Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1183-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1183-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 04 Aug 2023
| 04 Aug 2023
Sensitivity of gyre-scale marine connectivity estimates to fine-scale circulation
Saeed Hariri
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
LMD-IPSL, École normale supérieure, PSL, 24 rue Lhomond,
75005 Paris, CEDEX 05, France
Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz Institute for
Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119
Rostock, Germany
Sabrina Speich
LMD-IPSL, École normale supérieure, PSL, 24 rue Lhomond,
75005 Paris, CEDEX 05, France
Bruno Blanke
Univ Brest, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, UMR6523 CNRS-Ifremer-IRDUBO, 29280 Plouzané, France
Marina Lévy
Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, CEDEX
05, France
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Beatrice Altamura, Artemis Ioannou, and Sabrina Speich
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6289, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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Mesoscale eddies are rotating oceanic currents key to ocean variability. In this study they are detected from Argo density profiles in the South Atlantic, using altimetry as a calibration reference in the period 2000–2025. The method reveals distinct surface and subsurface eddy distributions, with stronger subsurface intensification in cyclones. In the Cape Basin, both cyclone and anticyclone trajectories show evidence of subduction, linked to seasonal mixed-layer variability.
Leon-Cornelius Mock, René Schubert, Lionel Guez, Sabrina Speich, and Arne Biastoch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6032, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6032, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
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Ocean eddies in the Agulhas region off South Africa carry warm, salty water into the South Atlantic, shaping global ocean circulation and climate. We identified these eddies in full three dimensions, then tracked thousands to millions of virtual water parcels to see how long water stays trapped inside them. Comparing two simulations, we found that finer-scale motion lets water escape eddies faster. This suggests current climate models may overestimate the heat and salt these eddies transport.
Xi Ruan, Stéphane Doléac, Laurent Bopp, Julian Mak, Franziska Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, and Marina Lévy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4891, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4891, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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Carbon produced by ocean life traveling from the surface to the deep ocean can help keep our planet cooler. Using simulations, we find that physical ocean processes are an important yet poorly constrained pathway for transport to the deep North Atlantic. Despite regional contrasts in total transport, contributions remain similar. They shape seasonal carbon patterns alongside the dominant pathway. A finer simulation shows stronger transport. These imply the need to better represent ocean physics.
Dante C. Napolitano, Jonathan Gula, Solange Coadou-Chaventon, Sabrina Speich, Cesar B. Rocha, James C. McWilliams, Dongxiao Zhang, and Xavier Carton
Ocean Sci., 22, 2425–2447, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2425-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2425-2026, 2026
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The Amazon River plume interaction with the North Brazil Current creates sharp temperature-salinity differences called fronts that are important for modulating air-sea interactions and biogeochemical cycles. This study uses data from robotic sailboats and a numerical model to provide a comprehensive picture of these fronts associated with the local dynamics. We characterize three distinct frontal regimes and the temperature-salinity relations linked to the Amazon discharge and current strength.
Angelina Cassianides, Marina Levy, Clément Haëck, Ines Mangolte, Roy El Hourany, Michela Sammartino, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3531, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3531, 2026
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Oceanic fronts are common features considered as biodiversity hotspots. Using satellite data, we quantified how fronts affect phytoplankton growth, the base of the marine food web, and its community in the Mediteranean Sea. We show that phytoplankton are systematically enhanced, especially in nutrient-poor area, while the community structure shifts to favor larger organisms like diatoms. However, these ecological impacts depend on both the method and the nature of the dataset used.
Marina Lévy, Karina von Schuckmann, Mahé Butel, William W. L. Cheung, Joachim Claudet, Thomas L. Frölicher, Patrice Guillotreau, Peter Haugan, Janine Adams, Diva Amon, Tamatoa Bambridge, Cynthia Barzuna, Bruno Blanke, Lijing Cheng, Sanae Chiba, Jorge Cortés, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Stefan Gelcich, Jessica Gephart, Deborah Greaves, Audrey Hasson, Claire Jolly, Daoji Li, Yunne-Jai Shin, Aimée Slangen, Mere Takoko, Olivier Thébaud, Adrien Vincent, and Patrick Vincent
State Planet, 7-osr10, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-7-osr10-1-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-7-osr10-1-2026, 2026
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The Starfish Barometer provides an annual, science-based synthesis of global Ocean-related developments, structured around five interconnected dimensions: the Ocean state, human pressures, societal harms, protection efforts, and opportunities for humanity. It is released each year on World Ocean Day. This article presents the second edition of the Barometer, which shows a growing gap between increasing human pressures on the Ocean and the efforts being made to protect it and drive change.
Mathieu Delteil, Marina Lévy, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 23, 2205–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2205-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2205-2026, 2026
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The ocean is losing oxygen due to climate change, threatening ecosystems, especially in naturally low-oxygen areas called Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs). Using the IPSL-CM6A-LR Large Ensemble, this study identifies when climate-driven changes in OMZ volumes and regional deoxygenation emerge from natural variability. We highlight hemispheric asymmetries due to ocean ventilation and provide model-based estimates for the timing of detectable OMZ evolution.
Audrey Minière, Karina von Schuckmann, and Sabrina Speich
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-106, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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This study assesses the sensitivity of global ocean heat content estimates to key methodological choices. Global trends are robust across methodological configurations. Most of the spread comes from the choice of temperature dataset, while other methodological impacts remain small. Our results show that both research and operational indicators consistently track global ocean warming, supporting their reliability and traceability for climate monitoring and Earth energy budget assessments.
Pablo Fernández, Sabrina Speich, Guillaume Lapeyre, Claudia Pasquero, Carlos Conejero, Lionel Renault, and Fabien Desbiolles
Ocean Sci., 22, 699–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-699-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-699-2026, 2026
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We use a high-resolution ocean-atmosphere coupled simulation to assess the effects of fine-scale sea surface temperature, surface currents, and ocean vertical stratification on the spatial variability of latent heat flux in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic. The results show significant impacts from these three variables in latent heat flux. They stress the need to account for fine-scale ocean processes in the coarser global coupled models even in relatively quiescent regions like the tropics.
Yan Barabinot, Sabrina Speich, and Xavier Carton
Ocean Sci., 21, 2527–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2527-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2527-2025, 2025
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Mesoscale eddies, characterized by rotating currents, are ubiquitous in the ocean. However, their three-dimensional structure remains poorly observed and analyzed, with transport estimates often relying on approximations. To better quantify their shape, we propose a new theoretical framework based on geophysical fluid dynamics and apply it to field observations.
Yan Barabinot, Sabrina Speich, Xavier Carton, Pierre L'Hégaret, Corentin Subirade, Rémi Laxenaire, and Johannes Karstensen
Ocean Sci., 21, 1849–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1849-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1849-2025, 2025
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Mesoscale eddies are rotating oceanic currents key to ocean variability. Off Brazil’s northeast coast, the North Brazil Current generates on average 4.5 eddies per year, which drift towards the West Indies, transporting waters from the Southern Hemisphere. Using data collected at sea by the EUREC4A-OA cruise, this study reveals that deep eddies transport 5 times more water than surface ones, reshaping our understanding of the regional water transport.
Yawouvi Dodji Soviadan, Miriam Beck, Joelle Habib, Alberto Baudena, Laetitia Drago, Alexandre Accardo, Remi Laxenaire, Sabrina Speich, Peter Brandt, Rainer Kiko, and Stemmann Lars
Biogeosciences, 22, 3485–3501, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3485-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3485-2025, 2025
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Key parameters representing the gravity flux in global models are sinking speed and vertical attenuation of exported material. We calculate, for the first time, these parameters in situ in the ocean for six intermittent blooms followed by export events using high-resolution (3 d) time series of 0–1000 m depth profiles from imaging sensors mounted on an Argo float. We show that sinking speed depends not only on size but also on the morphology of the particles, with density being an important property.
Marina Lévy, Karina von Schuckmann, Patrick Vincent, Bruno Blanke, Joachim Claudet, Patrice Guillotreau, Audrey Hasson, Claire Jolly, Yunne Shin, Olivier Thébaud, Adrien Vincent, and Pierre Bahurel
State Planet, 6-osr9, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-6-osr9-1-2025, 2025
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The Ocean is vital to humanity, but humans are putting it at risk. The Starfish Barometer is a new yearly civic rendezvous that shows how people and the Ocean affect each other. Using science-based facts, it highlights major trends in ocean health, the pressures it faces, the harm to people, and current protection efforts and opportunities. The goal is to raise awareness to secure a better future for the Ocean and humanity.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, and Marina Levy
Biogeosciences, 22, 2163–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2163-2025, 2025
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We assessed how well climate models replicate sub-seasonal changes in ocean chlorophyll observed by satellites. Models struggle to capture these variations accurately. Some overestimate fluctuations and their impact on annual chlorophyll variability, while others underestimate them. The underestimation is likely due to limited model resolution, while the overestimation may come from internal model oscillations.
Alexandre Accardo, Rémi Laxenaire, Alberto Baudena, Sabrina Speich, Rainer Kiko, and Lars Stemmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1183–1201, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1183-2025, 2025
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The open ocean helps mitigate climate change by storing CO2 via the biological carbon pump (BCP), which involves processes like organic carbon production at the surface and transferring it to the deep ocean via various pathways. By deploying an autonomous platform, we found significant marine snow accumulation from the surface to the mesopelagic zone in frontal regions between eddies. We suggest that the coupling of hydrodynamics at eddy edges and biological activity may enhance this process.
Stéphane Doléac, Marina Lévy, Roy El Hourany, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 22, 841–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, 2025
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The marine biogeochemistry components of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models vary widely in their process representations. Using an innovative bioregionalization of the North Atlantic, we reveal that this model diversity largely drives the divergence in net primary production projections under a high-emission scenario. The identification of the most mechanistically realistic models allows for a substantial reduction in projection uncertainty.
Yan Barabinot, Sabrina Speich, and Xavier Carton
Ocean Sci., 21, 151–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-151-2025, 2025
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Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous rotating currents in the ocean. Some eddies, called "materially coherent", are able to transport a different water mass from the surrounding water. By analyzing 3D eddy structures sampled during oceanographic cruises, we found that eddies can be nonmaterially coherent, accounting only for their surface properties, but materially coherent considering their properties at depth. Future studies cannot rely solely on satellite data to evaluate heat and salt transport.
Roy El Hourany, Juan Pierella Karlusich, Lucie Zinger, Hubert Loisel, Marina Levy, and Chris Bowler
Ocean Sci., 20, 217–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-217-2024, 2024
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Satellite observations offer valuable information on phytoplankton abundance and community structure. Here, we employ satellite observations to infer seven phytoplankton groups at a global scale based on a new molecular method from Tara Oceans. The link has been established using machine learning approaches. The output of this work provides excellent tools to collect essential biodiversity variables and a foundation to monitor the evolution of marine biodiversity.
Jonathan Andrew Baker, Richard Renshaw, Laura Claire Jackson, Clotilde Dubois, Doroteaciro Iovino, Hao Zuo, Renellys C. Perez, Shenfu Dong, Marion Kersalé, Michael Mayer, Johannes Mayer, Sabrina Speich, and Tarron Lamont
State Planet, 1-osr7, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-4-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-4-2023, 2023
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We use ocean reanalyses, in which ocean models are combined with observations, to infer past changes in ocean circulation and heat transport in the South Atlantic. Comparing these estimates with other observation-based estimates, we find differences in their trends, variability, and mean heat transport but closer agreement in their mean overturning strength. Ocean reanalyses can help us understand the cause of these differences, which could improve estimates of ocean transports in this region.
Inès Mangolte, Marina Lévy, Clément Haëck, and Mark D. Ohman
Biogeosciences, 20, 3273–3299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, 2023
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Ocean fronts are ecological hotspots, associated with higher diversity and biomass for many marine organisms, from bacteria to whales. Using in situ data from the California Current Ecosystem, we show that far from being limited to the production of diatom blooms, fronts are the scene of complex biophysical couplings between biotic interactions (growth, competition, and predation) and transport by currents that generate planktonic communities with an original taxonomic and spatial structure.
Clément Haëck, Marina Lévy, Inès Mangolte, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 20, 1741–1758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, 2023
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Phytoplankton vary in abundance in the ocean over large regions and with the seasons but also because of small-scale heterogeneities in surface temperature, called fronts. Here, using satellite imagery, we found that fronts enhance phytoplankton much more where it is already growing well, but despite large local increases the enhancement for the region is modest (5 %). We also found that blooms start 1 to 2 weeks earlier over fronts. These effects may have implications for ecosystems.
Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, and Johannes Karstensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1801–1830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, 2023
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In early 2020, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment took place in the northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, a dynamical region where different water masses interact. Four oceanographic vessels and a fleet of autonomous devices were deployed to study the processes at play and sample the upper ocean, each with its own observing capability. The article first describes the data calibration and validation and second their cross-validation, using a hierarchy of instruments and estimating the uncertainty.
Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
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One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
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We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
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The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Zouhair Lachkar, Michael Mehari, Muchamad Al Azhar, Marina Lévy, and Shafer Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 5831–5849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021, 2021
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This study documents and quantifies a significant recent oxygen decline in the upper layers of the Arabian Sea and explores its drivers. Using a modeling approach we show that the fast local warming of sea surface is the main factor causing this oxygen drop. Concomitant summer monsoon intensification contributes to this trend, although to a lesser extent. These changes exacerbate oxygen depletion in the subsurface, threatening marine habitats and altering the local biogeochemistry.
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Short summary
This work presents a series of studies conducted by the authors on the application of the Lagrangian approach for the connectivity analysis between different ocean locations in an idealized open-ocean model. We assess how the connectivity properties of typical oceanic flows are affected by the fine-scale circulation and discuss the challenges facing ocean connectivity estimates related to the spatial resolution. Our results are important to improve the understanding of marine ecosystems.
This work presents a series of studies conducted by the authors on the application of the...
