Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1409-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Research article
 | 
05 May 2026
Research article |  | 05 May 2026

Sea-surface temperature variability and climate drivers in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park (2003–2022)

Maibelin Castillo-Alvarez, Oscar Pizarro, Alain Muñoz-Caravaca, Iván Pérez-Santos, David Carrasco, David Francisco Bustos-Usta, and Laura Castellanos-Torres

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Short summary
We examine 2003–2022 sea-surface temperature (SST) in Cuba's Jardines de la Reina National Park. Using standard marine heatwave metrics and climate-mode indices, we show how large-scale patterns drive SST changes at different scales and in marine heatwave frequency, duration, and intensity. Findings help explain recent extremes and support reef conservation and early-warning efforts in the Caribbean.
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