Ocean Science
Ocean Science
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Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1735-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1735-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 4
Research article
 | 
11 Aug 2025
Research article |  | 11 Aug 2025

Seasonality of meridional overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic: density flux as a metric for understanding the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Alan D. Fox, Neil J. Fraser, and Stuart A. Cunningham

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Short summary
Understanding the seasonality of the overturning circulation is important for mitigating the impacts of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) changes on European weather and climate. We examine the seasonal cycle in various common measures of overturning and find each to be dominated by different processes, not necessarily reflective of the processes driving overturning. We advocate for the use of a density flux measure as a valuable addition to understanding AMOC.
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