Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-565-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-565-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 May 2022
Research article |
| 03 May 2022
| 03 May 2022
Ocean bubbles under high wind conditions – Part 1: Bubble distribution and development
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London,
London, WC1E 7BT, UK
Ian M. Brooks
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT,
UK
Steve Gunn
University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Robin Pascal
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Adrian Matei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London,
London, WC1E 7BT, UK
Byron Blomquist
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ocean bubbles under high wind conditions – Part 2: Bubble size distributions and implications for models of bubble dynamics H. Czerski et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-587-2022
- A Mechanistic Sea Spray Generation Function Based on the Sea State and the Physics of Bubble Bursting L. Deike et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000750
- Dynamic behavior and acoustic characteristics of liquid phase bubble breakup Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2026.123515
- Future Spaceborne Oceanographic Lidar: Exploring the Effects of Large Off-Nadir Angles on Signal Dynamic Range and Depth Aliasing P. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3545669
- Circular Array Fiber-Optic Sub-Sensor for Large-Area Bubble Observation, Part I: Design and Experimental Validation of the Sensitive Unit of Array Elements F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206378
- Clustering, coalescing and bursting processes in surface bubbles of surfactant water flows Y. Watanabe & A. Saruwatari https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2024.19
- Tidal and seasonal influence on cold seep activity and methanotroph efficiency in the North Sea T. de Groot et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01483-8
- On the short-term response of entrained air bubbles in the upper ocean: a case study in the north Adriatic Sea A. Benetazzo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024
- The influence of waves and bubbles on oxygen in the ocean interior P. Rustogi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae612b
- Asymmetric bubble-mediated gas transfer enhances global ocean CO2 uptake Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66652-5
- Cavitation Strength, Acoustic Nonlinearity, and Gas Bubble Distribution in Water A. Bulanov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010003
- The dominant role of jetting in micron- and sub-micron sea spray produced by bubble bursting: A revised model and comparison with measurements A. Gañán-Calvo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2025.104891
- In-water lidar simulations: the ALADIN ADM-Aeolus backscattered signal at 355 nm D. D’Alimonte et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.510919
- Deciphering the variability in air-sea gas transfer due to sea state and wind history M. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae389
- A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Measurements of Whitecap Foam Evolution From Breaking Waves A. Callaghan et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020193
- Ocean wave measurements for marine renewable energy applications D. Peláez-Zapata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115828
- Eight Categories of Air–Water Gas Transfer D. Woolf https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6020027
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Ocean bubbles under high wind conditions – Part 2: Bubble size distributions and implications for models of bubble dynamics H. Czerski et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-587-2022
- A Mechanistic Sea Spray Generation Function Based on the Sea State and the Physics of Bubble Bursting L. Deike et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000750
- Dynamic behavior and acoustic characteristics of liquid phase bubble breakup Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2026.123515
- Future Spaceborne Oceanographic Lidar: Exploring the Effects of Large Off-Nadir Angles on Signal Dynamic Range and Depth Aliasing P. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3545669
- Circular Array Fiber-Optic Sub-Sensor for Large-Area Bubble Observation, Part I: Design and Experimental Validation of the Sensitive Unit of Array Elements F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206378
- Clustering, coalescing and bursting processes in surface bubbles of surfactant water flows Y. Watanabe & A. Saruwatari https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2024.19
- Tidal and seasonal influence on cold seep activity and methanotroph efficiency in the North Sea T. de Groot et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01483-8
- On the short-term response of entrained air bubbles in the upper ocean: a case study in the north Adriatic Sea A. Benetazzo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-639-2024
- The influence of waves and bubbles on oxygen in the ocean interior P. Rustogi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae612b
- Asymmetric bubble-mediated gas transfer enhances global ocean CO2 uptake Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66652-5
- Cavitation Strength, Acoustic Nonlinearity, and Gas Bubble Distribution in Water A. Bulanov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010003
- The dominant role of jetting in micron- and sub-micron sea spray produced by bubble bursting: A revised model and comparison with measurements A. Gañán-Calvo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2025.104891
- In-water lidar simulations: the ALADIN ADM-Aeolus backscattered signal at 355 nm D. D’Alimonte et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.510919
- Deciphering the variability in air-sea gas transfer due to sea state and wind history M. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae389
- A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Measurements of Whitecap Foam Evolution From Breaking Waves A. Callaghan et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020193
- Ocean wave measurements for marine renewable energy applications D. Peláez-Zapata et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115828
- Eight Categories of Air–Water Gas Transfer D. Woolf https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans6020027
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Jun 2026
Short summary
The bubbles formed by breaking waves speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and the ocean. Understanding where these gases go is an important part of understanding Earth's climate. In this paper we describe measurements of the bubbles close to the ocean surface during big storms in the North Atlantic. We observed small bubbles collecting in distinctive patterns which help us to understand the contribution they make to the ocean breathing.
The bubbles formed by breaking waves speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and...
