Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
26 Nov 2021
Review article |
| 26 Nov 2021
| 26 Nov 2021
Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry
Helen E. Phillips
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania,
Hobart, 7005, Australia
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and
Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7005, Australia
Amit Tandon
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, 02747, USA
Ryo Furue
APL/JAMSTEC, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Raleigh Hood
Horn Point
Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, 21613, USA
Caroline C. Ummenhofer
Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
Jessica A. Benthuysen
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research
Centre, Crawley, 6009, Australia
Viviane Menezes
Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
Shijian Hu
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
Ben Webber
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
NR4 7TJ, UK
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO 15 UK
Deepak Cherian
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
Emily Shroyer
College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
Ming Feng
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre,
Crawley, 6009, Australia
Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, Hobart, 7004, Australia
Hemantha Wijesekera
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, 39529, USA
Abhisek Chatterjee
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of
Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India
Lisan Yu
Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
Juliet Hermes
South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South
Africa
Raghu Murtugudde
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of
Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA
Tomoki Tozuka
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of
Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
APL/JAMSTEC, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Danielle Su
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR
7159 LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
Arvind Singh
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Luca Centurioni
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
Satya Prakash
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of
Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India
deceased, 22 July 2021
Jerry Wiggert
Marine Science Department, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, 399406, USA
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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In the North Atlantic, ocean currents carry warm surface waters northward and return cooler deep waters southward. This type of ocean circulation, known as overturning, is important for the Earth’s climate. This overturning has been measured using a mooring array at 26° N in the North Atlantic since 2004. Here we use these mooring data and global satellite data to produce a new method for monitoring the overturning over longer timescales, which could potentially be applied to different latitudes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
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The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jack Giddings, Karen J. Heywood, Adrian J. Matthews, Manoj M. Joshi, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Brian A. King, and Puthenveettil N. Vinayachandran
Ocean Sci., 17, 871–890, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-871-2021, 2021
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Little is known about the impact of chlorophyll on SST in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Solar irradiance measured by an ocean glider and three Argo floats is used to determine the effect of chlorophyll on BoB SST during the 2016 summer monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon Current has high chlorophyll concentrations (∼0.5 mg m−3) and shallow solar penetration depths (∼14 m). Ocean mixed layer model simulations show that SST increases by 0.35°C per month, with the potential to influence monsoon rainfall.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tim Rixen, Greg Cowie, Birgit Gaye, Joaquim Goes, Helga do Rosário Gomes, Raleigh R. Hood, Zouhair Lachkar, Henrike Schmidt, Joachim Segschneider, and Arvind Singh
Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020
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The northern Indian Ocean hosts an extensive oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which intensified due to human-induced global changes. This includes the occurrence of anoxic events on the Indian shelf and affects benthic ecosystems and the pelagic ecosystem structure in the Arabian Sea. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features, reduces the reliability of predictions of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jack Giddings, Adrian J. Matthews, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Karen J. Heywood, Manoj Joshi, and Benjamin G. M. Webber
Weather Clim. Dynam., 1, 635–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-635-2020, 2020
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The impact of chlorophyll on the southwest monsoon is unknown. Here, seasonally varying chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal was imposed in a general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer model. The SST increases by 0.5 °C in response to chlorophyll forcing and shallow mixed layer depths in coastal regions during the inter-monsoon. Precipitation increases significantly to 3 mm d-1 across Myanmar during June and over northeast India and Bangladesh during October, decreasing model bias.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ben I. Moat, David A. Smeed, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Damien G. Desbruyères, Claudie Beaulieu, William E. Johns, Darren Rayner, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, Molly O. Baringer, Denis Volkov, Laura C. Jackson, and Harry L. Bryden
Ocean Sci., 16, 863–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020, 2020
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The RAPID 26° N array has been measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) since 2004. Since 2009 the AMOC has, compared with previous years, been in a low state. In 2013–2015, in the northern North Atlantic, strong cooling was observed in the ocean and anticipated to intensify the strength of the AMOC some years later. Here, we analyse the latest results from 26° N and conclude that while the AMOC has increased since 2009, this increase is not statistically significant.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hideharu Sasaki, Shinichiro Kida, Ryo Furue, Hidenori Aiki, Nobumasa Komori, Yukio Masumoto, Toru Miyama, Masami Nonaka, Yoshikazu Sasai, and Bunmei Taguchi
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3319–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3319-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3319-2020, 2020
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A quasi-global eddying ocean hindcast simulation using a new version of our model, called OFES2, was conducted to overcome several issues in its previous version. OFES2 simulated oceanic fields from 1958 to 2016 with improved global sea surface temperature and salinity, water mass properties in the Indonesian and Arabian seas, and Niño3.4 and Indian Ocean Dipole indexes. The output from OFES2 will be useful in studying various oceanic phenomena with broad spatiotemporal scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Estee Ann Vermeulen, Björn Backeberg, Juliet Hermes, and Shane Elipot
Ocean Sci., 15, 513–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-513-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-513-2019, 2019
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This modelling study aimed to recreate the Agulhas Current transport proxy within a regional HYCOM simulation of the Agulhas Current system, attempting to test the validity of the underlying assumptions on which the satellite-altimeter proxy was based. Results showed that the proxy is sensitive to subsurface variability in the model but that the proxy remained robust regarding the time periods needed to build a sufficient linear relationship between transport and sea surface height slope.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
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Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rhawn F. Denniston, Amanda N. Houts, Yemane Asmerom, Alan D. Wanamaker Jr., Jonathan A. Haws, Victor J. Polyak, Diana L. Thatcher, Setsen Altan-Ochir, Alyssa C. Borowske, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Frederico T. Regala, Michael M. Benedetti, and Nuno F. Bicho
Clim. Past, 14, 1893–1913, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1893-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1893-2018, 2018
Short summary
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The sediment deposited off the coast of Portugal includes the remains of marine organisms and pollen washed to sea from Iberia. Analysis of both the pollen and the ocean sediments has revealed that the type and density of vegetation on land changed in concert with shifts in ocean temperature over centuries to tens of millennia. Proxies for climate in Portuguese stalagmites from the last two glacial periods show precipitation was reduced when sea surface temperatures fell.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mohanan Geethalekshmi Sreeush, Vinu Valsala, Sreenivas Pentakota, Koneru Venkata Siva Rama Prasad, and Raghu Murtugudde
Biogeosciences, 15, 1895–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1895-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1895-2018, 2018
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A simple modification to the existing methodology for calculating biological production in global ocean model is proposed here. A space- and time-varying production depth is found in the upper few metres of the ocean based on sunlight and nutrient availability. This new method is tested for Indian Ocean biological production zones. With this new method the carbon cycling in the surface of the Indian Ocean is simulated better in the model. A reason for the improvement is detailed in the paper.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alex R. Baker, Maria Kanakidou, Katye E. Altieri, Nikos Daskalakis, Gregory S. Okin, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Frank Dentener, Mitsuo Uematsu, Manmohan M. Sarin, Robert A. Duce, James N. Galloway, William C. Keene, Arvind Singh, Lauren Zamora, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Shital S. Rohekar, and Joseph M. Prospero
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8189–8210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8189-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8189-2017, 2017
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Man's activities have greatly increased the amount of nitrogen emitted into the atmosphere. Some of this nitrogen is transported to the world's oceans, where it may affect microscopic marine plants and cause ecological problems. The huge size of the oceans makes direct monitoring of nitrogen inputs impossible, so computer models must be used to assess this issue. We find that current models reproduce observed nitrogen deposition to the oceans reasonably well and recommend future improvements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mana Inoue, Mark A. J. Curran, Andrew D. Moy, Tas D. van Ommen, Alexander D. Fraser, Helen E. Phillips, and Ian D. Goodwin
Clim. Past, 13, 437–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-437-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-437-2017, 2017
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A 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica, was studied its chemical components. The Mill Island ice core contains 97 years of climate record (1913–2009) and has a mean snow accumulation of 1.35 m yr−1 (ice equivalent). Trace ion concentrations were generally higher than other Antarctic ice core sites. Nearby sea ice concentration was found to influence the annual mean sea salt record. The Mill Island ice core records are unexpectedly complex, with strong modulation of the trace chemistry.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sonaljit Mukherjee and Amit Tandon
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-45, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-45, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Isaac D. Irby, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Carl T. Friedrichs, Aaron J. Bever, Raleigh R. Hood, Lyon W. J. Lanerolle, Ming Li, Lewis Linker, Malcolm E. Scully, Kevin Sellner, Jian Shen, Jeremy Testa, Hao Wang, Ping Wang, and Meng Xia
Biogeosciences, 13, 2011–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2011-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2011-2016, 2016
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A comparison of eight hydrodynamic-oxygen models revealed that while models have difficulty resolving key drivers of dissolved oxygen (DO) variability, all models exhibit skill in reproducing the variability of DO itself. Further, simple oxygen models and complex biogeochemical models reproduced observed DO variability similarly well. Future advances in hypoxia simulations will depend more on the ability to reproduce the depth of the mixed layer than the degree of the vertical density gradient.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
X. Zhang, P. R. Oke, M. Feng, M. A. Chamberlain, J. A. Church, D. Monselesan, C. Sun, R. J. Matear, A. Schiller, and R. Fiedler
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2016-17, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
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Eddy-resolving global ocean models are highly desired, but expensive to run, and also subject to many problems including drift. Here we modified a near-global eddy-resolving OGCM for climate studies with some novel strategies. We demonstrated that the historical experiment driven by Japanese atmospheric reanalysis product, didn't have significant drifts, and also provided an eddy-resolving simulation of the global ocean over 1979–2014. Our experiences can be helpful to other modelling groups.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Singh, S. E. Baer, U. Riebesell, A. C. Martiny, and M. W. Lomas
Biogeosciences, 12, 6389–6403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6389-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6389-2015, 2015
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Stoichiometry of macronutrients in the subtropical ocean is important to understand how biogeochemical cycles are coupled. We observed that elemental stoichiometry was much higher in the dissolved organic-matter pools than in the particulate organic matter pools. In addition ratios vary with depth due to changes in growth rates of specific phytoplankton groups, namely cyanobacteria. These data will improve biogeochemical models by placing observational constraints on these ratios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. G. Strutton, V. J. Coles, R. R. Hood, R. J. Matear, M. J. McPhaden, and H. E. Phillips
Biogeosciences, 12, 2367–2382, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2367-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2367-2015, 2015
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In 2010, a first-of-its-kind deployment of biological sensors on a mooring in the central Indian Ocean revealed interesting variability in chlorophyll (a proxy for ocean productivity) at timescales of about 2 weeks. Using the mooring data with satellite observations and a biogeochemical model, it was determined that local wind mixing and entrainment, rather than mixed Rossby gravity waves, were likely responsible for much of the observed variability.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Y.-H. Wang, I-J. Cheng, and L. Centurioni
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-11481-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-11481-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
M. R. Stukel, V. J. Coles, M. T. Brooks, and R. R. Hood
Biogeosciences, 11, 3259–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3259-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3259-2014, 2014
A. M. Waite, V. Rossi, M. Roughan, B. Tilbrook, P. A. Thompson, M. Feng, A. S. J. Wyatt, and E. J. Raes
Biogeosciences, 10, 5691–5702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013, 2013
P. Wang, A. B. Burd, M. A. Moran, R. R. Hood, V. J. Coles, and P. L. Yager
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-815-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-815-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of the Indian Ocean has progressed through new observations and advances in theory and models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean, describing Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, climate variability, and the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat.
Over the past decade, understanding of the Indian Ocean has progressed through new observations...
