Bostock, H. C., Sutton, P. J., Williams, M. J., and Opdyke, B. N.: Reviewing the circulation and mixing of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Pacific using evidence from geochemical tracers and Argo float trajectories, Deep-Sea Res. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 73, 84–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.007, 2013.
Carter, L., Bostock-Lyman, H., and Bowen, M.: Water masses, circulation and change in the modern Southern Ocean, in: Antarctic Climate Evolution (Second Edition), edited by: Florindo, F., Siegert, M., De Santis, L., and Naish, T., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 165–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819109-5.00003-7, 2022.
Chapman, C. and Sallée, J.-B.: Isopycnal Mixing Suppression by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0263.1, 2017.
Chapman, C. C., Lea, M.-A., Meyer, A., Sallée, J.-B., and Hindell, M.: Defining Southern Ocean fronts and their influence on biological and physical processes in a changing climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0705-4, 2020.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002, 2011.
Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing (SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047), Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2024.
De Szoeke, R. A. and Levine, M. D.: The advective flux of heat by mean geostrophic motions in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. A: Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 28, 1057–1085, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(81)90048-0, 1981.
Dong, D., Brandt, P., Chang, P., Schütte, F., Yang, X., Yan, J., and Zeng, J.: Mesoscale eddies in the northwestern Pacific Ocean: three-dimensional eddy structures and heat/salt transports, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 122, 9795–9813, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013303, 2017.
Duan, M., Ashford, J. R., Bestley, S., Wei, X. Y., Walters, A., and Zhu, G. P.: Otolith chemistry of Electrona antarctica suggests a potential population marker distinguishing the southern Kerguelen Plateau from the eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 405–421, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11612, 2020.
Duan, Y., Liu, H., Yu, W., and Hou, Y.: Eddy properties in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean from satellite altimetry data, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 35, 28–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0946-2, 2016.
Falkowski, P. G., Ziemann, D., Kolber, Z., and Bienfang, P. K.: Role of eddy pumping in enhancing primary production in the ocean, Nature, 352, 55–58, https://doi.org/10.1038/352055a0, 1991.
Foppert, A., Donohue, K. A., Watts, D. R., and Tracey, K. L.: Eddy heat flux across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current estimated from sea surface height standard deviation, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 6947–6964, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012837, 2017.
Frenger, I., Münnich, M., Gruber, N., and Knutti, R.: Southern Ocean eddy phenomenology, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 7413–7449, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011047, 2015.
Fu, G., Yang, Y., Liang, X. S., and Zhao, Y.: Characteristics and dynamics of the interannual eddy kinetic energy variation in the central Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 128, e2022JC019618, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019618, 2023.
Gille, S. T.: Mean sea surface height of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from Geosat data: method and application, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 99, 18255–18273, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01172, 1994.
Hallberg, R. and Gnanadesikan, A.: An Exploration of the Role of Transient Eddies in Determining the Transport of a Zonally Reentrant Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3312–3330, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3312:AEOTRO>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Hallberg, R. and Gnanadesikan, A.: The Role of Eddies in Determining the Structure and Response of the Wind-Driven Southern Hemisphere Overturning: Results from the Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) Project, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2232–2252, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2980.1, 2006.
He, Q., Zhan, W., Cai, S., Du, Y., Chen, Z., Tang, S., and Zhan, H.: Enhancing impacts of mesoscale eddies on Southern Ocean temperature variability and extremes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2302292120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2302292120, 2023.
Henson, S. A. and Thomas, A. C.: A census of oceanic anticyclonic eddies in the Gulf of Alaska, Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.005, 2008.
Hogg, A. M., Meredith, M. P., Chambers, D. P., Abrahamsen, E. P., Hughes, C. W., and Morrison, A. K.: Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 257–267, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010470, 2015.
Holte, J. W., Talley, L. D., Chereskin, T. K., and Sloyan, B. M.: Subantarctic mode water in the southeast Pacific: effect of exchange across the Subantarctic Front, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 2052–2066, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20144, 2013.
Hughes, C. W.: Rossby waves in the Southern Ocean: a comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry with model predictions, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 100, 15933–15950, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC01380, 1995.
Hughes, C. W. and Ash, E. R.: Eddy forcing of the mean flow in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 106, 2713–2722, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900332, 2001.
Isern-Fontanet, J., García-Ladona, E., and Font, J.: Vortices of the Mediterranean Sea: an altimetric perspective, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2826.1, 2006.
Jan, S., Mensah, V., Andres, M., Chang, M.-H., and Yang, Y. J.: Eddy–Kuroshio interactions: local and remote effects, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 9744–9764, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013476, 2017.
Kim, Y. S. and Orsi, A. H.: On the variability of Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts inferred from 1992–2011 altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 3054–3071, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0217.1, 2014.
Li, D., Cheng, L., Yan, C., Zhang, C., and Hu, S.: Characteristics of eddies in the central Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean based on satellite observation from 2005 to 2019, Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 53, 1054–1066, https://doi.org/10.11693/hyhz20220100005, 2022a.
Li, Z., England, M. H., Groeskamp, S., Cerovečki, I., and Luo, Y.: The Origin and Fate of Subantarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 2951–2972, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0174.1, 2021.
Li, Z., Groeskamp, S., Cerovečki, I., and England, M. H.: The origin and fate of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Southern Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 2873–2890, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0221.1, 2022b.
Matsuoka, D., Araki, F., Inoue, Y., and Sasaki, H.: A new approach to ocean eddy detection, tracking, and event visualization – application to the northwest Pacific Ocean, Procedia Comput. Sci., 80, 1601–1611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.491, 2016.
Menna, M., Cotroneo, Y., Falco, P., Zambianchi, E., Di Lemma, R., Poulain, P.-M., Fusco, G., and Budillon, G.: Response of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean to wind stress variability from 1995 to 2017, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 125, e2019JC015696, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015696, 2020.
Moreau, S., Della Penna, A., Llort, J., Patel, R., Langlais, C., Boyd, P. W., Matear, R. J., Phillips, H. E., Trull, T. W., Tilbrook, B., Lenton, A., and Strutton, P. G.: Eddy-induced carbon transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles., 31, 1368–1386, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005669, 2017.
Morrow, R., Church, J., Coleman, R., Chelton, D., and White, N.: Eddy momentum flux and its contribution to the Southern Ocean momentum balance, Nature, 357, 482–484, https://doi.org/10.1038/357482a0, 1992.
Morrow, R., Coleman, R., Church, J., and Chelton, D.: Surface eddy momentum flux and velocity variances in the Southern Ocean from Geosat altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2050–2071, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<2050:SEMFAV>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Morrow, R., Ward, M. L., Hogg, A. M., and Pasquet, S.: Eddy response to Southern Ocean climate modes, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 115, C10030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005894, 2010.
Naveira Garabato, A. C., Heywood, K. J., and Stevens, D. P.: Modification and pathways of Southern Ocean Deep Waters in the Scotia Sea, Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 681–705, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00071-1, 2002.
Naveira Garabato, A. C., Ferrari, R., and Polzin, K. L.: Eddy stirring in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C09017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006818, 2011.
Okubo, A.: Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of velocity singularities such as convergences, Deep-Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 17, 445–454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(70)90059-8, 1970.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T., and Nowlin, W. D.: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 641–673, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Park, Y.-H. and Durand, I.: Altimetry-drived Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts, SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/59800, 2019.
Park, Y.-H., Gamberoni, L., and Charriaud, E.: Frontal structure, water masses, and circulation in the Crozet Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12361–12385, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC00938, 1993.
Park, Y.-H., Park, T., Kim, T.-W., Lee, S.-H., Hong, C.-S., Lee, J.-H., Rio, M.-H., Pujol, M.-I., Ballarotta, M., Durand, I., and Provost, C.: Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over the Udintsev Fracture Zone, the narrowest choke point in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 4511–4528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015024, 2019.
Patel, R. S., Phillips, H. E., Strutton, P. G., Lenton, A., and Llort, J.: Meridional heat and salt transport across the Subantarctic Front by cold-core eddies, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 981–1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014655, 2019.
Pujol, M.-I. and Grassi, K.: Product user manual for sea level altimeter products: SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_NRT_ 008_046, SEALEVEL_EUR_PHY_L4_NRT_008_060, SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047, SEALEVEL_EUR_PHY_L4_MY_008_068, Issue 1.0, Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS),
https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/PUM/CMEMS-SL-PUM-008-046-047-060-068.pdf (last access: 18 December 2025), 2025.
Qiu, C., Yang, Z., Feng, M., Yang, J., Rippeth, T. P., Shang, X., Sun, Z., Jing, C., and Wang, D.: Observational energy transfers of a spiral cold filament within an anticyclonic eddy, Prog. Oceanogr., 220, 103187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103187, 2024.
Saraceno, M. and Provost, C.: On eddy polarity distribution in the southwestern Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 69, 62–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.07.001, 2012.
Saunders, R. A., Collins, M. A., Stowasser, G., and Tarling, G. A.: Southern Ocean mesopelagic fish communities in the Scotia Sea are sustained by mass immigration, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 569, 173–185, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12093, 2017.
Shi, F., Shi, Q., Luo, Y. Y., Wu, R. H., Yang, Q. H., Liu, J. P., Yang, J., and Song, J.: Meridional shift of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies since the 1990s, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-4249-9, 2025.
Shi, J. R., Talley, L. D., Xie, S. P., Peng, Q., and Liu, W.: Ocean warming and accelerating Southern Ocean zonal flow, Nat. Clim. Chang., 11, 1090–1097, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01212-5, 2021.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Structure of Southern Ocean fronts at 140° E, J. Mar. Syst., 37, 151–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00200-2, 2002.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: On the relationship between fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and surface chlorophyll concentrations in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 112, C07030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004072, 2007.
Sprintall, J.: Seasonal to interannual upper-ocean variability in the Drake Passage, J. Mar. Res., 61, 27–57, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224003321586408, 2003.
Straub, D. N.: On the transport and angular momentum balance of channel models of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 776–782, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0776:OTTAAM>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Swart, N. C., Ansorge, I. J., and Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: Detailed characterization of a cold Antarctic eddy, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 113, C01009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004190, 2008.
Thompson, A. F. and Sallée, J.-B.: Jets and topography: Jet transitions and the impact on transport in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 956–972, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0135.1, 2012.
Thompson, A. F., Haynes, P. H., Wilson, C., and Richards, K. J.: Rapid Southern Ocean front transitions in an eddy-resolving ocean GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045386, 2010.
Thorpe, S. E., Heywood, K. J., Brandon, M. A., and Stevens, D. P.: Variability of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front north of South Georgia, J. Mar. Syst., 37, 87–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00197-5, 2002.
Valla, D., Piola, A. R., Meinen, C. S., and Campos, E.: Strong mixing and recirculation in the northwestern Argentine Basin, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 123, 4624–4648, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013907, 2018.
Vereshchaka, A., Musaeva, E., and Lunina, A.: Biogeography of the Southern Ocean: environmental factors driving mesoplankton distribution south of Africa, PeerJ., 9, e11411, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11411, 2021.
Weiss, J.: The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in two-dimensional hydrodynamics, Physica D., 48, 273–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(91)90088-Q, 1991.
Xia, X., Hong, Y., Du, Y., and Xiu, P.: Three types of Antarctic Intermediate Water revealed by a machine learning approach, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099445, 2022.
Zhang, Y., Chambers, D., and Liang, X.: Regional trends in Southern Ocean eddy kinetic energy, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 126, e2020JC016986, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016973, 2021.
Zhu, G. P., Qian, H. R., Wei, L., Fach, B. A., Bestley, S., Yan, C. B., and Ashford, J. R.: Otolith chemistry indicates structuring of the Subantarctic myctophid Electrona carlsbergi in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Slope Current off the South Shetland Islands, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 675, 113062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113062, 2025.
