The Singapore government commissioned a modelling study of regional projections of changes in (i) long-term mean sea level and (ii) the frequency of extreme storm surge and wave events. We find that changes to long-term mean sea level constitute the dominant signal of change to the projected inundation risk for Singapore during the 21st century, these being 0.52 m(0.74 m) under the RCP 4.5(8.5) scenario.

A collection of tools and techniques are described which allow small research groups to deliver and utilise standardised web services for ocean and meteorological model data. This allows users to search for data across multiple data providers, preview the data and access data in a consistent way, resulting in more efficient and effective use of these data.

Sea level is a key indicator of climate change and has been monitored by satellite altimetry for more than 2 decades. The evaluation of the performances of the altimeter missions can be performed by comparison with in situ-independent measurements from Argo profiling floats. This allows for the detection of altimeter drift and the estimation of the impact of a new altimeter standard. This study aims at characterizing the errors of the method thanks to sensitivity analyses to different parameters.

We want to examine the characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the tropical northeastern Atlantic. They serve as transport agents, exporting water from the coast into the open ocean. Traditionally eddies are categorized with respect to their rotation: cyclonic and anticyclonic. But we could identify, with a combination of different satellite products, a third type called "anticyclonic mode-water eddy" transporting much larger anomalies. We propose a distinction into three classes for further studies.

The Persian Gulf produces high-salinity water spreading in the Indian Ocean through the Arabian Sea. Using measurements from the Phys-Indien 2011 experiments and satellite observations, the objective of this study is to follow the pathway and evolution of the salty water outflow in the northwestern Indian Ocean. It is shown that the outflow is strongly influenced by energetic eddies, shredding the water vein into filaments or lenses, and advecting them at their peripheries or in their cores.

Copernicus operational services include ocean colour applications from medium-resolution polar-orbiting satellite sensors. The goal is to satisfy EU reporting on the quality of marine, coastal and inland waters, as well as to support climate, fisheries, environmental monitoring, and sediment transport applications. Ocean colour data from polar platforms, however, suffer from fractional coverage. This effort is in developing water turbidity services from Meteosat geostationary instruments.

Multi-platform high-resolution observations in the Gulf of Finland in the summers of 2009–2012 revealed pronounced variability at the sub-mesoscale in the presence of mesoscale features, such as upwelling/downwelling events, fronts, and eddies. The analysis suggests that the sub-mesoscale processes could contribute considerably to the downscale energy cascade and play a major role in phytoplankton growth enhancement via vertical transport and re-stratification of the surface layer.

Nan-Wan Bay in Taiwan and the Gulf of Elat in Israel are two different coastal environments, and as such, their currents are expected to have different statistical properties. We find that in spite of these differences, the statistical properties of the surface currents are similar in both basins. Still, surface currents are temporally asymmetric in Nan-Wan but not in Elat; we attribute this difference to the strong tides that exist in Nan-Wan but not in Elat.

The aim of this study is to clarify the role of the Southern Ocean storms on interior mixing and meridional overturning circulation. A periodic and idealized configuration of the NEMO model has been designed to represent the key physical processes of a zonal portion of the Southern Ocean. Challenging issues concerning how numerical models are able to represent interior mixing forced by high-frequency winds are exposed and discussed, particularly in the context of the overturning circulation.

In the upper layers of the South Indian Ocean, three anomalous currents are observed: The South Indian Ocean Countercurrent, the Leeuwin Current and the Indonesian Throughflow. Using two models of different complexity, we show how these three currents can be dynamically connected, unravelling the large-scale connectivity. Further, we produce a conceptual theory of how this current system follows an idealized pattern of wind stress and buoyancy forcing.

Common visual features were found in the joint distribution of directional spreading--steepness when freak waves occurred among seven “freakish” sea states. It's interesting that the visual features look similar. The common visual features supply an important cue for the theoretical and experimental research of freak waves.

This paper describes the marine data available from the Marine Centre, part of the Sentinel-3 Payload Data Ground Segment, located at the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). Descriptions include the scientific and operational feedback mechanisms on the performance of the services as well as practical information and user support mechanisms.

This study addresses the impact of coupling between wind wave and circulation models on the quality of coastal ocean predicting systems. This topic reflects the increased interest in operational oceanography to reduce prediction errors of state estimates at coastal scales. The improved skill of the coupled forecasts compared to the non-coupled ones, in particular during extreme events, justifies the further enhancements of coastal operational systems by including wind wave models.

The impact of external climate forcing on the four eastern boundary upwelling systems is investigated for the recent past and future. Under increased radiative forcing, upwelling-favourable winds should strengthen due to unequal heating of land and oceans. However, coastal upwelling simulated in ensembles of climate simulations do not show any imprint of external forcing neither for the past millennium nor for the future, with the exception of the strongest future scenario.

New dynamic atmospheric (DAC_ERA) and dry tropospheric (DT_ERA) correction have been computed for the altimeter period using the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis. The corrections improve sea level estimations in Southern Ocean and in shallow waters; the impact is the most important for the first decade of altimetry, when operational meteorological models had a weaker quality. DT_ERA remains better in the recent period. New corrections significantly impact long-term regional trends.