Articles | Volume 15, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-725-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-725-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Jun 2019
Research article |
| 13 Jun 2019
| 13 Jun 2019
Analysis of the effect of fish oil on wind waves and implications for air–water interaction studies
Alvise Benetazzo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Venice, Italy
Luigi Cavaleri
Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Venice, Italy
Hongyu Ma
First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration
(SOA), Qingdao, P. R. China
Shumin Jiang
First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration
(SOA), Qingdao, P. R. China
Filippo Bergamasco
DAIS – Università Ca' Foscari, Venice, Italy
Wenzheng Jiang
First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration
(SOA), Qingdao, P. R. China
Sheng Chen
First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration
(SOA), Qingdao, P. R. China
Fangli Qiao
First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration
(SOA), Qingdao, P. R. China
Related authors
Alvise Benetazzo and Tiziano Minuzzo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4208, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscience Communication (GC).
Short summary
Short summary
Physical oceanographers build knowledge from measurements, theory, and models, yet how this knowledge forms and is judged is rarely explicit. This paper offers a simple framework for classifying scientific claims by what they aim to show and how they are supported. Applied to real studies, including how ocean waves are represented, it reveals hidden assumptions. The result is a practical checklist researchers can use to state evidence and limits, helping scientists trust each other's work.
Sara Pavan, Marco Bajo, Francesco Barbariol, Alvise Benetazzo, Silvio Davison, and Christian Ferrarin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2774, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2774, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We present the marine and coastal hazard estimation of Mediterranean cyclones during the period 1994–2020. The study shows which portion of extreme storm surge and waves is linked to cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea. Hazard estimation is performed according to sea level and waves based parameters. Results stress that it is challenging to identify the most hazardous Mediterranean cyclones in a comprehensive sense (i.e., accounting for all parameters), as well as the areas most exposed to hazard.
Chiara Favaretto, Francesco Barbariol, Alvise Benetazzo, Luigi Cavaleri, Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Christian Ferrarin, Rossella Ferretti, Stefano Menegon, Matteo Nastasi, Gianluca Redaelli, Antonio Ricchi, and Piero Ruol
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2285, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding is becoming more frequent and damaging, but warnings often rely on single forecasts that miss important uncertainty. We developed and tested a new early warning approach that uses multiple weather scenarios to better describe possible flood outcomes, while reducing computing costs. Applied to severe storms in northern Italy, the method preserved key information and showed that reliable flood alerts can be produced efficiently, supporting practical early warning systems.
Alvise Benetazzo, Trygve Halsne, Øyvind Breivik, Kjersti Opstad Strand, Adrian H. Callaghan, Francesco Barbariol, Silvio Davison, Filippo Bergamasco, Cristobal Molina, and Mauro Bastianini
Ocean Sci., 20, 639–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the behaviour of air bubble plumes in the upper ocean in various stormy conditions. We conducted a field experiment in the North Adriatic Sea using high-resolution sonar. We found that bubble penetration depths respond rapidly to wind and wave forcings and can be triggered by the cooling of the water masses. We also found a strong connection between bubble depths and theoretical CO2 gas transfer. Our findings have implications for air–sea interaction studies.
Alvise Benetazzo and Tiziano Minuzzo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4208, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscience Communication (GC).
Short summary
Short summary
Physical oceanographers build knowledge from measurements, theory, and models, yet how this knowledge forms and is judged is rarely explicit. This paper offers a simple framework for classifying scientific claims by what they aim to show and how they are supported. Applied to real studies, including how ocean waves are represented, it reveals hidden assumptions. The result is a practical checklist researchers can use to state evidence and limits, helping scientists trust each other's work.
Sara Pavan, Marco Bajo, Francesco Barbariol, Alvise Benetazzo, Silvio Davison, and Christian Ferrarin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2774, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2774, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We present the marine and coastal hazard estimation of Mediterranean cyclones during the period 1994–2020. The study shows which portion of extreme storm surge and waves is linked to cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea. Hazard estimation is performed according to sea level and waves based parameters. Results stress that it is challenging to identify the most hazardous Mediterranean cyclones in a comprehensive sense (i.e., accounting for all parameters), as well as the areas most exposed to hazard.
Gaute Hope, Edwin J. Rainville, Torunn Irene Seldal, Matheus Vieira, Filippo Bergamasco, Øyvind Breivik, Pedro Almeida, Alvise Benetazzo, Trygve Halsne, Cintia Bonanad, and Birgitte R. Furevik
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2778, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Outside Nazaré, Portugal, some of the largest waves in the world are observed. Swell created by storms in the North-Atlantic propagate towards the coast. There a submarine canyon about half the size of the Grand Canyon cuts through the continental shelf. Ocean waves move faster in deep water, when they reach the canyon they are reflected. We determined that it is the northern edge of the canyon, and the shape of its last hundreds of meters that focus the large waves at Nazaré.
Chiara Favaretto, Francesco Barbariol, Alvise Benetazzo, Luigi Cavaleri, Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Christian Ferrarin, Rossella Ferretti, Stefano Menegon, Matteo Nastasi, Gianluca Redaelli, Antonio Ricchi, and Piero Ruol
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2285, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding is becoming more frequent and damaging, but warnings often rely on single forecasts that miss important uncertainty. We developed and tested a new early warning approach that uses multiple weather scenarios to better describe possible flood outcomes, while reducing computing costs. Applied to severe storms in northern Italy, the method preserved key information and showed that reliable flood alerts can be produced efficiently, supporting practical early warning systems.
Xiaole Li, Zhenya Song, Xiongbo Zheng, Zhanpeng Zhuang, Fangli Qiao, Haibin Zhou, and Mingze Ji
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2636, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2636, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the variable-limit integration method, this study developed a novel numerical approach for the thermohaline equations in ocean models. This method significantly enhances the simulation accuracy of temperature and salinity, improves model stability, and better simulates seawater overflow dynamics across steep ridges. The variable-limit integral method designed herein for thermohaline equations can be readily applied to other ocean numerical models.
Alvise Benetazzo, Trygve Halsne, Øyvind Breivik, Kjersti Opstad Strand, Adrian H. Callaghan, Francesco Barbariol, Silvio Davison, Filippo Bergamasco, Cristobal Molina, and Mauro Bastianini
Ocean Sci., 20, 639–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the behaviour of air bubble plumes in the upper ocean in various stormy conditions. We conducted a field experiment in the North Adriatic Sea using high-resolution sonar. We found that bubble penetration depths respond rapidly to wind and wave forcings and can be triggered by the cooling of the water masses. We also found a strong connection between bubble depths and theoretical CO2 gas transfer. Our findings have implications for air–sea interaction studies.
Qi Shu, Qiang Wang, Chuncheng Guo, Zhenya Song, Shizhu Wang, Yan He, and Fangli Qiao
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2539–2563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1755–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface-wave–tide–circulation coupled ocean model (FIO-COM32) with a resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are shown to be important contributors to the significant improvements in FIO-COM32 simulations. It is time to merge these separated model components (surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulation) and start a new generation of ocean model development.
Takaya Uchida, Julien Le Sommer, Charles Stern, Ryan P. Abernathey, Chris Holdgraf, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Brodeau, Eric P. Chassignet, Xiaobiao Xu, Jonathan Gula, Guillaume Roullet, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Qiang Wang, Dimitris Menemenlis, Clément Bricaud, Brian K. Arbic, Jay F. Shriver, Fangli Qiao, Bin Xiao, Arne Biastoch, René Schubert, Baylor Fox-Kemper, William K. Dewar, and Alan Wallcraft
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5829–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5829-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean and climate scientists have used numerical simulations as a tool to examine the ocean and climate system since the 1970s. Since then, owing to the continuous increase in computational power and advances in numerical methods, we have been able to simulate increasing complex phenomena. However, the fidelity of the simulations in representing the phenomena remains a core issue in the ocean science community. Here we propose a cloud-based framework to inter-compare and assess such simulations.
Yuejin Ye, Zhenya Song, Shengchang Zhou, Yao Liu, Qi Shu, Bingzhuo Wang, Weiguo Liu, Fangli Qiao, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5739–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The swNEMO_v4.0 is developed with ultrahigh scalability through the concepts of hardware–software co-design based on the characteristics of the new Sunway supercomputer and NEMO4. Three breakthroughs, including an adaptive four-level parallelization design, many-core optimization and mixed-precision optimization, are designed. The simulations achieve 71.48 %, 83.40 % and 99.29 % parallel efficiency with resolutions of 2 km, 1 km and 500 m using 27 988 480 cores, respectively.
Dingqi Wang, Guohong Fang, Shuming Jiang, Qinzeng Xu, Guanlin Wang, Zexun Wei, Yonggang Wang, and Tengfei Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-547, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The JES is a mid-latitude “Miniature Ocean” featured by multiscale oceanic dynamical processes and sea ice, which strongly influence the JES SSC. However, the dominant factors that favor and/or restrict SSC and how they influence JES SSC on different time scales are not clear. In this study, these issues are investigated using EOF and PCA methods based on high-resolution satellite-derived SSC data provided by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS).
Bin Xiao, Fangli Qiao, Qi Shu, Xunqiang Yin, Guansuo Wang, and Shihong Wang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-52, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
A new global surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model FIO-COM32 with resolution of 1/32° × 1/32° is developed and validated. Both the promotion of the horizontal resolution and included physical processes are proved to be important contributors to the significant improvements of FIO-COM32 simulations. It should be the time to merge these separated model components (surface wave, tidal current and ocean circulation) for new generation ocean model development.
Cited articles
Adrian, R. J.: Particle-Imaging Techniques For Experimental Fluid Mechanics,
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 261–304, 1991.
Alpers, W. and Hühnerfuss, H.: The damping of ocean waves by surface
films: A new look at an old problem, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6251–6265,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC05p06251, 1989.
Benetazzo, A., Bergamasco, F., Yoo, J., Cavaleri, L., Kim, S. S., Bertotti,
L., Barbariol, F., and Shim, J. S.: Characterizing the signature of a
spatio-temporal wind wave field, Ocean Model., 129, 104–123,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.06.007, 2018a.
Benetazzo, A., Cavaleri, L., Ma, H., Jiang, S., Bergamasco, F., Jiang, W., Chen, S., and Qiao, F.: Wave field in a wind tank: effect of a thin surface layer of fish oil, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1434262, 2018b.
Benetazzo, A., Cavaleri, L., Ma, H., Jiang, S., Bergamasco, F., Jiang, W., Chen, S., and Qiao, F.: Wave field in a wind and paddle tank: effect of a thin surface layer of fish oil, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1434272, 2018c.
Bradski, G. and Kaehler, A.: Learning OpenCV: Computer Vision with the
OpenCV Library, O'Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, USA, 2008.
Chen, G. and Belcher, S. E.: Effects of long waves on wind-generated waves,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 2246–2256, 2000.
Christensen, K. H.: Transient and steady drift currents in waves damped by
surfactants, Phys. Fluids, 17, 042102, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1872112, 2005.
Christensen, K. H. and Terrile, E.: Drift and deformation of oil slicks due
to surface waves, J. Fluid Mech., 620, 313–332,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112008004606, 2009.
Cini, R., Lombardini, P. P., and Hühnerfuss, H.: Remote sensing of marine slicks utilizing
their influence on wave spectra, Int. J. Remote Sens., 4, 101–110, 1983.
Cox, C. S., Zhang, X., and Duda, T. F.: Suppressing breakers with polar oil
films: Using an epic sea rescue to model wave energy budgets, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 1414–1421, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071505, 2017.
Donelan, M. A.: The effect of swell on the growth of wind waves, Johns
Hopkins APL Tech. Dig., 8, 18–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70110-7,
1987.
Donelan, M. A., Haus, B. K., Plant, W. J., and Troianowski, O.: Modulation of
short wind waves by long waves, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005794, 2010.
ECMWF: PART VII: ECMWF WAVE MODEL, in: IFS Documentation CY43R3, p. 99,
ECMWF, available at:
https://www.ecmwf.int/en/elibrary/17739-part-vii-ecmwf-wave-model (last access: 11 June 2019), 2017.
Ermakov, S. A., Panchenko, A. R., and Talipova, T. G.: Damping of
High-frequency Wind Waves by Artificial Surface-active Films, Izv. A.
N. SSSR. Fiz. Atm.+, 21, 54–58, 1985.
Ermakov, S. A., Zujkova, A. M., Panchenko, A. R., Salashin, S. G., Talipova,
T. G., and Titov, T. I.: Surface film effect on short wind waves, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 10, 31–50, 1986.
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Hare, J. E., Grachev, A. A., and Edson, J.
B.: Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for
the COARE Algorithm, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 571–591, 2003.
Feindt, F.: Radar-Rfickstreuexperimenteam Wind-Wellen-Kanal bei sauberer und
filmbedeckter Wasseroberfliche im X-Band (9.8 GHz), PhD thesis, Univ. of
Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 1985.
Fingas, M. and Brown, C. E.: A Review of Oil Spill Remote Sensing, Sensors,
18, 91, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010091, 2017.
Fiscella, B., Lombardini, P. P., Trivero, P., and Cini, R.: Ripple Damping on
Water Surface Covered by a Spreading Film?: Theory and Experiment, Nuovo
Cimento, 8, 491–500, 1985.
Foda, M. and Cox, C. S.: The spreading of thin liquid films on a water-air
interface, J. Fluid Mech., 101, 33–51, 1980.
Gelci, R., Cazalé, J., and Vassal, J.: Prévision de la houle. La
méthode des densités spectroangulaires, Bull. Inform. Com. Cent.
Ocean. D'Etude Cotes, 9, 416–435, 1957.
Hasselmann, K.: On the non-linear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum
Part 1. General theory, J. Fluid Mech., 12, 481–500,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062000373, 1962.
Hühnerfuss, H., Alpers, W., Lange, P., and Walter, W.: Attenuation of
wind waves by artificial surface films of different chemical structure,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1184–1186, 1981.
Hühnerfuss, H., Alpers, W., Garrett, D., Lange, P., and Stolte, S.:
Attenuation of capillary and gravity waves at sea by monomolecular organic
surface films, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9809–9816, 1983.
Hwang, P. A., García-Nava, H., Ocampo-Torres, F. J., Hwang, P. A.,
García-Nava, H., and Ocampo-Torres, F. J.: Observations of Wind Wave
Development in Mixed Seas and Unsteady Wind Forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
41, 2343–2362, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-044.1, 2011.
Janssen, P. A. E. M.: Quasilinear approximation for the spectrum of
wind-generated water waves, J. Fluid Mech., 117, 493–506, 1982.
Janssen, P. A. E. M.: Quasi-linear Theory of Wind-Wave Generation Applied to Wave Forecasting, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1631–1672, 1991.
Janssen, P. A. E. M. and Bidlot, J.-R.: Progress in in Operational
Operational Wave Wave Forecasting, Procedia IUTAM, 26, 14–29, 2018.
Kawai, S.: Generation of initial wavelets by instability of a coupled shear
flow and their evolution to wind waves, J. Fluid Mech., 93, 661–703,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211207900197X, 1979.
Kirby, J. T. and Chen, T. M.: Surface-waves on vertically sheared flows:
approximate dispersion relations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94,
1013–1027, 1989.
Komen, G. J., Cavaleri, L. M., Donelan, K. H., Hasselmann, S., and Janssen,
P. A. E. M.: Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
Liberzon, D. and Shemer, L. E. V: Experimental study of the initial stages
of wind waves' spatial evolution, J. Fluid Mech., 681, 462–498,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.208, 2011.
Lindgren, G., Rychlik, I., and Prevosto, M.: Stochastic Doppler shift and
encountered wave period distributions in Gaussian waves, Ocean Eng., 26,
507–518, 1999.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S.: The effect of nonlinearities on statistical
distribution in the theory of sea waves, J. Fluid Mech., 17, 459–480,
1963.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. and Stewart, R. H.: Changes in the form of short
gravity waves on long waves and tidal currents, J. Fluid Mech., 8,
565–583, 1960.
Marangoni, C.: Sul principio della viscosità superficiale dei liquidi
stabili, Nuovo Cimento, 2, 239–273, 1872.
McWilliams, J. C. and Restrepo, J. M.: The Wave-Driven Ocean Circulation, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2523–2540, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2523:TWDOC>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Miles, J. W.: On generation of surface waves by shear flows, J. Fluid Mech.,
3, 185–204, 1957.
Miles, J. W: Surface-wave generation revisited, J. Fluid Mech., 256, 427–441,
1993.
Mitsuyasu, H.: Interactions between water waves and winds (1). Rep. Research
Inst. Appl. Mech. (RIAM), Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan, 14, 1966.
Mitsuyasu, H.: Reminiscences on the study of wind waves, P. Jpn. Acad.
B-Phys., 91, 109–130, 2015.
Mitsuyasu, H. and Honda, T.: The effects of surfactant on certain air-sea
interaction phenomena, in: Wave Dynamics and Radio Probing of the Ocean
Surface, 13–20 May 1981, Miami, Florida, USA, edited by: Phillips, O. M. and Hasselmann, K., Plenum, New York, USA, 41–57, 1986.
Peirson, W. L.: Measurement of surface velocities and shears at a wavy
air-water interface using particle image velocimetry, Exp. Fluids, 23,
427–437, 1997.
Phillips, O. M.: On the generation of waves by turbulent wind, J. Fluid
Mech., 2, 417–445, 1957.
Phillips, O. M. and Banner, M. L.: Wave breaking in the presence of wind
drift and swell, J. Fluid Mech., 66, 625–640, 1974.
Pierson, W. J., Neumann, G., and James, R. W.: Practical Methods for
Observing and Forecasting Ocean Waves by Means of Wave Spectra and
Statistics, U.S. Navy Hydrogr. Off. Publ. No. 603, Washington, USA, 284 pp., 1955.
Steinman, D. B.: Problems of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic stability, in: 3rd
Hydrulic Conference, Studies in Engineering, Iowa City, USA, 10–12 June 1946, Bull. No. 31, 1946.
Stewart, R. H. and Joy, W. J.: HF radio measurements of surface currents,
Deep. Res., 21, 1039–1049, 1974.
Weber, J. E.: Wave Attenuation and Wave Drift in the Marginal Ice Zone, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2351–2361, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<2351:WAAWDI>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Welch, P. D.: The Use of Fast Fourier Transform for the Estimation of Power
Spectra: A Method Based on Time Averaging Over Short, Modified Periodograms,
IEEE T. Acoust. Speech, AI-15, 70–73, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901,
1967.
Wu, J.: Wind-induced drift currents, J. Fluid Mech., 68, 49–70, 1975.
Wu, J.: Effects of long waves on wind boundary layer and on ripple slope
statistics, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1359–1362,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i009p01359, 1977.
Zavadsky, A. and Shemer, L.: Water waves excited by near-impulsive wind
forcing, J. Fluid Mech., 828, 459–495, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.521, 2017.
Short summary
Inspired by the known virtue of fish oil to still angry seas, a study has been made on the interaction between wind waves, paddle waves, and airflow in a tank containing a thin fish-oil film. It is rather peculiar that in the wind-only condition the wave field does not grow from the rest condition. This equilibrium was altered by paddle waves. We stress the benefit of experiments with surfactants to disentangle relevant mechanisms involved in the air–sea interaction.
Inspired by the known virtue of fish oil to still angry seas, a study has been made on the...
