Cerovečki, I., Hendershott, M. C., and Yulaeva, E.: Strong North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Volume and Density Decrease in Year 1999, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 124, 6617–6631, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014956, 2019.
Cushman-Roisin, B.: Subduction. Dynamics of the oceanic surface mixed layer: Proc. 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian winter Workshop, Vol. 181, p. 196, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1987.
Davis, X. J., Rothstein, L. M., Dewar, W. K., and Menemenlis, D.: Numerical Investigations of Seasonal and Interannual Variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and Its Implications for Pacific Climate Variability, J. Clim., 24, 2648–2665, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3435.1, 2011.
Garrett, C. and Tandon, A.: The effects on water mass formation of surface mixed layer timedependence and entrainment fluxes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44, 1991–2006, 1997.
Global Ocean Gridded: Global Ocean Gridded L 4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS), Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2023a.
Global Ocean Gridded: Global Ocean Gridded L 4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Nrt, E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS), Marine Data Store (MDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00149, 2023b.
Guo, Y., Lin, X., Wei, M., Liu, C., and Men, G.: Decadal Variability of North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 123, 6189–6206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013890, 2018.
Hanawa, K. and Kamada, J.: Variability of core layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2229–2232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011716, 2001.
Hanawa, K. and Sugimoto, S.: “Reemergence” areas of winter sea surface temperature anomalies in the world's oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019904, 2004.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present, Copernic. Clim. Change Serv. C3S Clim. Data Store CDS, 10, 252–266, 2019.
Holbrook, N. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., Benthuysen, J. A., Feng, M., Oliver, E. C. J., Alexander, L. V., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Hobday, A. J., Moore, P. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Smale, D. A., Straub, S. C., and Wernberg, T.: A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers, Nat. Commun., 10, 2624, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10206-z, 2019.
Hosoda, S.: Grid Point Value of the Monthly Objective Analysis using the Argo data, JAMSTEC [data set], https://doi.org/10.17596/0000102, 2007.
Hu, H., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., and Liu, W.: Variability of subduction rates of the subtropical North Pacific mode waters, Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol., 29, 1131–1141, 2011.
Kawakami, Y., Nakano, H., Urakawa, L. S., Toyoda, T., Aoki, K., and Usui, N.: Northward shift of the Kuroshio Extension during 1993–2021, Sci. Rep., 13, 16223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43009-w, 2023.
Kuroda, H. and Setou, T.: Extensive Marine Heatwaves at the Sea Surface in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in Summer 2021, Remote Sens., 13, 3989, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193989, 2021.
Levitus, S.: Climatological atlas of the world ocean, p. 173, US Government Printing Office, NOAA professional paper 13, 1982.
Liu, C., Xie, S., Li, P., Xu, L., and Gao, W.: Climatology and decadal variations in multicore structure of the North Pacific subtropical mode water, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 7506–7520, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013071, 2017.
Mantua, N.: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation: a brief overview for non-specialists, Encycl. Environ. Change, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1999.
Marshall, D.: Subduction of water masses in an eddying ocean, J. Mar. Res., 55, 201–222, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240973224373, 1997.
Marshall, J., Jamous, D., and Nilsson, J.: Reconciling thermodynamic and dynamic methods of computation of water-mass transformation rates, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 46, 545–572, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00082-X, 1999.
Masuzawa, J.: Subtropical mode water, Deep-Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 16, 463–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(69)90034-5, 1969.
Newman, M., Alexander, M. A., Ault, T. R., Cobb, K. M., Deser, C., Di Lorenzo, E., Mantua, N. J., Miller, A. J., Minobe, S., Nakamura, H., Schneider, N., Vimont, D. J., Phillips, A. S., Scott, J. D., and Smith, C. A.: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited, J. Clim., 29, 4399–4427, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1, 2016.
Nishikawa, S., Tsujino, H., Sakamoto, K., and Nakano, H.: Diagnosis of water mass transformation and formation rates in a high-resolution GCM of the North Pacific: DIAGNOSIS OF WATER MASS TRANSFORMATION, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 1051–1069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008116, 2013.
Oka, E. and Qiu, B.: Progress of North Pacific mode water research in the past decade, J. Oceanogr., 68, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0032-5, 2012.
Oka, E., Talley, L. D., and Suga, T.: Temporal variability of winter mixed layer in the mid-to high-latitude North Pacific, J. Oceanogr., 63, 293–307, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0029-2, 2007.
Oka, E., Suga, T., Sukigara, C., Toyama, K., Shimada, K., and Yoshida, J.: “Eddy Resolving” Observation of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 666–681, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JPO4501.1, 2011.
Oka, E., Qiu, B., Takatani, Y., Enyo, K., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Ishii, M., Nakano, T., and Suga, T.: Decadal variability of Subtropical Mode Water subduction and its impact on biogeochemistry, J. Oceanogr., 71, 389–400, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0300-x, 2015.
Oka, E., Yamada, K., Sasano, D., Enyo, K., Nakano, T., and Ishii, M.: Remotely Forced Decadal Physical and Biogeochemical Variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Over the Last 40 Years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1555–1561, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081330, 2019.
Oka, E., Nishikawa, H., Sugimoto, S., Qiu, B., and Schneider, N.: Subtropical Mode Water in a recent persisting Kuroshio large-meander period: Part I – formation and advection over the entire distribution region, J. Oceanogr., 77, 781–795, 2021.
Qiu, B.: Interannual variability of the Kuroshio Extension system and its impact on the wintertime SST field, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1486–1502, 2000.
Qiu, B.: Kuroshio Extension Variability and Forcing of the Paci?c Decadal Oscillations: Responses and Potential Feedback, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2465–2482, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2465:KEVAFO>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Qiu, B. and Chen, S.: Variability of the Kuroshio Extension Jet, Recirculation Gyre, and Mesoscale Eddies on Decadal Time Scales, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2090–2103, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2807.1, 2005.
Qiu, B. and Chen, S.: Decadal Variability in the Formation of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water: Oceanic versus Atmospheric Control, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1365–1380, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2918.1, 2006.
Qiu, B. and Chen, S.: Revisit of the occurrence of the Kuroshio large meander South of Japan, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 3679–3694, 2021.
Qiu, B. and Kelly, K. A.: Upper-ocean heat balance in the Kuroshio Extension region, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2027–2041, 1993.
Qiu, B., Hacker, P., Chen, S., Donohue, K. A., Watts, D. R., Mitsudera, H., Hogg, N. G., and Jayne, S. R.: Observations of the Subtropical Mode Water Evolution from the Kuroshio Extension System Study, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 457–473, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2849.1, 2006.
Qiu, B., Chen, S., and Hacker, P.: Effect of Mesoscale Eddies on Subtropical Mode Water Variability from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 982–1000, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3097.1, 2007.
Qiu, B., Chen, S., Schneider, N., Oka, E., and Sugimoto, S.: On the reset of the wind-forced decadal Kuroshio Extension variability in late 2017, J. Clim., 33, 10813–10828, 2020.
Qiu, B., Chen, S., and Oka, E.: Why did the 2017 Kuroshio large meander event become the longest in the Past 70 years?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103548, 2023.
Qu, T. and Chen, J.: A North Pacific decadal variability in subduction rate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040914, 2009.
Rainville, L., Jayne, S. R., McClean, J. L., and Maltrud, M. E.: Formation of Subtropical Mode Water in a high-resolution ocean simulation of the Kuroshio Extension region, Ocean Model., 17, 338–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.03.002, 2007.
Rainville, L., Jayne, S. R., and Cronin, M. F.: Variations of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water from Direct Observations, J. Clim., 27, 2842–2860, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00227.1, 2014.
Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 2004–2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program, Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 81–100, 2009.
Sasaki, Y. N. and Minobe, S.: Climatological mean features and interannual to decadal variability of ring formations in the Kuroshio Extension region, J. Oceanogr., 71, 499–509, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-014-0270-4, 2015.
Small, R. J., Bryan, F. O., and Bishop, S. P.: Surface Water Mass Transformation in the Southern Ocean: The Role of Eddies Revisited, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 789–804, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0087.1, 2022.
Stammer, D.: Steric and wind-induced changes in TOPEX/POSEIDON large-scale sea surface topography observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 102, 20987–21009, 1997.
Suga, T. and Hanawa, K.: The mixed-layer climatology in the northwestern part of the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the formation area of Subtropical Mode Water, J. Mar. Res., 48, 543–566, 1990.
Suga, T. and Hanawa, K.: Interannual variations of North Pacific subtropical mode water in the 137° E section, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1012–1017, 1995.
Sugimoto, S. and Hanawa, K.: Remote reemergence areas of winter sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021410, 2005.
Sugimoto, S. and Hanawa, K.: Impact of Aleutian Low activity on the STMW formation in the Kuroshio recirculation gyre region: IMPACT OF AL ON THE STMW FORMATION, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041795, 2010.
Sugimoto, S. and Kako, S.: Decadal Variation in Winter Mixed Layer Depth South of the Kuroshio Extension and Its Influence on Winter Mixed Layer Temperature, J. Clim., 29, 1237–1252, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0206.1, 2016.
Tak, Y.-J., Song, H., and Cho, Y.-K.: Impact of the reemergence of North Pacific subtropical mode water on the multi-year modulation of marine heatwaves in the North Pacific Ocean during winter and early spring, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 074036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0cad, 2021.
Taneda, T., Suga, T., and Hanawa, K.: Subtropical mode water variation in the northwestern part of the North Pacific subtropical gyre, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 105, 19591–19598, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900073, 2000.
Tomita, H., Kako, S., Cronin, M. F., and Kubota, M.: Preconditioning of the wintertime mixed layer at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 115, 2010JC006373, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006373, 2010.
Toyama, K., Iwasaki, A., and Suga, T.: Interannual Variation of Annual Subduction Rate in the North Pacific Estimated from a Gridded Argo Product, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2276–2293, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0223.1, 2015.
Uehara, H., Suga, T., Hanawa, K., and Shikama, N.: A role of eddies in formation and transport of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water: MESOSCALE EDDIES AND NPSTMW, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017542, 2003.
Usui, N.: Progress of Studies on Kuroshio Path Variations South of Japan in the Past Decade, in: Geophysical Monograph Series, edited by: Nagai, T., Saito, H., Suzuki, K., and Takahashi, M., Wiley, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119428428.ch9, 2019.
Vivier, F., Kelly, K. A., and Thompson, L.: Contributions of wind forcing, waves, and surface heating to sea surface height observations in the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 104, 20767–20788, 1999.
Walin, G.: On the relation between sea-surface heat flow and thermal circulation in the ocean, Tellus, 34, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01806.x, 1982.
Wang, R., Yu, F., and Nan, F.: Weakening of subduction in the Subtropical Mode Water formation region observed during 2003–2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 120, 7271–7281, 2015.
Williams, R. G.: The influence of air–sea interaction on the ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1255–1267, 1989.
Williams, R. G.: The role of the mixed layer in setting the potential vorticity of the main thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1803–1814, 1991.
Wu, B., Lin, X., and Yu, L.: North Pacific subtropical mode water is controlled by the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 238–243, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0692-5, 2020.
Wu, B., Lin, X., and Yu, L.: Poleward Shift of the Kuroshio Extension Front and Its Impact on the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in the Recent Decades, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 457–474, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0088.1, 2021.
Xu, L., Wang, K., and Wu, B.: Weakening and Poleward Shifting of the North Pacific Subtropical Fronts from 1980 to 2018, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 399–417, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0170.1, 2022.
