Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-809-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Jun 2021
Research article |
| 18 Jun 2021
| 18 Jun 2021
Preface: Developments in the science and history of tides
National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow
Street, Liverpool, L3 5DA, UK
J. A. Mattias Green
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59
5AB, UK
Richard D. Ray
Geodesy and Geophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
John M. Huthnance
National Oceanography Centre, Joseph Proudman Building, 6 Brownlow
Street, Liverpool, L3 5DA, UK
Related authors
Philip L. Woodworth
Ocean Sci., 20, 887–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes use of historic tide gauge measurements at Port Louis in the Falkland Islands made by James Clark Ross in 1842 to see whether there have been long-term changes in the ocean tide at that location. The conclusion is that there is no evidence for any significant change, which contrasts with tide gauge findings from other parts of the world over similar timescales.
Philip L. Woodworth and John M. Vassie
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4387–4396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An electronic data set of tidal measurements at St. Helena in 1761 by Nevil Maskelyne is described. These data were first analysed by Cartwright in papers on changing tides, but his data files were never archived. The now newly digitised Maskelyne data have been reanalysed in order to obtain an updated impression of whether the tide has changed at that location in over two and a half centuries. Our main conclusion is that the major tidal constituent (M2) has changed little.
David T. Pugh, Edmund Bridge, Robin Edwards, Peter Hogarth, Guy Westbrook, Philip L. Woodworth, and Gerard D. McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 17, 1623–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of sea level, taken manually by reading a tide pole, were carefully taken at a number of locations around Ireland in 1842 as part of the first land survey of Ireland. Our study investigates how useful this type of sea level observation is for understanding mean sea level and tidal change. We find that when carefully adjusted for seasonal, meteorological, and astronomical factors, these data can provide important insights into changing sea levels.
Philip L. Woodworth
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Liverpool Tidal Institute's (LTI) 100th anniversary was in 2019, and it acquired a reputation using tide prediction machines (TPMs). We describe the principles of a TPM, how many were made and Doodson's method to determine harmonic constants from tidal data to predict the tides. Although only three TPMs were used at the LTI, Doodson oversaw the design and manufacture of several others. We show how the UK, and Doodson particularly, played a central role in this area of science.
Denise Smythe-Wright, W. John Gould, Trevor J. McDougall, Stefania Sparnocchia, and Philip L. Woodworth
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
From the early work of Prince Albert I of Monaco, the first president of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans, to today, the Association has promoted and supported international research and cross-cutting activities in ocean sciences, building on the work of the many far-sighted scientists who, over the last century, have addressed seemingly intractable problems. This paper describes key events in IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.
Philip L. Woodworth
Ocean Sci., 15, 431–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-431-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-431-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first investigation of the worldwide distribution of the degree-3 M1 ocean tide using over 800 tide gauge records and a global tide model. M1 is confirmed to have a geographical variation in the Atlantic and other basins consistent with the suggestion of Platzman and Cartwright that M1 is generated through the spatial and temporal overlap of M1 in the tidal potential and one (or at least a small number of) diurnal ocean normal mode(s).
Philip L. Woodworth and Angela Hibbert
Ocean Sci., 14, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-711-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-711-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
30 years of BPR data at Drake Passage are used to investigate the Mf, Mm and Mt long-period tides. Amplitudes of Mf and Mt, and all phase lags, vary over the nodal cycle as in the equilibrium tide. Mm amplitude is almost constant, and so inconsistent at 3σ from anticipation due to energetic non-tidal variability. Most findings agree with a modern ocean tide model. BPR records are superior to conventional tide gauge data in this work due to lower proportion of non-tidal variability.
Philip L. Woodworth and Glen H. Rowe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 9, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-85-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-85-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses the quality of James Cook’s tidal measurements during the voyage of the Endeavour. We conclude that his measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft in height and 30 min in time. They were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. They support Cook’s reputation as a good observer of the environment.
David E. Cartwright, Philip L. Woodworth, and Richard D. Ray
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 9–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-9-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-9-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses an historical record of the ocean tide made by the astronomer Manuel Johnson (a future President of the Royal Astronomical Society) at St. Helena in 1826–27. It describes how the measurements were made using a tide gauge of an unusual design, which recorded the heights of the high and low tides well, although information on their times were not so accurate. Johnson’s work is not well known. One objective of the present research was to make his measurements more accessible.
Brad Reed, J. A. Mattias Green, Adrian Jenkins, and G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
The Cryosphere, 18, 4567–4587, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical ice-flow model to simulate the response of a 1940s Pine Island Glacier to changes in melting beneath its ice shelf. A decadal period of warm forcing is sufficient to push the glacier into an unstable, irreversible retreat from its long-term position on a subglacial ridge to an upstream ice plain. This retreat can only be stopped when unrealistic cold forcing is applied. These results show that short warm anomalies can lead to quick and substantial increases in ice flux.
Philip L. Woodworth
Ocean Sci., 20, 887–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes use of historic tide gauge measurements at Port Louis in the Falkland Islands made by James Clark Ross in 1842 to see whether there have been long-term changes in the ocean tide at that location. The conclusion is that there is no evidence for any significant change, which contrasts with tide gauge findings from other parts of the world over similar timescales.
Philip L. Woodworth and John M. Vassie
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4387–4396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An electronic data set of tidal measurements at St. Helena in 1761 by Nevil Maskelyne is described. These data were first analysed by Cartwright in papers on changing tides, but his data files were never archived. The now newly digitised Maskelyne data have been reanalysed in order to obtain an updated impression of whether the tide has changed at that location in over two and a half centuries. Our main conclusion is that the major tidal constituent (M2) has changed little.
Richard D. Ray
Ocean Sci., 18, 1073–1079, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variability of the M2 ocean tide can be detected at many ports. The physical mechanisms underlying seasonality, in the broadest terms, are astronomical, frictional–advective interactions, and climate processes. Some of these induce annual modulations, some semiannual, in amplitude, phase, or both. This note reviews how this occurs and gives an example from each broad category. Phase conventions and their relationship with causal mechanisms, as well as nomenclature, are also addressed.
David T. Pugh, Edmund Bridge, Robin Edwards, Peter Hogarth, Guy Westbrook, Philip L. Woodworth, and Gerard D. McCarthy
Ocean Sci., 17, 1623–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1623-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of sea level, taken manually by reading a tide pole, were carefully taken at a number of locations around Ireland in 1842 as part of the first land survey of Ireland. Our study investigates how useful this type of sea level observation is for understanding mean sea level and tidal change. We find that when carefully adjusted for seasonal, meteorological, and astronomical factors, these data can provide important insights into changing sea levels.
Julia Rulent, Lucy M. Bricheno, J. A. Mattias Green, Ivan D. Haigh, and Huw Lewis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3339–3351, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High coastal total water levels (TWLs) can lead to flooding and hazardous conditions for coastal communities and environment. In this research we are using numerical models to study the interactions between the three main components of the TWL (waves, tides, and surges) on UK and Irish coasts during winter 2013/14. The main finding of this research is that extreme waves and surges can indeed happen together, even at high tide, but they often occurred simultaneously 2–3 h before high tide.
Loren Carrere, Brian K. Arbic, Brian Dushaw, Gary Egbert, Svetlana Erofeeva, Florent Lyard, Richard D. Ray, Clément Ubelmann, Edward Zaron, Zhongxiang Zhao, Jay F. Shriver, Maarten Cornelis Buijsman, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be corrected from altimeter measurements. We present a detailed validation of several internal-tide models using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the main diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. Results show the interest of the methodology proposed, the quality of the internal-tide models tested and their positive contribution for estimating an accurate sea level.
J. A. Mattias Green and David T. Pugh
Ocean Sci., 16, 1337–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1337-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1337-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Bardsey Island lies 3 km offshore the western end of the Llŷn Peninsula in northwestern Wales. However, the island is too small to show up in tidal databases based on satellite data, and thus they may not provide the correct local tides. Our new sea level data shows that the tidal currents in the satellite databases are one-third of the observed currents. Any investigation of other coastal activities, e.g. renewable energy installations, must use local observations to get the correct tides.
Marie Laugié, Yannick Donnadieu, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, J. A. Mattias Green, Laurent Bopp, and François Raisson
Clim. Past, 16, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To quantify the impact of major climate forcings on the Cretaceous climate, we use Earth system modelling to progressively reconstruct the Cretaceous state by changing boundary conditions one by one. Between the preindustrial and the Cretaceous simulations, the model simulates a global warming of more than 11°C. The study confirms the primary control exerted by atmospheric CO2 on atmospheric temperatures. Palaeogeographic changes represent the second major contributor to the warming.
Philip L. Woodworth
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Liverpool Tidal Institute's (LTI) 100th anniversary was in 2019, and it acquired a reputation using tide prediction machines (TPMs). We describe the principles of a TPM, how many were made and Doodson's method to determine harmonic constants from tidal data to predict the tides. Although only three TPMs were used at the LTI, Doodson oversaw the design and manufacture of several others. We show how the UK, and Doodson particularly, played a central role in this area of science.
Hannah S. Davies, J. A. Mattias Green, and Joao C. Duarte
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 291–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-291-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-291-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have confirmed that there is a supertidal cycle associated with the supercontinent cycle. As continents drift due to plate tectonics, oceans also change size, controlling the strength of the tides and causing periods of supertides. In this work, we used a coupled tectonic–tidal model of Earth's future to test four different scenarios that undergo different styles of ocean closure and periods of supertides. This has implications for the Earth system and for other planets with liquid oceans.
Denise Smythe-Wright, W. John Gould, Trevor J. McDougall, Stefania Sparnocchia, and Philip L. Woodworth
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
From the early work of Prince Albert I of Monaco, the first president of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans, to today, the Association has promoted and supported international research and cross-cutting activities in ocean sciences, building on the work of the many far-sighted scientists who, over the last century, have addressed seemingly intractable problems. This paper describes key events in IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.
Philip L. Woodworth
Ocean Sci., 15, 431–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-431-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-431-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first investigation of the worldwide distribution of the degree-3 M1 ocean tide using over 800 tide gauge records and a global tide model. M1 is confirmed to have a geographical variation in the Atlantic and other basins consistent with the suggestion of Platzman and Cartwright that M1 is generated through the spatial and temporal overlap of M1 in the tidal potential and one (or at least a small number of) diurnal ocean normal mode(s).
Alexander Harker, J. A. Mattias Green, Michael Schindelegger, and Sophie-Berenice Wilmes
Ocean Sci., 15, 147–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to help predict how changing sea levels around Australia will affect the ebb and flow of the tide. We found that sea-level rise and coastal flooding affect where energy from the tide is dissipated and how the tide flows around the coastline. We found that we must consider how sea-level rise will affect tides across the rest of the world, as that will have an impact on Australia too. This sort of investigation can help direct coastal management and protection efforts.
Philip L. Woodworth and Angela Hibbert
Ocean Sci., 14, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-711-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-711-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
30 years of BPR data at Drake Passage are used to investigate the Mf, Mm and Mt long-period tides. Amplitudes of Mf and Mt, and all phase lags, vary over the nodal cycle as in the equilibrium tide. Mm amplitude is almost constant, and so inconsistent at 3σ from anticipation due to energetic non-tidal variability. Most findings agree with a modern ocean tide model. BPR records are superior to conventional tide gauge data in this work due to lower proportion of non-tidal variability.
J. A. Mattias Green, David G. Bowers, and Hannah A. M. Byrne
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-72, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-72, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In a double tide the ocean reaches high or low tide, starts to fall or rise, only to go back to a new high or low. Here, we describe three ways this can happen by dividing locations with observed double tides into three classes. This showed that double tides are more common than we thought, and more complicated than most textbooks claim because they only describe one class of double tides. This matters to shipping, coastal flood management, and other disciplines interested in sea-level change.
Philip L. Woodworth and Glen H. Rowe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 9, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-85-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-85-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses the quality of James Cook’s tidal measurements during the voyage of the Endeavour. We conclude that his measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft in height and 30 min in time. They were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. They support Cook’s reputation as a good observer of the environment.
Hannah A. M. Byrne, J. A. Mattias Green, and David G. Bowers
Ocean Sci., 13, 599–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-599-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-599-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Some places experience double high tides, where the tide starts to ebb for a short while, only to briefly flood again before finally receding. The result is a very long high tide with weak currents, and is important for navigational purposes. The existing theory for when and where double high tides occur does not always capture them, and it can only be applied to double highs occurring on a twice-daily tide. Here, the criterion has been generalized to capture all double high or low tides.
David E. Cartwright, Philip L. Woodworth, and Richard D. Ray
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 9–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-9-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-9-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses an historical record of the ocean tide made by the astronomer Manuel Johnson (a future President of the Royal Astronomical Society) at St. Helena in 1826–27. It describes how the measurements were made using a tide gauge of an unusual design, which recorded the heights of the high and low tides well, although information on their times were not so accurate. Johnson’s work is not well known. One objective of the present research was to make his measurements more accessible.
Lionel Zawadzki, Michaël Ablain, Loren Carrere, Richard D. Ray, Nikita P. Zelensky, Florent Lyard, Amandine Guillot, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-19, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2016-19, 2016
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Mean sea level (MSL) is a prominent indicator of climatic change, and is therefore of great scientific and societal interest. Since the beginning of the altimeter mission TOPEX/Poseidon and its successors Jason-1 and Jason-2, MSL products became essential for climate applications. Since 1995, a suspicious signal is apparent in the corresponding MSL record. Since 2010, scientific teams have been working on reducing this error. This paper assesses, characterizes and quantifies this reduction.
S. H. R. Rosier, G. H. Gudmundsson, and J. A. M. Green
The Cryosphere, 9, 1649–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1649-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1649-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We use a full-Stokes model to investigate the long period modulation of Rutford Ice Stream flow by the ocean tide. We find that using a nonlinear sliding law cannot fully explain the measurements and an additional mechanism, whereby tidally induced subglacial pressure variations are transmitted upstream from the grounding line, is also required to match the large amplitude and decay length scale of the observations.
S. H. R. Rosier, G. H. Gudmundsson, and J. A. M. Green
The Cryosphere, 8, 1763–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1763-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1763-2014, 2014
N. Herold, J. Buzan, M. Seton, A. Goldner, J. A. M. Green, R. D. Müller, P. Markwick, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014
F. Wobus, G. I. Shapiro, J. M. Huthnance, M. A. M. Maqueda, and Y. Aksenov
Ocean Sci., 9, 885–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-885-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-885-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Agnew, D. C.: Time and tide: pendulum clocks and gravity tides, Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 215–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-215-2020, 2020.
Baker, T. F.: Tidal tilt at Llanrwst, North Wales: tidal loading and Earth
structure, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 62, 269–290,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1980.tb04855.x, 1980.
Baker, T. F.: Earth tides and ocean tide loading,
available at: http://www.bidstonobservatory.org.uk/earth-tides/ (last access: 1 June 2021), 2016.
Baker, T. F. and Bos, M. S.: Validating Earth and ocean tide models using
tidal gravity measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 152, 468–485,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01863.x, 2003.
Boesch, A. and Müller-Navarra, S.: Reassessment of long-period constituents for tidal predictions along the German North Sea coast and its tidally influenced rivers, Ocean Sci., 15, 1363–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1363-2019, 2019.
Bos, M. S., Penna, N. T., Baker, T. F., and Clarke, P. J.: Ocean tide loading
displacements in western Europe: 2. GPS-observed anelastic dispersion in the
asthenosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 6540–6557,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011884, 2015.
Byun, D.-S. and Hart, D. E.: A monthly tidal envelope classification for semidiurnal regimes in terms of the relative proportions of the S2, N2, and M2 constituents, Ocean Sci., 16, 965–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-965-2020, 2020a.
Byun, D.-S. and Hart, D. E.: Predicting tidal heights for extreme environments: from 25 h observations to accurate predictions at Jang Bogo Antarctic Research Station, Ross Sea, Antarctica, Ocean Sci., 16, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1111-2020, 2020b.
Carlsson-Hyslop, A.: How the Liverpool Tidal Institute was established: industry, navy and academia, Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 139–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-139-2020, 2020.
Carrere, L., Arbic, B. K., Dushaw, B., Egbert, G., Erofeeva, S., Lyard, F., Ray, R. D., Ubelmann, C., Zaron, E., Zhao, Z., Shriver, J. F., Buijsman, M. C., and Picot, N.: Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry, Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021.
Cartwright, D. E.: The historical development of tidal science, and the
Liverpool Tidal Institute, in: Oceanography of the Past, edited by: Sears,
M. and Merriman, D., New York, Springer-Verlag, 240–251, 1980.
Cartwright, D. E.: Tides: a scientific history, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 292 pp., 1999.
Cartwright, D. E. and Tayler, R. J.: New computations of the tide-generating
potential, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 23, 45–74,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1971.tb01803.x, 1971.
Cartwright, D. E. and Ursell, F. J.: Joseph Proudman, 30 December 1888–26 June 1975, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 22,
319–333, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1976.0014, 1976.
Cooper, M., Bishop, C., Lewis, M., Bowers, D., Bolton, M., Owen, E., and Dodd, S.: What can seabirds tell us about the tide?, Ocean Sci., 14, 1483–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1483-2018, 2018.
Doodson, A. T.: The harmonic development of the tide-generating potential,
Proc. R. Soc. London, 100, 305–329, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1921.0088,
1921.
Doodson, A. T.: The tides and the work of the Tidal Institute, Liverpool,
Geogr. J., 63, 134–144, available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1781626
(last access: 16 March 2020), 1924.
Fofonova, V., Androsov, A., Sander, L., Kuznetsov, I., Amorim, F., Hass, H. C., and Wiltshire, K. H.: Non-linear aspects of the tidal dynamics in the Sylt-Rømø Bight, south-eastern North Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 1761–1782, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, 2019.
Green, J. A. M. and Pugh, D. T.: Bardsey – an island in a strong tidal stream: underestimating coastal tides due to unresolved topography, Ocean Sci., 16, 1337–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1337-2020, 2020.
Haigh, I. D., Pickering, M.D., Green, J. A. M., Arbic, B. K., Arns, A.,
Dangendorf, S., Hill, D., Horsburgh, K., Howard, T., Idier, D., Jay, D. A.,
Lee, S. B., Müller, M., Schindelegger, M., Talke, S. A., Wilmes, S.-B., and
Woodworth, P. L.: The tides they are a-changin, Rev. Geophys., 57,
e2018RG000636, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000636, 2020.
Harker, A., Green, J. A. M., Schindelegger, M., and Wilmes, S.-B.: The impact of sea-level rise on tidal characteristics around Australia, Ocean Sci., 15, 147–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-147-2019, 2019.
Hall, R. A., Berx, B., and Damerell, G. M.: Internal tide energy flux over a ridge measured by a co-located ocean glider and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler, Ocean Sci., 15, 1439–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1439-2019, 2019.
Heaps, N. S.: Storm surges 1967-1982, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 74, 331–376,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb01883.x, 1983.
Hunter, J.: Are tidal predictions a good guide to future extremes? – a critique of the Witness King Tides project, Ocean Sci., 16, 703–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-703-2020, 2020.
Ismail-Zadeh, A. and Joselyn, J. A.: IUGG: beginning, establishment, and
early development (1919-1939), Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 25–44,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019, 2019.
Kennard, C.: Understanding storm surges in the North Sea: Ishiguro's
electronic modelling machine, Science Museum Group Journal, 6, https://doi.org/10.15180/160603, 2016.
LOTI: Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute Centenary Report and Annual
Reports (1940-1945), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 28 pp., 1945.
Lyard, F. H., Allain, D. J., Cancet, M., Carrère, L., and Picot, N.: FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance, Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021.
Matviichuk, B., King, M., and Watson, C.: Estimating ocean tide loading displacements with GPS and GLONASS, Solid Earth, 11, 1849–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1849-2020, 2020.
McEntee, C.: AGU launches its centennial celebration, Eos, 99,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO101321, 2018.
McFarquhar, G. (Ed.): A century of progress in atmospheric and related
sciences: celebrating the American Meteorological Society centennial, 2
vols., Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, 1428 pp., 2020.
Medvedev, I. P., Kulikov, E. A., and Fine, I. V.: Numerical modelling of the Caspian Sea tides, Ocean Sci., 16, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-209-2020, 2020.
Milne, J.: Surface deformation and the tides, Nature, 82, 427–427,
https://doi.org/10.1038/082427a0, 1910.
Morrow, R., Fu, L.-L., Ardhuin, F., Benkiran, M., Chapron, B., Cosme, E., d’Ovidio, F., Farrar, J. T., Gille, S. T., Lapeyre, G., Le Traon, P.-Y., Pascual, A., Ponte, A., Qiu, B., Rascle, N., Ubelmann, C., Wang, J., and Zaron, E. D.: Global observations of finescale ocean surface topography with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00232, 2019.
Munk, W. H. and Cartwright, D. E.: Tidal spectroscopy and prediction, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 259, 533–581, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1966.0024,
1966.
Nature: Liverpool Observatory and Tidal Institute (Nature News Item),
Nature, 122, 979–980, https://doi.org/10.1038/122979b0, 1928.
Petrusevich, V. Y., Dmitrenko, I. A., Niemi, A., Kirillov, S. A., Kamula, C. M., Kuzyk, Z. Z. A., Barber, D. G., and Ehn, J. K.: Impact of tidal dynamics on diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Hudson Bay, Ocean Sci., 16, 337–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-337-2020, 2020.
Pineau-Guillou, L., Lazure, P., and Wöppelmann, G.: Large-scale changes of the semidiurnal tide along North Atlantic coasts from 1846 to 2018, Ocean Sci., 17, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-17-2021, 2021.
Proudman, J.: Arthur Thomas Doodson, 1890-1968, Biographical Memoirs of
Fellows of the Royal Society, 14, 189–205,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1968.0008, 1968.
Raicich, F.: A 1782–1794 sea level record at Trieste (northern Adriatic), Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-1-2020, 2020.
Rasquin, C., Seiffert, R., Wachler, B., and Winkel, N.: The significance of coastal bathymetry representation for modelling the tidal response to mean sea level rise in the German Bight, Ocean Sci., 16, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-31-2020, 2020.
Ray, R. D.: First global observations of third-degree ocean tides, Sci. Adv.,
6, eabd4744, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4744, 2020.
Ray, R. D. and Egbert, G. D.: Tides and satellite altimetry
(Chapter 13), in: Satellite Altimetry Over Oceans and Land Surfaces, eduted by: Stammer, D. and Cazenave, A., CRC Press: Boca Raton, 617 pp., 2017.
Ray, R. D., Egbert, G. D., and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Tide predictions in shelf and
coastal waters: status and prospects (Chapter 8) in: Coastal
Altimetry, edited by: Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A. G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 191–216, 2011.
Schmidt, R. E. and Dearden, P.: The Liverpool Observatory at Waterloo Dock,
Part 1. Origins and controversy, The Antiquarian Astronomer, 13, 2–22,
2019.
Schmidt, R. E. and Dearden, P.: The Liverpool Observatory at Waterloo Dock,
Part 2. Greenwich on the Mersey, The Antiquarian Astronomer, 14,
77–108, 2020.
Scoffield, J.: Bidston Observatory: the place and the people, Merseyside,
Countryvise Ltd., 344 pp., 2006.
Smythe-Wright, D., Gould, W. J., McDougall, T. J., Sparnocchia, S., and
Woodworth, P. L.: IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier, Hist. Geo Space.
Sci., 10, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, 2019.
Spencer, R. and Vassie, J. M.: The evolution of deep ocean pressure
measurements in the U.K., Prog. Oceanogr., 40, 423–435,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00011-1, 1997.
Stammer, D., Ray, R. D., Andersen, O. B., Arbic, B. K., Bosch, W., Carrère,
L., Cheng, Y., Chinn, D. S., Dushaw, B. D., Egbert, G. D., Erofeeva, S. Y., Fok,
H. S., Green, J. A. M., Griffiths, S., King, M. A., Lapin, V., Lemoine, F. G.,
Luthcke, S. B., Lyard, F., Morison, J., Müller, M., Padman, L., Richman,
J. G., Shriver, J. F., Shum, C. K., Taguchi, E., and Yi, Y.: Accuracy
assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models, Rev. Geophys., 52,
243–282, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000450, 2014.
Teferle, F. N., Bingley, R. M., Williams, S. D. P., Baker, T. F., and Dodson,
A. H.: Using continuous GPS and absolute gravity to separate vertical land
movements and changes in sea-level at tide-gauges in the UK, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1746, 2006.
Thomas, S. and Thomas, D.: Getting the right time. Liverpool's contribution
in the mid-nineteenth century, Part 1, Antiquarian Horology, 41, 20–43,
2020a.
Thomas, S. and Thomas, D.: Getting the right time. Liverpool's contribution
in the mid-nineteenth century, Part 2, Antiquarian Horology, 41,
214–234, 2020b.
Vignudelli, S., Birol, F., Benveniste, J., Fu, L.-L., Picot, N., Raynal, M.,
and Roinard, H.: Satellite altimetry measurements of sea level in the
coastal zone, Surv. Geophys., 40, 1319–1349,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09569-1, 2019.
Wang, J., Penna, N. T., Clarke, P. J., and Bos, M. S.: Asthenospheric anelasticity effects on ocean tide loading around the East China Sea observed with GPS, Solid Earth, 11, 185–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-185-2020, 2020.
Webb, D. J.: David Edgar Cartwright, 21 October 1926–2 December 2015,
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 63, 99–115,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2017.0001, 2017.
Williams, J., Irazoqui Apecechea, M., Saulter, A., and Horsburgh, K. J.: Radiational tides: their double-counting in storm surge forecasts and contribution to the Highest Astronomical Tide, Ocean Sci., 14, 1057–1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1057-2018, 2018.
Wöppelmann, G. and Marcos, M.: Vertical land motion as a key to
understanding sea level change and variability, Rev. Geophys., 54, 64–92,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000502, 2016.
Wolf, J.: The connection between storm surges in the North Sea and the new
British Nobel Laureate, Kazuo Ishiguro,
available at: http://www.bidstonobservatory.org.uk/ishiguro/ (last access: 1 June 2021), 2017.
Wolf, J. and Flather, R. A.: Modelling waves and surges during the 1953
storm, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1359–1375,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1572, 2005.
Woodworth, P. L.: The global distribution of the M1 ocean tide, Ocean Sci., 15, 431–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-431-2019, 2019.
Woodworth, P. L.: Tide prediction machines at the Liverpool Tidal Institute, Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020, 2020a.
Woodworth, P. L.: Celebrating 100 years of tidal science on Merseyside, Ocean
Challenge, 24, 10–11, 2020b.
Woodworth, P. L. and Rowe, G. H.: The tidal measurements of James Cook
during the voyage of the Endeavour, Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 9, 85–103,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-85-2018, 2018.
Woodworth, P. L. and Hibbert, A.: The nodal dependence of long-period ocean tides in the Drake Passage, Ocean Sci., 14, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-711-2018, 2018.
Woodworth, P. L., Melet, A., Marcos, M., Ray, R. D., Wöppelmann, G.,
Sasaki, Y. N., Cirano, M., Hibbert, A., Huthnance, J. M., Montserrat, S., and
Merrifield, M. A.: Forcing factors affecting sea level changes at the coast,
Surv. Geophys., 40, 1351–1397,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09531-1, 2019.
Xing, J. X. and Davies, A. M.: The influence of topographic features and
density variations upon the internal tides in shelf edge regions, Int. J.
Numer. Meth. Fl., 31, 535–577, 1999.
Zaron, E. D.: Predictability of non-phase-locked baroclinic tides in the Caribbean Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 1287–1305, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1287-2019, 2019a.
Zaron, E. D.: Baroclinic tidal sea level from exact-repeat mission altimetry,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1,
2019b.
Short summary
This special issue marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Liverpool Tidal Institute (LTI). The preface gives a history of the LTI founding and of its first two directors. It also gives an overview of LTI research on tides. Summaries are given of the 26 papers in the special issue. Their topics could be thought of as providing a continuation of the research first undertaken at the LTI. They provide an interesting snapshot of work on tides now being made by groups around the world.
This special issue marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Liverpool Tidal Institute...
