lübbecke, J. F., Bayr, T., Latif, M., and Wengel, C.: Weakened SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean since 2000, Clim. Dynam., 54, 2731–2744, 2020. a
Richard, W. R., Banzon, F. V., and NOAA CDR Program: NOAA Optimum Interpolation 1/4 Degree Daily Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) Analysis, Version 2. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set],
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5SQ8XB5, 2008.
a
Richter, I., Tokinaga, H., and Okumura, Y. M.: The extraordinary equatorial Atlantic warming in late 2019, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL095918,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095918, 2022.
a,
b,
c,
d
Rodríguez-Fonseca, B., Polo, I., García-Serrano, J., Losada, T., Mohino, E., Mechoso, C. R., and Kucharski, F.: Are Atlantic Niños enhancing Pacific ENSO events in recent decades?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040048, 2009.
a
Rossby, C.-G.: On the propagation of frequencies and energy in certain types of oceanic and atmospheric waves, J. Meteorol., 2, 187–204, 1945. a
Schiller, A., Wijffels, S., Sprintall, J., Molcard, R., and Oke, P. R.: Pathways of intraseasonal variability in the Indonesian Throughflow region, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 50, 174–200, 2010. a
Schopf, P. S., Anderson, D. L., and Smith, R.: Beta-dispersion of low-frequency Rossby waves, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 5, 187–214, 1981.
a,
b
Song, Q. and Aiki, H.: The Climatological Horizontal Pattern of Energy Flux in the Tropical Atlantic as Identified by a Unified Diagnosis for Rossby and Kelvin Waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015407,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015407, 2020.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i
Song, Q. and Aiki, H.: Horizontal energy flux of wind-driven intraseasonal waves in the tropical Atlantic by a unified diagnosis, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 3037–3050, 2021.
a,
b
Song, Q., Aiki, H., and Tang, Y.: The role of equatorially forced waves in triggering Benguela Niño/Niña as investigated by an energy flux diagnosis, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, e2022JC019272,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019272, 2023a.
a,
b,
c
Song, Q., Tang, Y., and Aiki, H.: Dual Wave Energy Sources for the Atlantic Niño Events Identified by Wave Energy Flux in Case Studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 128, e2023JC019972,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019972, 2023b.
a
Tokinaga, H. and Xie, S.-P.: Weakening of the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue over the past six decades, Nat. Geosci., 4, 222–226, 2011. a
Toyoda, T., Nakano, H., Aiki, H., Ogata, T., Fukutomi, Y., Kanno, Y., Urakawa, L. S., Sakamoto, K., Yamanaka, G., and Nagura, M.: Energy flow diagnosis of ENSO from an ocean reanalysis, J. Climate, 34, 4023–4042, 2021. a
Tuchen, F. P., Brandt, P., Claus, M., and Hummels, R.: Deep intraseasonal Variability in the central equatorial Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2851–2865, 2018. a
Tuchen, F. P., Perez, R. C., Foltz, G. R., Brandt, P., and Lumpkin, R.: Multidecadal intensification of Atlantic tropical instability waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL101073,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101073, 2022.
a
Yang, H. and Liu, Z.: Basin modes in a tropical–extratropical basin, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2751–2763, 2003. a
