Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Sea-surface temperature variability and climate drivers in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park (2003–2022)
Maibelin Castillo-Alvarez
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Postgraduate Program in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Department of Geophysics, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Alain Muñoz-Caravaca
Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, AP 5, 59350 Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos, Cuba
Iván Pérez-Santos
Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, 5480000 Puerto Montt, Chile
Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL (FB210021), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
David Carrasco
Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
David Francisco Bustos-Usta
Postgraduate Program in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL (FB210021), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Laura Castellanos-Torres
Postgraduate Program in Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, AP 5, 59350 Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos, Cuba
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Cécile Pujol, Alexander Barth, Iván Pérez-Santos, Pamela Linford, and Aida Alvera-Azcárate
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-42, 2026
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In this study, we present the first high-resolution, four-dimensional temperature climatology for Northern Chilean Patagonia, a region characterised by a complex network of fjords and channels. The climatology win based on approximately three million in situ observations collected over the past 75 years and interpolated into continuous temperature fields with a horizontal resolution of about 900 m and 32 vertical levels, providing monthly and daily fields from the surface to 400 m depth.
Marcela Rojas-Celis, Manuel I. Castillo, Iván Pérez-Santos, Carmen Barrios-Guzmán, José Garcés-Vargas, Alicia Guerrero, Mauricio F. Landaeta, Andrea Piñones, and Maritza Sepúlveda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5846, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5846, 2025
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The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (ε) in Chilean Patagonia spanning 10-9 to 10-5 W kg⁻2 was maxima at sills and constrictions. The northern fjords had strong seasonal stratification by freshwater input, while southern regions are mixed by tidal forcing. These results underscore the critical control of topography and tidal forcing on mixing heterogeneity, providing a framework for projecting the response of these ecosystems to climate-driven changes.
Pilar Aparicio-Rizzo, Dagoberto Poblete-Caballero, Cristian Vera-Bastidas, Iván Pérez-Santos, and Daniel Varela
Ocean Sci., 21, 2379–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2379-2025, 2025
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This work combines a hyperspectral sensor and an unmanned aerial vehicle to detect and differentiate phytoplankton species from optical data in Patagonian fjords at local scale. The results show differences between in situ spectral signals, especially in the blue, green and red near-infrared spectra, distinguishing between diatom and dinoflagellate. These tools are useful especially in coastal areas where cloud cover and geographical heterogeneity make satellite data acquisition difficult.
Macarena Díaz-Astudillo, Manuel I. Castillo, Pedro A. Figueroa, Leonardo R. Castro, Ramiro Riquelme-Bugueño, Iván Pérez-Santos, Oscar Pizarro, and Gonzalo S. Saldías
Ocean Sci., 21, 1833–1848, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1833-2025, 2025
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Submarine canyons are known hotspots of marine productivity and biodiversity, but we do not fully understand why. We studied a submarine canyon located in central Chile and found that it is a highly dynamic environment in both space and time. We think that the alternating currents and the contrasting distribution of zooplankton within the canyon might interact to promote zooplankton retention. Our results help to explain why submarine canyons host such high zooplankton diversity and abundance.
Lenna Ortiz-Castillo, Oscar Pizarro, Marcela Cornejo-D'Ottone, and Boris Dewitte
Biogeosciences, 22, 4261–4289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4261-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4261-2025, 2025
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Poleward undercurrent eddies (Puddies) transport the source water mass with low oxygen hundreds of kilometers away from the coast. A simulation based on a physical–biogeochemical model was used to characterize the average biogeochemical conditions inside the Puddies during their lifetime while modifying the conditions in the open sea. Our findings show that the biological activity extends the low-oxygen core conditions counteracted by advection processes that tend to ventilate the core.
Cécile Pujol, Alexander Barth, Iván Pérez-Santos, Pamela Muñoz-Linford, and Aida Alvera-Azcárate
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1421, 2025
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Marine heatwaves and cold spells are periods of extreme sea temperatures. This study focuses on Chilean Northern Patagonia, a fjord region vulnerable due to its aquaculture. It aims to understand these events' distribution and identify the most affected basins. Results show higher intensity in enclosed areas like Reloncaví Sound and Puyuhuapi Fjord. Marine heatwaves are becoming more frequent over time, while cold spells are decreasing.
Manuel Torres-Godoy, Oscar Pizarro, Boris Dewitte, and Vera Oerder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1311, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1311, 2025
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The Southeast Pacific plays a key role in transporting deep ocean water toward the Southern Ocean through a deep southward flow along the Chilean coast. This study explores its variations and links to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We found that the deep flow strengthens during El Niño and weakens during La Niña. These changes are tied to large-scale ocean shifts and energy transfers from surface to deep waters. Smaller-scale ocean processes also influence the flow, especially near the coast.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
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The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
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Short summary
We examine 2003–2022 sea-surface temperature (SST) in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park. Using standard marine heatwave metrics and climate-mode indices, we show how large-scale patterns drive SST changes at different scales and in marine heatwave frequency, duration, and intensity. Findings help explain recent extremes and support reef conservation and early-warning efforts in the Caribbean.
We examine 2003–2022 sea-surface temperature (SST) in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park....