Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1073-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1073-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note
| 
19 Jul 2022
Technical note |
| 19 Jul 2022
| 19 Jul 2022
Technical note: On seasonal variability of the M2 tide
Geodesy & Geophysics Lab., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seasonal amplitude of principal tidal constituents in shallow shelf regions P. Huang & Q. Yu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108901
- Anomalously large seasonal modulations of shallow water tides at Lamu, Kenya H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108203
- Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact P. Wang & N. Bernier https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023
- Global evidence for co-variability of tidal constituents S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2c0c
- Modelling the effect of sea ice in an ocean tide model A. Vasulkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102405
- Tide of the Time: Global tidal characteristics observed from in-situ measurements M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026
- Present-Day Sea Level Variations in Coastal Areas from Daily to Multidecadal Time Scales: Observations and Causes A. Cazenave et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09956-5
- Online Tidal Filters: Evaluation, Comparison, and Application for Coastal Sea-Level De-Tiding P. Wang & N. Bernier https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14070666
- Improved tidal estimates from short water level records via the modified harmonic analysis model H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102372
- A Global Perspective on Local Sea Level Changes H. Voortman & R. De Vos https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091641
- Seasonal variations of tidal currents in the deep Timor Passage H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1135911
- Current Status and Trends of Low-Temperature Steel Used in Polar Regions Q. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133117
- Seasonal and vertical tidal variability in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea N. Mantel et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1388137
- Altimetry-derived tide model for improved tide and water level forecasting along the European continental shelf M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01560-0
- Seasonal West‐East Seesaw of M2 Internal Tides From the Luzon Strait Z. Zhao & B. Qiu https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019281
- Investigating spatiotemporal variation in tidal constituents along Bangladesh coast with harmonic analysis of high-resolution tidal data M. Munim et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2025.2513089
- SEASONAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMPLITUDES OF THE MAJOR TIDAL CONSTITUENTS ALONG THE COAST OF THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO A. TAI https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.26-18131
- M2 ${M}_{2}$ Seasonal Variability in Northwestern Europe: Characteristics and Drivers L. Pineau‐Guillou & P. Lazure https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112554
- LONG-TERM CHANGES IN TIDAL AMPLITUDES ALONG THE COAST OF JAPAN A. TAI & S. NEILL https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.25-17083
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Seasonal amplitude of principal tidal constituents in shallow shelf regions P. Huang & Q. Yu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108901
- Anomalously large seasonal modulations of shallow water tides at Lamu, Kenya H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108203
- Adding sea ice effects to a global operational model (NEMO v3.6) for forecasting total water level: approach and impact P. Wang & N. Bernier https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3335-2023
- Global evidence for co-variability of tidal constituents S. Radfar et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2c0c
- Modelling the effect of sea ice in an ocean tide model A. Vasulkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102405
- Tide of the Time: Global tidal characteristics observed from in-situ measurements M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026
- Present-Day Sea Level Variations in Coastal Areas from Daily to Multidecadal Time Scales: Observations and Causes A. Cazenave et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09956-5
- Online Tidal Filters: Evaluation, Comparison, and Application for Coastal Sea-Level De-Tiding P. Wang & N. Bernier https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14070666
- Improved tidal estimates from short water level records via the modified harmonic analysis model H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102372
- A Global Perspective on Local Sea Level Changes H. Voortman & R. De Vos https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091641
- Seasonal variations of tidal currents in the deep Timor Passage H. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1135911
- Current Status and Trends of Low-Temperature Steel Used in Polar Regions Q. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133117
- Seasonal and vertical tidal variability in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea N. Mantel et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1388137
- Altimetry-derived tide model for improved tide and water level forecasting along the European continental shelf M. Hart-Davis et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01560-0
- Seasonal West‐East Seesaw of M2 Internal Tides From the Luzon Strait Z. Zhao & B. Qiu https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019281
- Investigating spatiotemporal variation in tidal constituents along Bangladesh coast with harmonic analysis of high-resolution tidal data M. Munim et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2025.2513089
- SEASONAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMPLITUDES OF THE MAJOR TIDAL CONSTITUENTS ALONG THE COAST OF THE JAPANESE ARCHIPELAGO A. TAI https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.26-18131
- M2 ${M}_{2}$ Seasonal Variability in Northwestern Europe: Characteristics and Drivers L. Pineau‐Guillou & P. Lazure https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112554
- LONG-TERM CHANGES IN TIDAL AMPLITUDES ALONG THE COAST OF JAPAN A. TAI & S. NEILL https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.25-17083
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Oct 2026
Short summary
Seasonal variability of the M2 ocean tide can be detected at many ports. The physical mechanisms underlying seasonality, in the broadest terms, are astronomical, frictional–advective interactions, and climate processes. Some of these induce annual modulations, some semiannual, in amplitude, phase, or both. This note reviews how this occurs and gives an example from each broad category. Phase conventions and their relationship with causal mechanisms, as well as nomenclature, are also addressed.
Seasonal variability of the M2 ocean tide can be detected at many ports. The physical mechanisms...
