Articles | Volume 21, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1943-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1943-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Sep 2025
Research article |
| 12 Sep 2025
| 12 Sep 2025
Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability
Arne Bendinger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Toulouse, France
now at: Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, IUEM, Plouzané, France
Sophie Cravatte
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Toulouse, France
IRD, Centre IRD de Nouméa, New Caledonia
Lionel Gourdeau
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Toulouse, France
Clément Vic
Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, IUEM, Brest, France
Florent Lyard
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Toulouse, France
Related authors
Charly de Marez, Arne Bendinger, and Ahmad Fehmi Dilmahamod
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6055, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6055, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We use new satellite observations to reveal how ocean vortices features behave in the Labrador Sea. By comparing these features with ship measurements, we show that the satellite can reliably detect them even in regions close to the poles. Our results uncover clear patterns in their size, strength, and seasonal changes, providing a new insight of how the ocean moves heat and influences climate at high latitudes.
Florian Schütte, Johannes Hahn, Ivy Frenger, Arne Bendinger, Fehmi Dilmahamod, Marco Schulz, and Peter Brandt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2175, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We found extreme drops in oxygen levels in the tropical Atlantic linked to surprisingly long-lived, small subsurface eddies. These eddies are hidden beneath the surface (undetectable by satellites) and are unusually stable, even in the highly dynamic ocean near the equator. Using long-term measurements and computer models, we show that these features can strongly influence oxygen supply and potentially impact marine ecosystems.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Luc Rainville, Clément Vic, Guillaume Sérazin, Fabien Durand, Frédéric Marin, and Jean-Luc Fuda
Ocean Sci., 20, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A unique dataset of glider observations reveals tidal beams south of New Caledonia – an internal-tide-generation hot spot in the southwestern tropical Pacific. Observations are in good agreement with numerical modeling output, highlighting the glider's capability to infer internal tides while assessing the model's realism of internal-tide dynamics. Discrepancies are in large part linked to eddy–internal-tide interactions. A methodology is proposed to deduce the internal-tide surface signature.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Quentin Devresse, Kevin W. Becker, Arne Bendinger, Johannes Hahn, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5199–5219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and alter physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, how they affect organic carbon production and consumption is largely unknown. Here we show how an eddy triggers a cascade effect on biomass production and metabolic activities of phyto- and bacterioplankton. Our results may contribute to the improvement of biogeochemical models used to estimate carbon fluxes in the ocean.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Charly de Marez, Arne Bendinger, and Ahmad Fehmi Dilmahamod
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6055, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6055, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We use new satellite observations to reveal how ocean vortices features behave in the Labrador Sea. By comparing these features with ship measurements, we show that the satellite can reliably detect them even in regions close to the poles. Our results uncover clear patterns in their size, strength, and seasonal changes, providing a new insight of how the ocean moves heat and influences climate at high latitudes.
Inès Mangolte, Sophie Cravatte, Alexandre Ganachaud, and Christophe Menkès
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5995, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5995, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heatwaves pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems that will become increasingly important with climate change. Here we show in the Southwest Pacific that dynamical forecasting systems are able to forecast long, large-scale marine heatwaves occurring in austral winter, but have less skill in predicting smaller, shorter events, and summer events. We discuss the implications for operational forecasts dedicated to help marine managers to prepare and mitigate some of their impacts.
Carla Chevillard, Romain Le Gendre, Christophe Menkes, Takeshi Izumo, Bastien Pagli, Simon Van Wynsberge, and Sophie Cravatte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5417, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
To detect past marine heatwaves events and analyse their characteristics, scientists use one of the available sea surface temperature products, relying on different data ingested and procedures. Here, we compare marine heatwaves statistics computed using six products in the tropical Pacific over 1993–2021. We highlight significant differences and provide uncertainties. Our results advocate for the use of multiple products in marine heatwaves studies to increase the robustness of the conclusions.
Romain Le Gendre, David Varillon, Sylvie Fiat, Régis Hocdé, Antoine de Ramon N'Yeurt, Serge Andréfouët, Jérôme Aucan, Sophie Cravatte, Maxime Duphil, Alexandre Ganachaud, Baptiste Gaudron, Elodie Kestenare, Vetea Liao, Bernard Pelletier, Alexandre Peltier, Anne-Lou Schaefer, Thomas Trophime, Simon Van Wynsberge, Yves Dandonneau, Michel Allenbach, and Christophe Menkes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5277–5301, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5277-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5277-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Due to ocean warming, coral reef ecosystems are strongly impacted by dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. In situ observation remains the best alternative for accurate characterization of trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network, which spreads over multiple Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) in the western and central South Pacific.
Bastien Pagli, Takeshi Izumo, Alexandre Barboni, Carla Chevillard, Cyril Dutheil, Raphael Legrand, Christophe Menkes, Claire Rocuet, and Sophie Cravatte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4166, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4166, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heatwaves—periods of unusually warm ocean temperatures—are becoming more frequent and intense with climate change. These events can harm marine ecosystems, especially in vulnerable regions like French Polynesia. Here, we used satellite sea surface temperature data and ocean reanalysis to characterize past events. We investigated their characteristics, variability linked to ENSO, and the physical mechanisms driving their onset and decay across the region.
Shilpa Lal, Sophie Cravatte, Christophe Menkes, Jed Macdonald, Romain LeGendre, Ines Mangolte, Cyril Dutheil, Neil Holbrook, and Simon Nicol
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3281, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3281, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper characterizes historical (1981–2023) marine heatwaves in the tropical southwestern Pacific, where they pose a challenge for marine resource dependent Islands. Heatwaves are distinguished as a function of their spatial extent, signature at the coast, and seasonality, to allow a better understanding of their impacts on ecosystems. Marine heatwaves are getting longer and more frequent, with greater spatial extents. Our results aim to inform the Pacific Islands on their vulnerability.
Florian Schütte, Johannes Hahn, Ivy Frenger, Arne Bendinger, Fehmi Dilmahamod, Marco Schulz, and Peter Brandt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2175, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We found extreme drops in oxygen levels in the tropical Atlantic linked to surprisingly long-lived, small subsurface eddies. These eddies are hidden beneath the surface (undetectable by satellites) and are unusually stable, even in the highly dynamic ocean near the equator. Using long-term measurements and computer models, we show that these features can strongly influence oxygen supply and potentially impact marine ecosystems.
Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrere, Florent Lyard, Clément Ubelmann, Gérald Dibarboure, Edward D. Zaron, and Brian K. Arbic
Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level observations along the swaths of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission were used to characterize internal tides at three semidiurnal frequencies off the Amazon shelf in the tropical Atlantic during the SWOT calibration/validation period. The atlases were derived using harmonic analysis and principal component analysis. The SWOT-derived internal tide atlas outperforms the reference atlas previously used to correct SWOT observations.
Sophie Hage, Megan L. Baker, Nathalie Babonneau, Guillaume Soulet, Bernard Dennielou, Ricardo Silva Jacinto, Robert G. Hilton, Valier Galy, François Baudin, Christophe Rabouille, Clément Vic, Sefa Sahin, Sanem Açikalin, and Peter J. Talling
Biogeosciences, 21, 4251–4272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4251-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4251-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The land-to-ocean flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) is difficult to measure, inhibiting accurate modeling of the global carbon cycle. Here, we quantify the POC flux between one of the largest rivers on Earth (Congo) and the ocean. POC in the form of vegetation and soil is transported by episodic submarine avalanches in a 1000 km long canyon at up to 5 km water depth. The POC flux induced by avalanches is at least 3 times greater than that induced by the background flow related to tides.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Luc Rainville, Clément Vic, Guillaume Sérazin, Fabien Durand, Frédéric Marin, and Jean-Luc Fuda
Ocean Sci., 20, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A unique dataset of glider observations reveals tidal beams south of New Caledonia – an internal-tide-generation hot spot in the southwestern tropical Pacific. Observations are in good agreement with numerical modeling output, highlighting the glider's capability to infer internal tides while assessing the model's realism of internal-tide dynamics. Discrepancies are in large part linked to eddy–internal-tide interactions. A methodology is proposed to deduce the internal-tide surface signature.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New Caledonia is a hot spot of internal-tide generation due to complex bathymetry. Regional modeling quantifies the coherent internal tide and shows that most energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. The region is a challenge for observability of balanced dynamics due to strong internal-tide sea surface height (SSH) signatures at similar wavelengths. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may increase the observability of balanced motion to < 100 km.
Quentin Devresse, Kevin W. Becker, Arne Bendinger, Johannes Hahn, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5199–5219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and alter physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, how they affect organic carbon production and consumption is largely unknown. Here we show how an eddy triggers a cascade effect on biomass production and metabolic activities of phyto- and bacterioplankton. Our results may contribute to the improvement of biogeochemical models used to estimate carbon fluxes in the ocean.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Sophie Cravatte, Guillaume Serazin, Thierry Penduff, and Christophe Menkes
Ocean Sci., 17, 487–507, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The various currents in the southwestern Pacific Ocean contribute to the redistribution of waters from the subtropical gyre equatorward and poleward. The drivers of their interannual variability are not completely understood but are usually thought to be related to well-known climate modes of variability. Here, we suggest that oceanic chaotic variability alone, which is by definition unpredictable, explains the majority of this interannual variability south of 20° S.
Cited articles
Alford, M. H., MacKinnon, J. A., Nash, J. D., Simmons, H., Pickering, A., Klymak, J. M., Pinkel, R., Sun, O., Rainville, L., Musgrave, R., Beitzel, T., Fu, K. -H., Lu, C. -W.: Energy flux and dissipation in Luzon Strait: Two tales of two ridges, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2211–2222, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-073.1, 2011. a
Arbic, B. K.: Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 206, 102824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102824, 2022. a, b
Arbic, B. K., Alford, M. H., Ansong, J. K., Buijsman, M. C., Ciotti, R. B., Farrar, J. T., Hallberg, R. W., Henze, C. E., Hill, C. N., Luecke, C. A., Menemenlis, D., Metzger, E. J., Muller, M., Nelson, A. D., Nelson, B. C., Ngodock, H. E., Ponte, R. M., Richman, J. G., Savage, A. C., Scott, R. B., Shriver, J. F., Simmons, H. L., Souopgui, I., Timko, P. G., Wallcraft, A. J., Zamudio, L., Zhao, Z.: Primer on global internal tide and internal gravity wave continuum modeling in HYCOM and MITgcm, New frontiers in operational oceanography, 307–392, http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1536242074_55feafcc (last access: 29 September 2021), 2018. a
Bella, A., Lahaye, N., and Tissot, G.: Internal tide energy transfers induced by mesoscale circulation and topography across the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 129, e2024JC020914, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC020914, 2024. a
Bendinger, A.: Internal tides around New Caledonia : dynamics, eddy-internal tide interactions, and SWOT observability, Theses, Université Paul Sabatier – Toulouse III, https://theses.hal.science/tel-04618408 (last access: 20 June 2024), 2023. a
Bendinger, A.: Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia. Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17079808, 2025a. a
Bendinger, A.: Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia. Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15592721, 2025b. a
Bendinger, A., Cravatte, S., Gourdeau, L., Brodeau, L., Albert, A., Tchilibou, M., Lyard, F., and Vic, C.: Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia – Part 1: Coherent internal-tide characteristics and sea surface height signature, Ocean Sci., 19, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1315-2023, 2023. a, b, c, d, e
Bendinger, A., Cravatte, S., Gourdeau, L., Rainville, L., Vic, C., Sérazin, G., Durand, F., Marin, F., and Fuda, J.-L.: Internal-tide vertical structure and steric sea surface height signature south of New Caledonia revealed by glider observations, Ocean Sci., 20, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, 2024. a, b, c
Cai, T., Zhao, Z., D'Asaro, E., Wang, J., and Fu, L.-L.: Internal tide variability off Central California: multiple sources, seasonality, and eddying background, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 129, e2024JC020892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC020892, 2024. a
Callies, J. and Wu, W.: Some expectations for submesoscale sea surface height variance spectra, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 2271–2289, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0272.1, 2019. a
Callies, J., Ferrari, R., Klymak, J. M., and Gula, J.: Seasonality in submesoscale turbulence, Nat. Commun., 6, 6862, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7862, 2015. a
Carrere, L., Arbic, B. K., Dushaw, B., Egbert, G., Erofeeva, S., Lyard, F., Ray, R. D., Ubelmann, C., Zaron, E., Zhao, Z., Shriver, J. F., Buijsman, M. C., and Picot, N.: Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry, Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021. a
Carter, G. S., Merrifield, M., Becker, J. M., Katsumata, K., Gregg, M., Luther, D., Levine, M., Boyd, T. J., and Firing, Y.: Energetics of M 2 barotropic-to-baroclinic tidal conversion at the Hawaiian Islands, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2205–2223, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3860.1, 2008. a, b
Cravatte, S., Bendinger, A., Carpaneto Bastos, C., Detandt, G., Gourdeau, L., Le Ridant, A., Rodier, M., Varillon, D., and Vic, C.: SWOTALIS-4. N/O Antea, 21 novembre au 29 novembre 2023, Nouméa/Nouméa, Ref. Rapport de mission, https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00905/101642/ (last access: 9 January 2025), 2024. a
de Lavergne, C., Falahat, S., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Nycander, J., and Vic, C.: Toward global maps of internal tide energy sinks, Ocean Model., 137, 52–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.03.010, 2019. a, b, c
de Lavergne, C., Vic, C., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Waterhouse, A. F., Whalen, C., Cuypers, Y., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ferron, B., and Hibiya, T.: A parameterization of local and remote tidal mixing, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2020MS002065, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002065, 2020. a, b
de Lavergne, C., Groeskamp, S., Zika, J., and Johnson, H. L.: The role of mixing in the large-scale ocean circulation, Ocean Mixing, 2022, 35–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821512-8.00010-4, 2022. a
Debreu, L., Vouland, C., and Blayo, E.: AGRIF: Adaptive grid refinement in Fortran, Comput. Geosci., 34, 8–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.01.009, 2008. a
Dossmann, Y., Shakespeare, C., Stewart, K., and Hogg, A. M.: Asymmetric internal tide generation in the presence of a steady flow, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016503, 2020. a
Duda, T. F., Lin, Y.-T., Buijsman, M., and Newhall, A. E.: Internal tidal modal ray refraction and energy ducting in baroclinic Gulf Stream currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1969–1993, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0031.1, 2018. a
Dunphy, M. and Lamb, K. G.: Focusing and vertical mode scattering of the first mode internal tide by mesoscale eddy interaction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009293, 2014. a, b
Falahat, S., Nycander, J., Roquet, F., Thurnherr, A. M., and Hibiya, T.: Comparison of calculated energy flux of internal tides with microstructure measurements, Tellus A, 66, 23240, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23240, 2014a. a
Falahat, S., Nycander, J., Roquet, F., and Zarroug, M.: Global calculation of tidal energy conversion into vertical normal modes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 3225–3244, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0002.1, 2014b. a
Fu, L.-L. and Ubelmann, C.: On the transition from profile altimeter to swath altimeter for observing global ocean surface topography, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 560–568, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00109.1, 2014. a
Fu, L.-L., Pavelsky, T., Cretaux, J.-F., Morrow, R., Farrar, J. T., Vaze, P., Sengenes, P., Vinogradova-Shiffer, N., Sylvestre-Baron, A., Picot, N., Dibarboure, G.: The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission: A breakthrough in radar remote sensing of the ocean and land surface water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107652, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107652, 2024. a
Guo, Z., Wang, S., Cao, A., Xie, J., Song, J., and Guo, X.: Refraction of the M2 internal tides by mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 192, 103946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103946, 2023. a, b
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a
Kang, D. and Fringer, O.: Energetics of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Monterey Bay area, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 272–290, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-039.1, 2012. a
Kaur, H., Buijsman, M. C., Zhao, Z., and Shriver, J. F.: Seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide – a comparison between sea surface height and energetics, Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024. a, b, c, d
Kelly, S. and Nash, J.: Internal-tide generation and destruction by shoaling internal tides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23611, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045598, 2010. a
Kelly, S. M. and Lermusiaux, P. F.: Internal-tide interactions with the Gulf Stream and Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak front, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6271–6294, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011639, 2016. a
Keppler, L., Cravatte, S., Chaigneau, A., Pegliasco, C., Gourdeau, L., and Singh, A.: Observed characteristics and vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the southwest tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 2731–2756, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013712, 2018. a
Kerry, C. G., Powell, B. S., and Carter, G. S.: Effects of remote generation sites on model estimates of M2 internal tides in the Philippine Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-081.1, 2013. a
Kerry, C. G., Powell, B. S., and Carter, G. S.: The impact of subtidal circulation on internal tide generation and propagation in the Philippine Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1386–1405, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0142.1, 2014. a
Kerry, C. G., Powell, B. S., and Carter, G. S.: Quantifying the incoherent M2 internal tide in the Philippine Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 2483–2491, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0023.1, 2016. a, b
Klein, P., Lapeyre, G., Siegelman, L., Qiu, B., Fu, L.-L., Torres, H., Su, Z., Menemenlis, D., and Le Gentil, S.: Ocean-scale interactions from space, Earth and Space Science, 6, 795–817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000492, 2019. a
Lahaye, N., Gula, J., and Roullet, G.: Internal Tide Cycle and Topographic Scattering Over the North Mid-Atlantic Ridge, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016376, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016376, 2020. a, b, c
Lahaye, N., Ponte, A., Le Sommer, J., and Albert, A.: Internal tide surface signature and incoherence in the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL108508, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108508, 2024. a
Lamb, K. G. and Dunphy, M.: Internal wave generation by tidal flow over a two-dimensional ridge: Energy flux asymmetries induced by a steady surface trapped current, J. Fluid Mech., 836, 192–221, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.800, 2018. a
Lyard, F. H., Allain, D. J., Cancet, M., Carrère, L., and Picot, N.: FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance, Ocean Sci., 17, 615–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021, 2021. a
Melet, A., Hallberg, R., Legg, S., and Polzin, K.: Sensitivity of the ocean state to the vertical distribution of internal-tide-driven mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 602–615, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-055.1, 2013. a
Melet, A., Legg, S., and Hallberg, R.: Climatic impacts of parameterized local and remote tidal mixing, J. Climate, 29, 3473–3500, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0153.1, 2016. a
Merrifield, M. A. and Holloway, P. E.: Model estimates of M2 internal tide energetics at the Hawaiian Ridge, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 5-1–5-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000996, 2002. a
Morrow, R., Fu, L.-L., Ardhuin, F., Benkiran, M., Chapron, B., Cosme, E., d’Ovidio, F., Farrar, J. T., Gille, S. T., Lapeyre, G., Le Traon, P.-Y., Pascual, A., Ponte, A., Qiu, B., Rascle, N., Ubelmann, C., Wang, J., Zaron, E. D.: Global observations of fine-scale ocean surface topography with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00232, 2019. a
Müller, M., Cherniawsky, J., Foreman, M., and von Storch, J.-S.: Global M2 internal tide and its seasonal variability from high resolution ocean circulation and tide modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053320, 2012. a, b
Nagai, T. and Hibiya, T.: Internal tides and associated vertical mixing in the i ndonesian a rchipelago, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 3373–3390, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010592, 2015. a
Nash, J. D., Kelly, S. M., Shroyer, E. L., Moum, J. N., and Duda, T. F.: The unpredictable nature of internal tides on continental shelves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1981–2000, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-028.1, 2012. a, b, c
Nelson, A. D., Arbic, B. K., Zaron, E. D., Savage, A. C., Richman, J. G., Buijsman, M. C., and Shriver, J. F.: Toward realistic nonstationarity of semidiurnal baroclinic tides in a hydrodynamic model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 6632–6642, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014737, 2019. a
Opel, L., Schindelegger, M., and Ray, R. D.: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides, Communications Earth & Environment, 5, 261, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01432-5, 2024. a
Park, J.-H. and Watts, D. R.: Internal tides in the southwestern Japan/East Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2846.1, 2006. a
Peacock, T. and Tabaei, A.: Visualization of nonlinear effects in reflecting internal wave beams, Phys. Fluids, 17, 061702, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1932309, 2005. a
Pickering, A., Alford, M., Nash, J., Rainville, L., Buijsman, M., Ko, D. S., and Lim, B.: Structure and variability of internal tides in Luzon Strait, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1574–1594, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0250.1, 2015. a, b
Ponte, A. L. and Klein, P.: Incoherent signature of internal tides on sea level in idealized numerical simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1520–1526, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062583, 2015. a
Qiu, B., Chen, S., Klein, P., Wang, J., Torres, H., Fu, L.-L., and Menemenlis, D.: Seasonality in transition scale from balanced to unbalanced motions in the world ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 591–605, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0169.1, 2018. a
Rainville, L. and Pinkel, R.: Propagation of low-mode internal waves through the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1220–1236, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2889.1, 2006. a, b, c, d
Rainville, L., Lee, C. M., Rudnick, D. L., and Yang, K.-C.: Propagation of internal tides generated near Luzon Strait: Observations from autonomous gliders, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4125–4138, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20293, 2013. a
Ray, R. D. and Zaron, E. D.: M2 internal tides and their observed wavenumber spectra from satellite altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0065.1, 2016. a
Rocha, C. B., Gille, S. T., Chereskin, T. K., and Menemenlis, D.: Seasonality of submesoscale dynamics in the Kuroshio Extension, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11–304, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071349, 2016. a
Savage, A. C., Waterhouse, A. F., and Kelly, S. M.: Internal tide nonstationarity and wave–mesoscale interactions in the Tasman Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 2931–2951, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0283.1, 2020. a
Sérazin, G., Marin, F., Gourdeau, L., Cravatte, S., Morrow, R., and Dabat, M.-L.: Scale-dependent analysis of in situ observations in the mesoscale to submesoscale range around New Caledonia, Ocean Sci., 16, 907–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-907-2020, 2020. a
Shakespeare, C. J.: Interdependence of internal tide and lee wave generation at abyssal hills: Global calculations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 655–677, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0179.1, 2020. a
Shriver, J., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J., Ray, R., Metzger, E., Wallcraft, A., and Timko, P.: An evaluation of the barotropic and internal tides in a high-resolution global ocean circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C10024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008170, 2012. a
Simmons, H. L., Hallberg, R. W., and Arbic, B. K.: Internal wave generation in a global baroclinic tide model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 3043–3068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.015, 2004. a
Tchilibou, M., Gourdeau, L., Lyard, F., Morrow, R., Koch Larrouy, A., Allain, D., and Djath, B.: Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions, Ocean Sci., 16, 615–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-615-2020, 2020. a, b
Tchilibou, M., Koch-Larrouy, A., Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Morel, Y., Jouanno, J., and Morrow, R.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints, Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022. a
Vergara, O., Morrow, R., Pujol, M.-I., Dibarboure, G., and Ubelmann, C.: Global submesoscale diagnosis using along-track satellite altimetry, Ocean Sci., 19, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, 2023. a
Vic, C., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Green, J. M., Waterhouse, A. F., Zhao, Z., Melet, A., de Lavergne, C., Buijsman, M. C., and Stephenson, G. R.: Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides, Nat. Commun., 10, 2099, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10149-5, 2019. a, b, c
Vic, C., Ferron, B., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Lherminier, P.: Tidal and near-inertial internal waves over the Reykjanes Ridge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 419–437, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0097.1, 2021. a
Wang, M., Zhu, X.-H., Zheng, H., Chen, J., Liu, Z.-J., Ren, Q., Liu, Y., Nan, F., Yu, F., and Li, Q.: Direct evidence of standing internal tide west of the Luzon Strait observed by a large-scale observation array, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 2263–2280, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0043.1, 2023. a
Wang, Y. and Legg, S.: Enhanced Dissipation of Internal Tides in a Mesoscale Baroclinic Eddy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 2293–2316, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0045.1, 2023. a
Waterhouse, A. F., MacKinnon, J. A., Nash, J. D., Alford, M. H., Kunze, E., Simmons, H. L., Polzin, K. L., Laurent, L. C. S., Sun, O. M., Pinkel, R., Talley, L. D., Whalen, C. B., Huussen, T. N., Carter, G. S., Fer, I., Waterman, S., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Sanford, T. B., Lee, C. M.: Global patterns of diapycnal mixing from measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1854–1872, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0104.1, 2014. a
Yan, T., Qi, Y., Jing, Z., and Cai, S.: Seasonal and spatial features of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the northwestern South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2018JC014860, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014860, 2020. a
Zaron, E. D.: Mapping the nonstationary internal tide with satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 539–554, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012487, 2017. a, b
Zaron, E. D.: Baroclinic tidal sea level from exact-repeat mission altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0127.1, 2019. a, b
Zeng, Z., Brandt, P., Lamb, K., Greatbatch, R., Dengler, M., Claus, M., and Chen, X.: Three-dimensional numerical simulations of internal tides in the Angolan upwelling region, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016460, 2021. a
Zhao, Z., Alford, M. H., Girton, J. B., Rainville, L., and Simmons, H. L.: Global observations of open-ocean mode-1 M 2 internal tides, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1657–1684, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0105.1, 2016. a
Zilberman, N., Becker, J., Merrifield, M., and Carter, G.: Model estimates of M2 internal tide generation over Mid-Atlantic Ridge topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2635–2651, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO4136.1, 2009. a
Zilberman, N., Merrifield, M., Carter, G., Luther, D., Levine, M., and Boyd, T. J.: Incoherent nature of M 2 internal tides at the Hawaiian Ridge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2021–2036, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-10-05009.1, 2011. a, b, c, d
Short summary
Temporal variability of the semidiurnal internal tide around New Caledonia is investigated using regional modeling. An important contribution to temporal variability not linked to the spring–neap tide cycle is due to the presence of mesoscale eddies both at the generation sites and in the propagation direction. The incoherent tide has a widespread signature in sea surface height (SSH), challenging the SSH observability of mesoscale to submesoscale dynamics.
Temporal variability of the semidiurnal internal tide around New Caledonia is investigated using...
