Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events  during the 21st century in the region of Singapore

Cannaby, Heather; Palmer, Matthew D.; Howard, Tom; Bricheno, Lucy; Calvert, Daley; Krijnen, Justin; Wood, Richard; Tinker, Jonathan; Bunney, Chris; Harle, James; Saulter, Andrew; O'Neill, Clare; Bellingham, Clare; Lowe, Jason

doi:10.5194/os-12-613-2016

Articles | Volume 12, issue 3

https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 12, issue 3

Research article

|

02 May 2016

Research article |

| 02 May 2016

Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore

Heather Cannaby, Matthew D. Palmer, Tom Howard, Lucy Bricheno, Daley Calvert, Justin Krijnen, Richard Wood, Jonathan Tinker, Chris Bunney, James Harle, Andrew Saulter, Clare O'Neill, Clare Bellingham, and Jason Lowe

Viewed

Total article views: 5,611 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
3,067	2,292	252	5,611	233	223

HTML: 3,067
PDF: 2,292
XML: 252
Total: 5,611
BibTeX: 233
EndNote: 223

Views and downloads (calculated since 04 Dec 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2015	43	53	2	98
Jan 2016	56	21	1	78
Feb 2016	43	15	2	60
Mar 2016	22	8	0	30
Apr 2016	11	7	1	19
May 2016	101	51	0	152
Jun 2016	26	14	1	41
Jul 2016	26	17	1	44
Aug 2016	24	15	0	39
Sep 2016	22	12	1	35
Oct 2016	10	7	0	17
Nov 2016	6	3	0	9
Dec 2016	3	14	2	19
Jan 2017	20	12	1	33
Feb 2017	12	10	0	22
Mar 2017	20	12	0	32
Apr 2017	40	26	2	68
May 2017	28	13	0	41
Jun 2017	32	5	1	38
Jul 2017	21	14	0	35
Aug 2017	17	12	0	29
Sep 2017	20	25	2	47
Oct 2017	15	28	2	45
Nov 2017	13	13	0	26
Dec 2017	10	25	2	37
Jan 2018	15	13	4	32
Feb 2018	17	11	1	29
Mar 2018	17	13	6	36
Apr 2018	17	16	3	36
May 2018	18	21	1	40
Jun 2018	13	7	0	20
Jul 2018	14	10	0	24
Aug 2018	23	20	1	44
Sep 2018	17	12	0	29
Oct 2018	20	21	2	43
Nov 2018	22	14	2	38
Dec 2018	21	14	0	35
Jan 2019	6	8	0	14
Feb 2019	9	15	1	25
Mar 2019	8	13	1	22
Apr 2019	14	21	1	36
May 2019	9	12	1	22
Jun 2019	5	10	1	16
Jul 2019	14	15	1	30
Aug 2019	14	11	0	25
Sep 2019	14	16	0	30
Oct 2019	19	6	0	25
Nov 2019	18	11	0	29
Dec 2019	11	9	0	20
Jan 2020	19	10	3	32
Feb 2020	15	12	0	27
Mar 2020	10	12	0	22
Apr 2020	7	8	0	15
May 2020	15	13	1	29
Jun 2020	23	10	1	34
Jul 2020	70	53	43	166
Aug 2020	8	12	4	24
Sep 2020	12	14	0	26
Oct 2020	24	17	0	41
Nov 2020	15	19	0	34
Dec 2020	18	11	1	30
Jan 2021	23	14	0	37
Feb 2021	17	12	1	30
Mar 2021	32	17	3	52
Apr 2021	21	22	2	45
May 2021	16	14	1	31
Jun 2021	11	15	2	28
Jul 2021	11	20	3	34
Aug 2021	9	14	2	25
Sep 2021	23	21	3	47
Oct 2021	23	49	2	74
Nov 2021	29	41	1	71
Dec 2021	20	17	2	39
Jan 2022	26	28	3	57
Feb 2022	26	35	6	67
Mar 2022	17	26	0	43
Apr 2022	27	21	4	52
May 2022	21	20	1	42
Jun 2022	9	26	3	38
Jul 2022	22	24	1	47
Aug 2022	18	46	2	66
Sep 2022	29	28	4	61
Oct 2022	37	23	3	63
Nov 2022	33	20	2	55
Dec 2022	21	15	2	38
Jan 2023	19	26	2	47
Feb 2023	32	27	2	61
Mar 2023	51	26	6	83
Apr 2023	14	23	1	38
May 2023	31	29	0	60
Jun 2023	16	9	1	26
Jul 2023	17	19	0	36
Aug 2023	19	15	4	38
Sep 2023	30	29	2	61
Oct 2023	125	26	2	153
Nov 2023	134	9	3	146
Dec 2023	24	14	1	39
Jan 2024	22	20	2	44
Feb 2024	18	19	3	40
Mar 2024	37	27	3	67
Apr 2024	38	17	19	74
May 2024	21	25	0	46
Jun 2024	53	19	5	77
Jul 2024	25	13	7	45
Aug 2024	32	10	6	48
Sep 2024	24	14	7	45
Oct 2024	23	17	0	40
Nov 2024	31	37	1	69
Dec 2024	30	19	2	51
Jan 2025	23	18	2	43
Feb 2025	49	24	3	76
Mar 2025	25	17	1	43
Apr 2025	37	17	0	54
May 2025	35	16	1	52
Jun 2025	56	21	1	78
Jul 2025	32	29	5	66
Aug 2025	37	31	0	68
Sep 2025	43	32	3	78
Oct 2025	58	49	2	109
Nov 2025	53	39	2	94

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 04 Dec 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2015	43	53	2	98
Jan 2016	56	21	1	78
Feb 2016	43	15	2	60
Mar 2016	22	8	0	30
Apr 2016	11	7	1	19
May 2016	101	51	0	152
Jun 2016	26	14	1	41
Jul 2016	26	17	1	44
Aug 2016	24	15	0	39
Sep 2016	22	12	1	35
Oct 2016	10	7	0	17
Nov 2016	6	3	0	9
Dec 2016	3	14	2	19
Jan 2017	20	12	1	33
Feb 2017	12	10	0	22
Mar 2017	20	12	0	32
Apr 2017	40	26	2	68
May 2017	28	13	0	41
Jun 2017	32	5	1	38
Jul 2017	21	14	0	35
Aug 2017	17	12	0	29
Sep 2017	20	25	2	47
Oct 2017	15	28	2	45
Nov 2017	13	13	0	26
Dec 2017	10	25	2	37
Jan 2018	15	13	4	32
Feb 2018	17	11	1	29
Mar 2018	17	13	6	36
Apr 2018	17	16	3	36
May 2018	18	21	1	40
Jun 2018	13	7	0	20
Jul 2018	14	10	0	24
Aug 2018	23	20	1	44
Sep 2018	17	12	0	29
Oct 2018	20	21	2	43
Nov 2018	22	14	2	38
Dec 2018	21	14	0	35
Jan 2019	6	8	0	14
Feb 2019	9	15	1	25
Mar 2019	8	13	1	22
Apr 2019	14	21	1	36
May 2019	9	12	1	22
Jun 2019	5	10	1	16
Jul 2019	14	15	1	30
Aug 2019	14	11	0	25
Sep 2019	14	16	0	30
Oct 2019	19	6	0	25
Nov 2019	18	11	0	29
Dec 2019	11	9	0	20
Jan 2020	19	10	3	32
Feb 2020	15	12	0	27
Mar 2020	10	12	0	22
Apr 2020	7	8	0	15
May 2020	15	13	1	29
Jun 2020	23	10	1	34
Jul 2020	70	53	43	166
Aug 2020	8	12	4	24
Sep 2020	12	14	0	26
Oct 2020	24	17	0	41
Nov 2020	15	19	0	34
Dec 2020	18	11	1	30
Jan 2021	23	14	0	37
Feb 2021	17	12	1	30
Mar 2021	32	17	3	52
Apr 2021	21	22	2	45
May 2021	16	14	1	31
Jun 2021	11	15	2	28
Jul 2021	11	20	3	34
Aug 2021	9	14	2	25
Sep 2021	23	21	3	47
Oct 2021	23	49	2	74
Nov 2021	29	41	1	71
Dec 2021	20	17	2	39
Jan 2022	26	28	3	57
Feb 2022	26	35	6	67
Mar 2022	17	26	0	43
Apr 2022	27	21	4	52
May 2022	21	20	1	42
Jun 2022	9	26	3	38
Jul 2022	22	24	1	47
Aug 2022	18	46	2	66
Sep 2022	29	28	4	61
Oct 2022	37	23	3	63
Nov 2022	33	20	2	55
Dec 2022	21	15	2	38
Jan 2023	19	26	2	47
Feb 2023	32	27	2	61
Mar 2023	51	26	6	83
Apr 2023	14	23	1	38
May 2023	31	29	0	60
Jun 2023	16	9	1	26
Jul 2023	17	19	0	36
Aug 2023	19	15	4	38
Sep 2023	30	29	2	61
Oct 2023	125	26	2	153
Nov 2023	134	9	3	146
Dec 2023	24	14	1	39
Jan 2024	22	20	2	44
Feb 2024	18	19	3	40
Mar 2024	37	27	3	67
Apr 2024	38	17	19	74
May 2024	21	25	0	46
Jun 2024	53	19	5	77
Jul 2024	25	13	7	45
Aug 2024	32	10	6	48
Sep 2024	24	14	7	45
Oct 2024	23	17	0	40
Nov 2024	31	37	1	69
Dec 2024	30	19	2	51
Jan 2025	23	18	2	43
Feb 2025	49	24	3	76
Mar 2025	25	17	1	43
Apr 2025	37	17	0	54
May 2025	35	16	1	52
Jun 2025	56	21	1	78
Jul 2025	32	29	5	66
Aug 2025	37	31	0	68
Sep 2025	43	32	3	78
Oct 2025	58	49	2	109
Nov 2025	53	39	2	94

Latest update: 28 Nov 2025

Short summary

The Singapore government commissioned a modelling study of regional projections of changes in (i) long-term mean sea level and (ii) the frequency of extreme storm surge and wave events. We find that changes to long-term mean sea level constitute the dominant signal of change to the projected inundation risk for Singapore during the 21st century, these being 0.52 m(0.74 m) under the RCP 4.5(8.5) scenario.