Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-99-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Why did deep convection persist over four consecutive winters (2015–2018) southeast of Cape Farewell?
Patricia Zunino
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Altran Technologies, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Site du Vernis, 300 rue Pierre Rivoalon, 29200 Brest,
France
Herlé Mercier
CNRS, University of Brest, IRD, Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie
Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, ZI de la pointe du diable, CS 10070 –
29280 Plouzané, France
Virginie Thierry
Ifremer, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie
Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, ZI de la pointe du diable, CS 10070 –
29280 Plouzané, France
Related authors
Virginie Racapé, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, Pascale Lherminier, Laurent Bopp, Fiz F. Pérèz, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 15, 4661–4682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study of a model–data comparison investigates the relationship between transport, air–sea flux and storage rate of Cant in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean over the past 53 years. It reveals the key role played by Central Water for storing Cant in the subtropical region and for supplying Cant into the deep ocean. The Cant transfer to the deep ocean occurred mainly north of the OVIDE section, and just a small fraction was exported to the subtropical gyre within the lower MOC.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Patricia Zunino, Pascale Lherminier, Herlé Mercier, Nathalie Daniault, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 14, 5323–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The heat content in the subpolar North Atlantic is in a new phase of long-term decrease from the mid-2000s, which intensified in 2013–2014. We focus on the pronounced heat content drop. In summer 2014, the MOC intensity was higher than the mean (2002–2012) and the heat transport was also relatively high. We show that the air–sea heat flux is responsible for most of the intense cooling. Concurrently, we observed freshwater content increase mainly explained by the air–sea freshwater flux.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
María del Carmen García-Martínez, Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Francina Moya, Patricia Zunino, and Begoña Bautista
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-50, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-50, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The present work analyzes temperature and salinity data for the whole Mediterranean from MEDAR/MEDATLAS data base that have been merged with RADMED data (a monitoring program around Spanish Mediterranean waters).. Changes in the salt and heat contents are evaluated, and different hypotheses are checked by using a simple box model that considers heat and salt laws. The basin average temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Waters have increased along the second half of the 20th century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Patricia Zunino, Friederike Fröb, Lidia I. Carracedo, Aida F. Ríos, Herlé Mercier, Are Olsen, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 13, 3701–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the progressive acidification (pH decrease) of the North Atlantic waters from direct observations between 1991 and 2015. The greatest pH decreases were observed in surface and intermediate waters. We conclude that the observed pH decreases are a consequence of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. In addition we find that they have been partially offset by alkalinity increases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. Zunino, M. I. Garcia-Ibañez, P. Lherminier, H. Mercier, A. F. Rios, and F. F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 11, 2375–2389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, 2014
Herlé Mercier, Damien Desbruyères, Pascale Lherminier, Antón Velo, Lidia Carracedo, Marcos Fontela, and Fiz F. Pérez
Ocean Sci., 20, 779–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-779-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-779-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) measured between Greenland and Portugal between 1993–2021. We identify changes in AMOC limb volume and velocity as two major drivers of AMOC variability at subpolar latitudes. Volume variations dominate on the seasonal timescale, while velocity variations are more important on the decadal timescale. This decomposition proves useful for understanding the origin of the differences between AMOC time series from different analyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yavor Kostov, Marie-José Messias, Herlé Mercier, David P. Marshall, and Helen L. Johnson
Ocean Sci., 20, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine factors affecting variability in the volume of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), a water mass that is important for the uptake and storage of heat and carbon in the Atlantic Ocean. We find that LSW accumulated in the Labrador Sea exhibits a lagged response to remote conditions: surface wind stress, heat flux, and freshwater flux anomalies, especially along the pathways of the North Atlantic Current branches. We use our results to reconstruct and attribute historical changes in LSW volume.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Esther Portela, Virginie Thierry, and Annaig Prigent
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-106, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is fundamental for ocean biogeochemical cycles and the marine life. To ease the of computation of Ocean oxygen budget from in situ DO data, the mapping of data on regular 3D grid is useful. Here, we present a new DO gridded product from Argo database. We compare it with existing DO mapping from historical data set. We suggest that the Ocean is generally losing oxygen since the 1980's, but large interannual and regional variabilities are to be considered.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tillys Petit, Virginie Thierry, and Herlé Mercier
Ocean Sci., 18, 1055–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water is a dense water carried within the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. From a combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018, our study analyzes the pathways and evolution of its properties as it flows through a main fracture of the Reykjanes Ridge, the Bight Fracture Zone (BFZ). We show that 0.8 ± 0.2 Sv of ISOW flows through the BFZ and is mainly homogenized within the rift valley of the ridge.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gilles Reverdin, Claire Waelbroeck, Catherine Pierre, Camille Akhoudas, Giovanni Aloisi, Marion Benetti, Bernard Bourlès, Magnus Danielsen, Jérôme Demange, Denis Diverrès, Jean-Claude Gascard, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Hervé Le Goff, Pascale Lherminier, Claire Lo Monaco, Herlé Mercier, Nicolas Metzl, Simon Morisset, Aïcha Naamar, Thierry Reynaud, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Virginie Thierry, Susan E. Hartman, Edward W. Mawji, Solveig Olafsdottir, Torsten Kanzow, Anton Velo, Antje Voelker, Igor Yashayaev, F. Alexander Haumann, Melanie J. Leng, Carol Arrowsmith, and Michael Meredith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2721–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CISE-LOCEAN seawater stable isotope dataset has close to 8000 data entries. The δ18O and δD isotopic data measured at LOCEAN have uncertainties of at most 0.05 ‰ and 0.25 ‰, respectively. Some data were adjusted to correct for evaporation. The internal consistency indicates that the data can be used to investigate time and space variability to within 0.03 ‰ and 0.15 ‰ in δ18O–δD17; comparisons with data analyzed in other institutions suggest larger differences with other datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Damien G. Desbruyères, Herlé Mercier, Guillaume Maze, and Nathalie Daniault
Ocean Sci., 15, 809–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-809-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the North Atlantic, ocean currents transport warm waters northward in the upper water column, and cold waters southwards at depth. This circulation is here reconstructed from surface data and thermodynamics theory. Its driving role in recent temperature changes (1993–2017) in the North Atlantic is evidenced, and predictions of near-future variability (5 years) are provided and discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Géraldine Sarthou, Pascale Lherminier, Eric P. Achterberg, Fernando Alonso-Pérez, Eva Bucciarelli, Julia Boutorh, Vincent Bouvier, Edward A. Boyle, Pierre Branellec, Lidia I. Carracedo, Nuria Casacuberta, Maxi Castrillejo, Marie Cheize, Leonardo Contreira Pereira, Daniel Cossa, Nathalie Daniault, Emmanuel De Saint-Léger, Frank Dehairs, Feifei Deng, Floriane Desprez de Gésincourt, Jérémy Devesa, Lorna Foliot, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Morgane Gallinari, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Arthur Gourain, Emilie Grossteffan, Michel Hamon, Lars Eric Heimbürger, Gideon M. Henderson, Catherine Jeandel, Catherine Kermabon, François Lacan, Philippe Le Bot, Manon Le Goff, Emilie Le Roy, Alison Lefèbvre, Stéphane Leizour, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Pere Masqué, Olivier Ménage, Jan-Lukas Menzel Barraqueta, Herlé Mercier, Fabien Perault, Fiz F. Pérez, Hélène F. Planquette, Frédéric Planchon, Arnout Roukaerts, Virginie Sanial, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Catherine Schmechtig, Rachel U. Shelley, Gillian Stewart, Jill N. Sutton, Yi Tang, Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde, Manon Tonnard, Paul Tréguer, Pieter van Beek, Cheryl M. Zurbrick, and Patricia Zunino
Biogeosciences, 15, 7097–7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7097-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The GEOVIDE cruise (GEOTRACES Section GA01) was conducted in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea in May–June 2014. In this special issue, results from GEOVIDE, including physical oceanography and trace element and isotope cyclings, are presented among 17 articles. Here, the scientific context, project objectives, and scientific strategy of GEOVIDE are provided, along with an overview of the main results from the articles published in the special issue.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Virginie Racapé, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, Pascale Lherminier, Laurent Bopp, Fiz F. Pérèz, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 15, 4661–4682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4661-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study of a model–data comparison investigates the relationship between transport, air–sea flux and storage rate of Cant in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean over the past 53 years. It reveals the key role played by Central Water for storing Cant in the subtropical region and for supplying Cant into the deep ocean. The Cant transfer to the deep ocean occurred mainly north of the OVIDE section, and just a small fraction was exported to the subtropical gyre within the lower MOC.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Fiz F. Pérez, Pascale Lherminier, Patricia Zunino, Herlé Mercier, and Paul Tréguer
Biogeosciences, 15, 2075–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2075-2018, 2018
Patricia Zunino, Pascale Lherminier, Herlé Mercier, Nathalie Daniault, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 14, 5323–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5323-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The heat content in the subpolar North Atlantic is in a new phase of long-term decrease from the mid-2000s, which intensified in 2013–2014. We focus on the pronounced heat content drop. In summer 2014, the MOC intensity was higher than the mean (2002–2012) and the heat transport was also relatively high. We show that the air–sea heat flux is responsible for most of the intense cooling. Concurrently, we observed freshwater content increase mainly explained by the air–sea freshwater flux.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
María del Carmen García-Martínez, Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Francina Moya, Patricia Zunino, and Begoña Bautista
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-50, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-50, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The present work analyzes temperature and salinity data for the whole Mediterranean from MEDAR/MEDATLAS data base that have been merged with RADMED data (a monitoring program around Spanish Mediterranean waters).. Changes in the salt and heat contents are evaluated, and different hypotheses are checked by using a simple box model that considers heat and salt laws. The basin average temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Waters have increased along the second half of the 20th century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Patricia Zunino, Friederike Fröb, Lidia I. Carracedo, Aida F. Ríos, Herlé Mercier, Are Olsen, and Fiz F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 13, 3701–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3701-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the progressive acidification (pH decrease) of the North Atlantic waters from direct observations between 1991 and 2015. The greatest pH decreases were observed in surface and intermediate waters. We conclude that the observed pH decreases are a consequence of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. In addition we find that they have been partially offset by alkalinity increases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. Zunino, M. I. Garcia-Ibañez, P. Lherminier, H. Mercier, A. F. Rios, and F. F. Pérez
Biogeosciences, 11, 2375–2389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2375-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Argo Data Management Team: Argo user's manual V3.2,
https://doi.org/10.13155/29825, 2017.
Argo group: Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre
(Argo GDAC), SEANOE, https://doi.org/10.17882/42182, 2019.
Bacon, S.: Circulation and Fluxes in the North Atlantic between Greenland
and Ireland, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1420–1435, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1420:CAFITN>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Bacon, S., Gould, W. J., and Jia, Y.: Open-ocean convection in the Irminger
Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1246, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016271, 2003.
Bamber, J. L., Tedstone, A. J., King, M. D., Howat, I. M., Enderlin, E. M.,
van den Broeke, M. R., and Noel, B.: Land Ice Freshwater Budget of the
Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans: 1. Data, Methods, and Results,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013605, 2018.
Billheimer, S. and Talley, L. D.: Near cessation of Eighteen Degree Water
renewal in the western North Atlantic in the warm winter of 2011–2012,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6838–6853, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009024, 2013.
Brodeau, L. and Koenigk, T.: Extinction of the northern oceanic deep
convection in an ensemble of climate model simulations of the 20th and 21st
centuries, Clim. Dynam., 46, 2863–2882, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2736-5,
2016.
Centurioni and Gould, W. J.: Winter conditions in the Irminger Sea observed
with profiling floats, J. Marine Res., 62, 313–336, 2004.
Daniault, N., Mercier, H., Lherminier, P., Sarafanov, A., Falina, A.,
Zunino, P., and Gladyshev, S.: The northern North Atlantic Ocean mean
circulation in the early 21st century, Prog. Oceanogr., 146, 142–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.06.007, 2016.
de Boyer Montégut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., Lazar, A., and
Iudicone, D.: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of
profile data and a profile-based climatology,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002378, 2004.
de Jong, M. F. and de Steur, L.: Strong winter cooling over the Irminger
Sea in winter 2014–2015, exceptional deep convection, and the emergence of
anomalously low SST, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7106–7113,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069596, 2016.
de Jong, M. F., Van Aken, H. M., Våge, K., and Pickart, R. S.:
Convective mixing in the central Irminger Sea: 2002–2010,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 63, 36–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.01.003, 2012.
de Jong, M. F., Oltmanns, M., Karstensen, J., and de Steur, L.: Deep
Convection in the Irminger Sea Observed with a Dense Mooring Array,
Oceanography, 31, 50–59, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.109, 2018.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and
performance of the data assimilation system,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011 (data available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era-interim, last access: 9 January 2020).
Fröb, F., Olsen, A., Våge, K., Moore, G. W. K., Yashayaev, I.,
Jeansson, E., and Rajasakaren, B.: Irminger Sea deep convection injects
oxygen and anthropogenic carbon to the ocean interior, Nat. Commun.,
7, 13244, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13244,
2016.
Gaillard, F., Reynaud, T., Thierry, V., Kolodziejczyk, N., and Von
Schuckmann, K.: In situ-based reanalysis of the global ocean temperature and
salinity with ISAS: Variability of the heat content and steric height,
J. Climate, 29, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0028.1, 2016.
Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, vol. 30, Academic, San Diego,
CA, 1982.
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality controlled
ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with
uncertainty estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6704–6716,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067, 2013 (data available at: http://hadobs.metoffice.com/en4/download.html, last access: 9 January 2020).
Hurrell, J. and National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds.): The Climate Data Guide: Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (station-based), available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/hurrell-north-atlantic-oscillation-nao-index-station-based (last access: 28 June 2018), 2018.
Josey, S. A., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Sinha, B., Duchez, A., Grist, J. P., and Marsh,
R.: The Recent Atlantic Cold Anomaly: Causes, Consequences, and Related
Phenomena, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 10,
475–501, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063102,
2018.
Kieke, D. and Yashayaev, I.: Studies of Labrador Sea Water formation and
variability in the subpolar North Atlantic in the light of international
partner and collaboration, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 220–232,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.12.010, 2015.
Kolodziejczyk, N., Prigent-Mazella, A., and Gaillard, F.: ISAS-15
temperature and salinity gridded fields, Seanoe,
https://doi.org/10.17882/52367, 2017.
Lavender, K. L., Davis, R. E., and Owens, W. B.: Mid-depth recirculation
observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger seas by direct velocity
measurements, Nature, 407, 2000.
Marshall, J. and Schott, F.: Open-Ocean Convection Theory, and Models
Observations, Rev. Geophys., 37, 1–64, https://doi.org/10.1029/98RG02739, 1999.
Ollitrault, M. and Colin de Verdière, A.: The Ocean General
Circulation near 1000-m Depth, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 384–409,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-030.1, 2014.
Pickart, R. S., Torres, D. J., and Clarke, R. A.: Hydrography of the Labrador
Sea during active convection, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 428–457, 2002.
Pickart, R. S., Straneo, F., and Moore, G. W. K.: Is Labrador Sea Water
formed in the Irminger basin?, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50, 23–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00134-6, 2003.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Argo float
observations of basin-scale deep convection in the Irminger sea during
winter 2011–2012, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 109, 76–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.12.012,
2016.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Gyre-scale deep
convection in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean during winter 2014–2015,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1439–1447, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071895, 2017.
Rhein, M., Steinfeldt, R., Kieke, D., Stendardo, I., and Yashayaev,
I.: Ventilation variability of Labrador Sea Water and its impact on oxygen
and anthropogenic carbon: a review, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20160321,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0321, 2017.
Schmidt, S. and Send, U.: Origin and Composition of Seasonal Labrador Sea
Freshwater, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1445–1454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3065.1, 2007.
Straneo, F, Pickart, R. S., and Lavender, K.: Spreading of Labrador sea water: an
advective-diffusive study based on Lagrangian data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt.
I, 50, 701–719, 2003.
Swingedouw, D., Rodehacke, C. B., Behrens, E., Menary, M., Olsen, S. M.,
and Gao, Y.: Decadal fingerprints of freshwater discharge around Greenland
in a multi-model ensemble, Clim, Dynam., 41, 695–720,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1479-9, 2013.
Våge, K., R. S. Pickart, V. Thierry, G. Reverdin, C. M. Lee, B. Petrie, T. A. Agnew, A. Wong, and M. H. Ribergaard: Surprising return of deep
convection to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean in winter 2007–2008, Nat. Geosci., 2, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo382, 2009.
Yang, Q., Dixon, T. H., Myers, P. G., Bonin, J., Chambers, D., and Van Den
Broeke, M. R.: Recent increases in Arctic freshwater flux affects Labrador
Sea convection and Atlantic overturning circulation, Nat. Commun., 7, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10525, 2016.
Yashayaev, I. and Clarke, A.: Evolution of North Atlantic Water Masses
Inferred From Labrador Sea Salinity Series, Oceanography, 21, 30–45,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2008.65, 2008.
Yashayaev, I. and Loder, J. W.: Recurrent replenishment of Labrador Sea
Water and associtated decadal-scale variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8095–8114,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012046, 2016.
Yashayaev, I. and Loder, J. W.: Further intensification of deep convection
in the Labrador Sea in 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1429–1438,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071668, 2017.
Yashayaev, I., Bersch, M., and van Aken, H. M.: Spreading of the Labrador
Sea Water to the Irminger and Iceland basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028999, 2007.
Download
- Article
(2925 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
The region south of Cape Farewell (SCF) is recognized as a deep convection site. Convection deeper than 1300 m occurred SCF in 2015 and persisted during three additional winters. Extreme air–sea buoyancy fluxes caused the 2015 event. For the following winters, air–sea fluxes were close to the climatological average, but local cooling above 800 m and the advection below 1200 m of a fresh anomaly from the Labrador Sea decreased stratification and allowed for the persistence of deep convection.
The region south of Cape Farewell (SCF) is recognized as a deep convection site. Convection...