Csanady, G. T.: “Pycnobathic” Currents over the Upper Continental Slope, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 306–315, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0306:COTUCS>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Cushman-Roisin, B.: On the Maintenance of the Subtropical Front and its Associated Countercurrent, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1179–1190, 1984.
de Ruijter, W.: Asymptotic Analysis of the Agulhas and Brazil Current Systems, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 361–373, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0361:AAOTAA>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
de Ruijter, W. P. M.: Frontogenesis in an Advective Mixed-Layer Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 487–495, 1983.
Dewar, W. K.: Arrested fronts, J. Mar. Res., 49, 21–52, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224091784968576, 1991.
Domingues, C. M., Maltrud, M. E., Wijffels, S. E., Church, J. A., and Tomczak, M.: Simulated Lagrangian pathways between the Leeuwin Current System and the upper-ocean circulation of the southeast Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 797–817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.10.003, 2007.
Dukowicz, J. K. and Smith, R. D.: Implicit free-surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7991–8014, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC03455, 1994.
Furue, R., McCreary, J. P., Benthuysen, J., Phillips, H. E., and Bindoff, N. L.: Dynamics of the Leeuwin Current: Part 1. Coastal flows in an inviscid, variable-density, layer model, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 63, 24–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2013.03.003, 2013.
Godfrey, J. S. and Golding, T.: The Sverdrup Relation in the Indian Ocean, and the Effect of Pacific-Indian Ocean Throughflow on Indian Ocean Circulation and on the East Australian Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 771–779, 1981.
Godfrey, J. S. and Ridgway, K. R.: The Large-Scale Environment of the Poleward-Flowing Leeuwin Current, Western Australia: Longshore Steric Height Gradients, Wind Stresses and Geostrophic Flow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 481–495, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0481:TLSEOT>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Hallberg, R.: Time Integration of Diapycnal Diffusion and Richardson Number-Dependent Mixing in Isopycnal Coordinate Ocean Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1402–1419, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1402:TIODDA>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Hallberg, R. W.: HIM: The Hallberg Isopycnal Coordinate Primitive Equation Model, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Tech. Report, availablet at: https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cms-filesystem-action/user_files/rwh/him_description.pdf (last access: 27 May 2016), 1997.
Haney, R. L.: Surface Thermal Boundary Condition for Ocean Circulation Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 241–248, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1971)001<0241:STBCFO>2.0.CO;2, 1971.
Hirst, A. C. and Godfrey, J. S.: The Role of Indonesian Throughflow in a Global Ocean GCM, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1057–1086, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1895:TRTASC>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Hurrell, J. W., Hack, J. J., Shea, D., Caron, J. M., and Rosinski, J.: A new sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary dataset for the community atmosphere model, J. Climate, 21, 5145–5153, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2292.1, 2008.
Jia, F., Wu, L., and Qiu, B.: Seasonal Modulation of Eddy Kinetic Energy and Its Formation Mechanism in the Southeast Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 657–665, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4436.1, 2011.
Kobashi, F. and Kubokawa, A.: Review on North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrents and Subtropical Fronts: Role of mode waters in ocean circulation and climate, J. Oceanogr., 68, 21–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0083-7, 2012.
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.: Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea–ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies, NCAR Tech. Note, TN–460+ST, 105 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/D6KK98Q6, 2004.
Le Bars, D., Dijkstra, H. A., and De Ruijter, W. P. M.: Impact of the Indonesian Throughflow on Agulhas leakage, Ocean Sci., 9, 773–785, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-773-2013, 2013.
Maltrud, M., Bryan, F., and Peacock, S.: Boundary impulse response functions in a century-long eddying global ocean simulation, Environ. Fluid Mech., 10, 275–295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-009-9154-3, 2010.
McCreary, J. P., Shetye, S. R., and Kundu, P. K.: Thermohaline forcing of eastern boundary currents: With application to the circulation off the west coast of Australia, J. Mar. Res., 44, 71–92, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224086788460184, 1986.
McCreary, J. P., Miyama, T., Furue, R., Jensen, T., Kang, H. W., Bang, B., and Qu, T.: Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Prog. Oceanogr., 75, 70–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.05.004, 2007.
Menezes, V. V., Phillips, H. E., Schiller, A., Domingues, C. M., and Bindoff, N. L.: Salinity dominance on the Indian Ocean Eastern Gyral current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5716–5721, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057887, 2013.
Morrow, R. and Birol, F.: Variability in the southeast Indian Ocean from altimetry: forcing mechanisms for the Leeuwin Current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 18529–18544, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC00783, 1998.
Nauw, J. J., van Aken, H. M., Webb, A., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.: Observations of the southern East Madagascar Current and undercurrent and countercurrent system, J. Geophys. Res.–Oceans, 113, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004639, 2008.
Palastanga, V., van Leeuwen, P. J., Schouten, M. W., and de Ruijter, W. P. M.: Flow structure and variability in the subtropical Indian Ocean: Instability of the South Indian Ocean countercurrent, J. Geophys. Res.–Oceans, 112, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003395, 2007.
Pedlosky, J., Pratt, L. J., Spall, M. A., and Helfrich, K. R.: Circulation around islands and ridges, J. Mar. Res., 55, 1199–1251, 1997.
Reid, J. L. and Mantyla, A. W.: On the Mid-Depth Circulation of the North Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 946–951, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1978)008<0946:OTMDCO>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Ridgway, K. R. and Dunn, J. R.: Observational evidence for a Southern Hemisphere oceanic supergyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030392, 2007.
Schouten, M. W., de Ruijter, W. P. M., and Ridderinkhof, H.: A seasonal intrusion of subtropical water in the Mozambique Channel, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023131, 2005.
Smith, R. L., Huyer, A., Godfrey, J. S., and Church, J. A.: The Leeuwin Current off Western Australia, 1986–1987, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 323–345, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<0323:TLCOWA>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Song, Q., Gordon, A. L., and Visbeck, M.: Spreading of the Indonesian Throughflow in the Indian Ocean*, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 772–792, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0772:SOTITI>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Speich, S., Blanke, B., and Cai, W.: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the Southern Hemisphere supergyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031583, 2007.
Takeuchi, K.: Numerical Study of the Subtropical Front and the Subtropical Countercurrent*, Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan, 40, 371–381, 1984.
Tsuchiya, M.: Evidence of a double-cell subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 43, 57–65, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224085788437271, 1985.
Uda, M. and Hasunuma, K.: The Eastward Subtropical Countercurrent in the Western North Pacific Ocean, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 25, 201–210, 1969.
Valsala, V. K. and Ikeda, M.: Pathways and effects of the Indonesian Throughflow water in the Indian Ocean using particle trajectory and tracers in an OGCM, J. Climate, 20, 2994–3017, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4167.1, 2007.
van Sebille, E., Sprintall, J., Schwarzkopf, F. U., Gupta, A. S., Santoso, A., England, M. H., Biastoch, A., and Böning, C. W.: Pacific-to-Indian Ocean connectivity: Tasman leakage, Indonesian Throughflow, and the role of ENSO, J. Geophys. Res-Oceans, 1365–1382, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009525, 2014.
Waite, A., Thompson, P., Pesant, S., Feng, M., Beckley, L., Domingues, C., Gaughan, D., Hanson, C., Holl, C., Koslow, T., et al.: The Leeuwin Current and its eddies: An introductory overview, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 789–796, 2007.
Weaver, A. J. and Middleton, J. H.: On the Dynamics of the Leeuwin Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 626–648, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<0626:OTDOTL>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Weller, E., Holliday, D., Feng, M., Beckley, L., and Thompson, P.: A continental shelf scale examination of the Leeuwin Current off Western Australia during the austral autumn-winter, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 1858–1868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.08.008, 2011.
Woo, M. and Pattiaratchi, C.: Hydrography and water masses off the western Australian coast, Deep-Sea Res., 55, 1090–1104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.05.005, 2008.
Woo, M., Pattiaratchi, C., and Schroeder, W.: Dynamics of the Ningaloo Current off Point Cloates, Western Australia, Mar. Freshwater Res., 57, 291–301, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF05106, 2006.