Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-3499-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-3499-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A century of sea-level change in Ireland (1925–2024)
Patrick J. McLoughlin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ICARUS, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
Maeve Upton
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick, Ireland
Lionel D. Swan
ICARUS, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
Glenn Nolan
The Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland
Kieran Hickey
Department of Geography, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
Robin Edwards
School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Co. Dublin, Ireland
Catherine O'Beirne
ICARUS, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
Gerard D. McCarthy
ICARUS, Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Using novel climate simulations and historical temperature estimates, we separated natural climate fluctuations from externally driven influences. We find that the timing of long-term temperature swings since the mid-nineteenth century is mainly controlled by external factors, while natural variability mostly affects their strength. We also show that biases in early temperature estimates can complicate interpretation of Atlantic Multidecadal Variability.
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This paper presents two datasets coming from a 67-year ongoing sea surface temperature time series from Malin Head, Ireland: a full-resolution measured dataset and a standardised data product. The latter of which has been stitched together from different measurement techniques and frequencies to make a more continuous and consistent time series. They have been used in a range of scientific papers to date and an annual warming trend of 0.015–0.022 °C has been found from the data.
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Revised manuscript not accepted
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This paper presents an ongoing sea surface temperature dataset located at Ballycotton in the south of Ireland. The time series has been developed from deployments of high precision and accuracy sensors, with data beginning in 2010 and being mostly continuous from 2016. The work provides context to the development of the dataset and potential uses for the data. Preliminary warming analysis using this dataset shows an annual warming of 0.064 °C at the location throughout the time series.
Amin Shoari Nejad, Andrew C. Parnell, Alice Greene, Peter Thorne, Brian P. Kelleher, Robert J. N. Devoy, and Gerard McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 18, 511–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-511-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-511-2022, 2022
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We have collated multiple sources of tide gauge data for Dublin Port, and subsequently corrected them for bias. We have then shown that these corrected mean sea level measurements agree with nearby tide gauges to a far higher degree than the raw data. A longer-term comparison with Brest and Newlyn also indicates overall agreement. Our final adjusted dataset estimated the rate of sea level rise to be 1.1 mm/yr between 1953 and 2016 and 7 mm/yr between 1997 and 2016 at Dublin Port.
David T. Pugh, Edmund Bridge, Robin Edwards, Peter Hogarth, Guy Westbrook, Philip L. Woodworth, and Gerard D. McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 17, 1623–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, 2021
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Observations of sea level, taken manually by reading a tide pole, were carefully taken at a number of locations around Ireland in 1842 as part of the first land survey of Ireland. Our study investigates how useful this type of sea level observation is for understanding mean sea level and tidal change. We find that when carefully adjusted for seasonal, meteorological, and astronomical factors, these data can provide important insights into changing sea levels.
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Short summary
This study reconstructs historical relative sea-level change across Ireland using tide-gauge and newly digitized data. Mean modelled RSL rates ranged from 0.74 mm yr⁻¹ at Belfast to 1.43 mm yr⁻¹ at Tarbert, with a network mean of 1.21 mm yr⁻¹ over 1925–2024. Rates increased from 0.59 mm yr⁻¹ (1925–2000) to 3.13 mm yr⁻¹ (2000–2024), highlighting accelerating sea-level change and coastal risk.
This study reconstructs historical relative sea-level change across Ireland using tide-gauge and...
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