Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-183-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-183-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Sea surface freshening inferred from SMOS and ARGO salinity: impact of rain
J. Boutin
CNRS-INSU, UMR7159, LOCEAN/IPSL (CNRS-UPMC-IRD-MNHN), Paris, France
N. Martin
CNRS-INSU, UMR7159, LOCEAN/IPSL (CNRS-UPMC-IRD-MNHN), Paris, France
G. Reverdin
CNRS-INSU, UMR7159, LOCEAN/IPSL (CNRS-UPMC-IRD-MNHN), Paris, France
X. Yin
CNRS-INSU, UMR7159, LOCEAN/IPSL (CNRS-UPMC-IRD-MNHN), Paris, France
F. Gaillard
IFREMER, LPO (CNRS-IFREMER-IRD-UBO), Plouzané, France
Related authors
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Christopher Hunt, Thomas Linkowski, Alison Chase, Nils Haentjens, Pedro C. Junger, Stephane Pesant, and Douglas Vandemark
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The air-sea CO2 flux in coastal waters plays a key role in the global carbon budget, yet remains poorly understood. In 2021, the Tara schooner collected 14,000 km of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) data along the South American coast. This dataset improves our understanding of fCO2 in the under-sampled Brazilian coastal region, and provides a unique insight into the complex biogeochemistry of the Amazon River-Ocean continuum.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kirtana Naëck, Jacqueline Boutin, Sebastiaan Swart, Marcel Du Plessis, Liliane Merlivat, Laurence Beaumont, Antonio Lourenco, Francesco d'Ovidio, Louise Rousselet, Brian Ward, and Jean-Baptiste Sallée
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Summer 2022, a "CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere"(CARIOCA) drifting buoy observed an anomalously strong ocean carbon sink in the subpolar Southern Ocean associated with large plumes of chlorophyll-a. Lagrangian backward trajectories indicate that these waters originated from the sea ice edge, the previous Spring 2021. Our study highlights the northward migration of the CO2 sink associated with early sea ice retreat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Clovis Thouvenin-Masson, Jacqueline Boutin, Vincent Échevin, Alban Lazar, and Jean-Luc Vergely
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-818, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-818, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research focuses on understanding the impact of river runoff and precipitation on sea surface salinity (SSS) in the eastern Southern North Tropical Atlantic (e-SNTA) region off Northwest Africa. By analyzing regional simulations and observational data, we find that river flows significantly influence SSS variability, particularly after the rainy season. Our findings underscore that a main source of uncertainty to represent SSS variability in this region comes from river runoffs estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Jacqueline Boutin, Liliane Merlivat, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Gareth A. Lee, Marcos Cobas García, David Antoine, and Kiminori Shitashima
Ocean Sci., 18, 1245–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An underwater glider mission was carried out in spring 2016 near a mooring in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The glider deployment served as a test of a prototype ion-sensitive field-effect transistor pH sensor. Mean net community production rates were estimated from glider and buoy measurements of dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations before and during the spring bloom. Incorporating advection is important for accurate mass budgets. Unexpected metabolic quotients were found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anastasiia Tarasenko, Alexandre Supply, Nikita Kusse-Tiuz, Vladimir Ivanov, Mikhail Makhotin, Jean Tournadre, Bertrand Chapron, Jacqueline Boutin, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, and Gilles Reverdin
Ocean Sci., 17, 221–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data from the ARKTIKA-2018 expedition and new satellite data help us to follow rapid changes in the upper layer of the Laptev and East Siberian seas (LS, ESS) in summer 2018. With satellite-derived surface temperature, an improved SMOS salinity, and wind, we study how the fresh river water is mixed with cold sea water and ice-melted water at small time and spatial scales. The wind pushes fresh water northward and northeastward, close to and under the ice, forcing it into the deep Arctic Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C.E. Bakker, Jacqueline Boutin, Kiminori Shitashima, Gareth Lee, Oliver Legge, and Reiner Onken
Ocean Sci., 13, 427–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Underwater gliders are useful platforms for monitoring the world oceans at a high resolution. An experimental pH sensor was attached to an underwater glider in the Mediterranean Sea, which is an important carbon sink region. Comparing measurements from the glider with those obtained from a ship indicated that there were issues with the experimental pH sensor. Correcting for these issues enabled us to look at pH variability in the area related to biomass abundance and physical water properties.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Walker Brown, J. Boutin, and L. Merlivat
Biogeosciences, 12, 7315–7329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7315-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7315-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Using a temperature-salinity-based extrapolation of in situ surface-fCO2, in conjunction with SMOS SSS and OSTIA SST, fCO2 is mapped within the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETPO) at high spatial (0.25°) and temporal (monthly) resolution. Strong interannual and spatial variability is identified, with net outgassing of CO2 in the gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo contrasting net ingassing in the Gulf of Panama. For the period of July 2010-July 2014, the ETPO was supersaturated by ~40μatm.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Merlivat, J. Boutin, and F. d'Ovidio
Biogeosciences, 12, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3513-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3513-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
One CARIOCA buoy deployed during the KEOPS2 expedition in Oct-Nov 2011 drifted eastward in the Kerguelen plume. Surface measurements of pCO2 and O2 were collected. Close to the polar front, the surface waters are a sink for CO2 and a source for O2, with mean fluxes equal to -8mmol CO2 m-2d-1 and +38mmol O2 m-2d-1. Outside an iron-enriched filament, the fluxes are in the opposite direction. NCP values of 60-140 mmol C m-2d-1 and stoichiometric ratios, O2/C, between 1.1 and 1.4 are computed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
L. Resplandy, J. Boutin, and L. Merlivat
Biogeosciences, 11, 75–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-75-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-75-2014, 2014
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Christopher Hunt, Thomas Linkowski, Alison Chase, Nils Haentjens, Pedro C. Junger, Stephane Pesant, and Douglas Vandemark
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The air-sea CO2 flux in coastal waters plays a key role in the global carbon budget, yet remains poorly understood. In 2021, the Tara schooner collected 14,000 km of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) data along the South American coast. This dataset improves our understanding of fCO2 in the under-sampled Brazilian coastal region, and provides a unique insight into the complex biogeochemistry of the Amazon River-Ocean continuum.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kirtana Naëck, Jacqueline Boutin, Sebastiaan Swart, Marcel Du Plessis, Liliane Merlivat, Laurence Beaumont, Antonio Lourenco, Francesco d'Ovidio, Louise Rousselet, Brian Ward, and Jean-Baptiste Sallée
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2668, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Summer 2022, a "CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere"(CARIOCA) drifting buoy observed an anomalously strong ocean carbon sink in the subpolar Southern Ocean associated with large plumes of chlorophyll-a. Lagrangian backward trajectories indicate that these waters originated from the sea ice edge, the previous Spring 2021. Our study highlights the northward migration of the CO2 sink associated with early sea ice retreat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Clovis Thouvenin-Masson, Jacqueline Boutin, Vincent Échevin, Alban Lazar, and Jean-Luc Vergely
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-818, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-818, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research focuses on understanding the impact of river runoff and precipitation on sea surface salinity (SSS) in the eastern Southern North Tropical Atlantic (e-SNTA) region off Northwest Africa. By analyzing regional simulations and observational data, we find that river flows significantly influence SSS variability, particularly after the rainy season. Our findings underscore that a main source of uncertainty to represent SSS variability in this region comes from river runoffs estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Jacqueline Boutin, Liliane Merlivat, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Gareth A. Lee, Marcos Cobas García, David Antoine, and Kiminori Shitashima
Ocean Sci., 18, 1245–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An underwater glider mission was carried out in spring 2016 near a mooring in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The glider deployment served as a test of a prototype ion-sensitive field-effect transistor pH sensor. Mean net community production rates were estimated from glider and buoy measurements of dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations before and during the spring bloom. Incorporating advection is important for accurate mass budgets. Unexpected metabolic quotients were found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anastasiia Tarasenko, Alexandre Supply, Nikita Kusse-Tiuz, Vladimir Ivanov, Mikhail Makhotin, Jean Tournadre, Bertrand Chapron, Jacqueline Boutin, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, and Gilles Reverdin
Ocean Sci., 17, 221–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data from the ARKTIKA-2018 expedition and new satellite data help us to follow rapid changes in the upper layer of the Laptev and East Siberian seas (LS, ESS) in summer 2018. With satellite-derived surface temperature, an improved SMOS salinity, and wind, we study how the fresh river water is mixed with cold sea water and ice-melted water at small time and spatial scales. The wind pushes fresh water northward and northeastward, close to and under the ice, forcing it into the deep Arctic Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael P. Hemming, Jan Kaiser, Karen J. Heywood, Dorothee C.E. Bakker, Jacqueline Boutin, Kiminori Shitashima, Gareth Lee, Oliver Legge, and Reiner Onken
Ocean Sci., 13, 427–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-427-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Underwater gliders are useful platforms for monitoring the world oceans at a high resolution. An experimental pH sensor was attached to an underwater glider in the Mediterranean Sea, which is an important carbon sink region. Comparing measurements from the glider with those obtained from a ship indicated that there were issues with the experimental pH sensor. Correcting for these issues enabled us to look at pH variability in the area related to biomass abundance and physical water properties.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Walker Brown, J. Boutin, and L. Merlivat
Biogeosciences, 12, 7315–7329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7315-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7315-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Using a temperature-salinity-based extrapolation of in situ surface-fCO2, in conjunction with SMOS SSS and OSTIA SST, fCO2 is mapped within the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETPO) at high spatial (0.25°) and temporal (monthly) resolution. Strong interannual and spatial variability is identified, with net outgassing of CO2 in the gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo contrasting net ingassing in the Gulf of Panama. For the period of July 2010-July 2014, the ETPO was supersaturated by ~40μatm.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Merlivat, J. Boutin, and F. d'Ovidio
Biogeosciences, 12, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3513-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3513-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
One CARIOCA buoy deployed during the KEOPS2 expedition in Oct-Nov 2011 drifted eastward in the Kerguelen plume. Surface measurements of pCO2 and O2 were collected. Close to the polar front, the surface waters are a sink for CO2 and a source for O2, with mean fluxes equal to -8mmol CO2 m-2d-1 and +38mmol O2 m-2d-1. Outside an iron-enriched filament, the fluxes are in the opposite direction. NCP values of 60-140 mmol C m-2d-1 and stoichiometric ratios, O2/C, between 1.1 and 1.4 are computed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
L. Resplandy, J. Boutin, and L. Merlivat
Biogeosciences, 11, 75–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-75-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-75-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Approach: Remote Sensing | Depth range: Surface | Geographical range: All Geographic Regions | Phenomena: Temperature, Salinity and Density Fields
Core operational Sentinel-3 marine data product services as part of the Copernicus Space Component
Characterisation and quantification of regional diurnal SST cycles from SEVIRI
Sea surface temperature anomalies, seasonal cycle and trend regimes in the Eastern Pacific coast
Hans Bonekamp, Francois Montagner, Vincenzo Santacesaria, Carolina Nogueira Loddo, Sally Wannop, Igor Tomazic, Anne O'Carroll, Ewa Kwiatkowska, Remko Scharroo, and Hilary Wilson
Ocean Sci., 12, 787–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-787-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-787-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the marine data available from the Marine Centre, part of the Sentinel-3 Payload Data Ground Segment, located at the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT).
Descriptions include the scientific and operational feedback mechanisms on the performance of the services as well as practical information and user support mechanisms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Karagali and J. L. Høyer
Ocean Sci., 10, 745–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-745-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-745-2014, 2014
A. Ramos-Rodríguez, D. B. Lluch-Cota, S. E. Lluch-Cota, and A. Trasviña-Castro
Ocean Sci., 8, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-81-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-81-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Anderson, J. and Riser, S.: Near Surface variability of Temperature and Salinity: Observations from Profiling Floats, Aquarius/SAC-D Science Team Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 11–13 April 2012, 2012.
Banks, C. J., Gommenginger, C. P., Srokosz, M. A., and Snaith, H. M.: Validating SMOS Ocean Surface Salinity in the Atlantic With Argo and Operational Ocean Model Data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1688–1702, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2167340, 2012.
Boutin, J., Waldteufel, P., Martin, N., Caudal, G., and Dinnat, E.: Surface Salinity Retrieved from SMOS Measurements over the Global Ocean: Imprecisions Due to Sea Surface Roughness and Temperature Uncertainties, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 21, 1432–1447, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1432:ssrfsm>2.0.co;2, 2004.
Boutin, J., Martin, N., Xiaobin, Y., Font, J., Reul, N., and Spurgeon, P.: First Assessment of SMOS Data Over Open Ocean: Part II – Sea Surface Salinity, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1662–1675, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2184546, 2012.
Bowman, K. P., C. R. Homeyer, and D. G. Stone: A comparison of oceanic precipitation estimates in the tropics and subtropics, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 1335–1344, 2009.
Carval, T., Keeley, B., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Loch, S., Schmid, C., Goldsmith, R., Wong, A., McCreadie, R., Thresher, A., and Tran, A.: Argo User's Manual v2.4, IFREMERreference cor-do/dti-mut/02-084, 85, 2012.
Contreras, R. F. and Plant, W. J.: Surface effect of rain on microwave backscatter from the ocean: Measurements and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003356, 2006.
Cravatte, S., Delcroix, T., Zhang, D., McPhaden, M. J., and Leloup, J.: Observed freshening and warming of the western Pacific warm pool, Clim. Dyn., 33, 565–589, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0526-7, 2009.
Dinnat, E.: De la détermination de la salinité de surface des océans à partir de mesures radiométriques hyperfréquences en bande L, University Paris 6, Paris, 271 pp., 2003.
Durack, P. J., Wijffels, S. E., and Matear, R. J.: Ocean Salinities Reveal Strong Global Water Cycle Intensification During 1950 to 2000, Science, 336, 455–458, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212222, 2012.
Gaillard, F., Autret, E., Thierry, V., Galaup, P., Coatanoan, C., and Loubrieu, T.: Quality Control of Large Argo Datasets, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 337–351, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho552.1, 2009.
Geer, A. J., Bauer, P., and Lopez, P.: Lessons learnt from the operational 1D +4D-Var assimilation of rain- and cloud-affected SSM/I observations at ECMWF, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 1513–1525, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.304, 2008.
Gordon, A. L. and Giulivi, C. F.: Sea surface salinity trends over fifty years within the subtropical north Atlantic, Oceanogr., 21, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2008.64, 2008.
Guimbard, S., Gourrion, J., Portabella, M., Turiel, A., Gabarro, C., and Font, J.: SMOS Semi-Empirical Ocean Forward Model Adjustment, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1676–1687, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2188410, 2012.
Hénocq, C., Boutin, J., Reverdin, G., Petitcolin, F., Arnault, S., and Lattes, P.: Vertical Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Tropics: Consequences for L-Band Radiometer Calibration and Validation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 192–209, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecho670.1, 2010.
Hilburn, K. A. and F. J. Wentz: Intercalibrated passive microwave rain products from the Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA), J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 778–794, 2008.
Kainulainen, J., Colliander, A., Closa, J., Martin-Neira, M., Oliva, R., Buenadicha, G., Rubiales Alcaine, P., Hakkarainen, A., and Hallikainen, M. T.: Radiometric Performance of the SMOS Reference Radiometers – Assessment After One Year of Operation, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1367–1383, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2177273, 2012.
Kerr, Y. H., Waldteufel, P., Wigneron, J. P., Delwart, S., Cabot, F., Boutin, J., Escorihuela, M. J., Font, J., Reul, N., Gruhier, C., Juglea, S. E., Drinkwater, M. R., Hahne, A., Martin-Neira, M., and Mecklenburg, S.: The SMOS Mission: New Tool for Monitoring Key Elements ofthe Global Water Cycle, Proceedings of the IEEE, 98, 666–687, https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2010.2043032, 2010.
Lagerloef, G., Boutin, J., Chao, Y., Delcroix, T., Font, J., Niiler, P., Reul, N., Riser, S., Schmitt, R., Stammer, D., and Wentz, F.: Resolving the Global Surface Salinity Field and Variations by Blending Satellite and In Situ Observations, Oceanobs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society Venise, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, ESA Publication WPP-306, https://doi.org/10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.51, 2010.
Mecklenburg, S., Drusch, M., Kerr, Y. H., Font, J., Martin-Neira, M., Delwart, S., Buenadicha, G., Reul, N., Daganzo-Eusebio, E., Oliva, R., and Crapolicchio, R.: ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission: Mission Performance and Operations, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1354–1366, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2187666, 2012.
Peichl, M., Wittmann, V., Anterrieu, E., Picard, B., Skou, N., and Solbjerg, S.: Scientific inputs for the SMOS Level 1 Processor development, Final report for ESA contract No. 10508/02/NL/GS, DLR, Munich, 2004.
Portabella, M., Stoffelen, A., Lin, W., Turiel, A., Verhoef, A., Verspeek, J., and Ballabrera-Poy, J.: Rain Effects on ASCATRetrieved Winds: Toward an Improved Quality Control, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 2495–2506, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2185933, 2012.
Reul, N., Tenerelli, J., Boutin, J., Chapron, B., Paul, F., Brion, E., Gaillard, F., and Archer, O.: Overview of the First SMOS Sea Surface Salinity Products, Part 1: Quality Assessment for the Second Half of 2010, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1636–1647, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2188408, 2012.
Reverdin, G., Morisset, S., Boutin, J., and Martin, N.: Rain-induced variability of near sea-surface T and S from drifter data, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007549, 2012.
Soloviev, A. and Lukas, R.: Observation of Spatial Variability of Diurnal Thermocline and Rain-Formed Halocline in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2529–2538, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<2529:oosvod>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Soloviev, A. and Lukas, R.: Observation of large diurnal warming events in the near-surface layer of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44, 1055–1076, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00124-0, 1997.
Terray, L., Corre, L., Cravatte, S., Delcroix, T., Reverdin, G., and Ribes, A.: Near-Surface Salinity as Nature's Rain Gauge to Detect Human Influence on the Tropical Water Cycle, J. Climate, 25, 958–977, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-10-05025.1, 2011.
Ulaby, F. T., Moore, R. K., and Fung, A. K.: Microwave Remote Sensing – Active and Passive: Vol 1: Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry, ARTECH House, Norwood, MA 02062, 456 pp., 1981.
UNESCO: The international system of units (SI) in oceanography, UNESCO Technical Papers No. 45, IAPSO Pub. Sci. No. 32, Paris, France, 1985.
Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., McPhaden, M. J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B., Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C., Eymard, L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo, T., de Boyer Montégut, C., Masson, S., Marsac, F., Menkes, C., and Kennan, S.: Cirene: Air-Sea Interactions in the Seychelles – Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2499.1, 2009.
Ward, B., Wanninkhof, R., Minnett, P. J., and Head, M. J.: SkinDeEP: A Profiling Instrument for Upper-Decameter Sea Surface Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 207–222, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0207:sapifu>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Wentz, F. J.: The Effect of Clouds and Rain on the Aquarius Salinity Retrieval, Remote Sensing System Technical Memorandum 3031805, Santa Rosa, California, 2005.
Yin, X., Boutin, J., Martin, N., and Spurgeon, P.: Optimization of L-Band Sea Surface Emissivity Models Deduced From SMOS Data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1414–1426, \href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2184547} https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2184547, 2012.
Zhang, Y. and Zhang, X.: Ocean haline skin layer and turbulent surface convections, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C04017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007464, 2012.