Articles | Volume 19, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1809-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1809-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Dec 2023
Research article |
| 20 Dec 2023
| 20 Dec 2023
Observations of strong turbulence and mixing impacting water exchange between two basins in the Baltic Sea
Julia Muchowski
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Martin Jakobsson
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Lars Umlauf
Department of Physical Oceanography, Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany
Lars Arneborg
Department of Research and Development, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Gothenburg, 426 71, Sweden
Bo Gustafsson
Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Peter Holtermann
Department of Physical Oceanography, Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany
Christoph Humborg
Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Christian Stranne
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Related authors
No articles found.
Felicity Alice Holmes, Jamie Barnett, Henning Åkesson, Mathieu Morlighem, Johan Nilsson, Nina Kirchner, and Martin Jakobsson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3839, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Northern Greenland contains some of the ice sheet's last remaining glaciers with floating ice tongues. One of these is Ryder Glacier, which has been relatively stable in recent decades in contrast to nearby glaciers. Here, we use a computer model to simulate Ryder Glacier until 2300 under both a low and high emissions scenario. Very high levels of surface melt under a high emissions future leads to a sea-level rise contribution an order of magnitude higher than under a low emissions future.
Abigail E. Robinson, Anna Scaini, Francisco J. Peña, Peter A. Hambäck, Christoph Humborg, and Fernando Jaramillo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3248, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3248, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are vital for flood control and drought resistance. These benefits are hard to pinpoint because they depend on water storage and movement, which are extremely variable. To address this, we study seasonal patterns of wetland water area using satellite imagery and AI. Out of 43 Swedish wetlands, we identify 6 groups with similar patterns, linking some to flood buffering and others to flood risk. This method can improve wetland management by identifying specific benefits.
Daniel Pönisch, Henry C. Bittig, Martin Kolbe, Ingo Schuffenhauer, Stefan Otto, Peter Holtermann, Kusala Premaratne, and Gregor Rehder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3246, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rewetted peatlands exhibit natural spatial and temporal biogeochemical heterogeneity, influenced by water level and vegetation. This study investigated the variability of the distribution of GHGs in a brackish-rewetted peatland. Two innovative sensor-equipped landers were used to measure a wide range of marine physicochemical variables at high temporal resolution. The measurements revealed strong fluctuations in CO2 and CH4, expressed as multi-day, diurnal and event-based variability.
Erik Gustafsson, Bo G. Gustafsson, Martijn Hermans, Christoph Humborg, and Christian Stranne
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7157–7179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) cycling in the Baltic Proper is studied through model simulations, enabling a first estimate of key CH4 fluxes. A preliminary budget identifies benthic CH4 release as the dominant source and two main sinks: CH4 oxidation in the water (92 % of sinks) and outgassing to the atmosphere (8 % of sinks). This study addresses CH4 emissions from coastal seas and is a first step toward understanding the relative importance of open-water outgassing compared with local coastal hotspots.
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Lars Axell, Sam T. Fredriksson, Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Matthias Gröger, Ivan Kuznetsov, Filippa Fransner, Robinson Hordoir, Saeed Falahat, and Lars Arneborg
Biogeosciences, 21, 2087–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus, different methods to assess the status of these regions are urgently needed. Here, we validated a novel model simulating the ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry of the Baltic and North seas that can be used to create future climate and nutrient scenarios, contribute to European initiatives on de-eutrophication, and provide water quality advice and support on nutrient load reductions for both seas.
Flor Vermassen, Clare Bird, Tirza M. Weitkamp, Kate F. Darling, Hanna Farnelid, Céline Heuzé, Allison Y. Hsiang, Salar Karam, Christian Stranne, Marcus Sundbom, and Helen K. Coxall
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1091, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first systematic survey of planktonic foraminifera in the high Arctic Ocean. Our results describe the abundance and species composition under summer sea-ice. They indicate that the polar specialist N. pachyderma is the only species present, with subpolar species absent. The dataset will be a valuable reference for continued monitoring of the state of planktonic foraminifera communities as they respond to the ongoing sea-ice decline and the ‘Atlantification’ of the Arctic Ocean.
Johan Nilsson, Eef van Dongen, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, and Christian Stranne
The Cryosphere, 17, 2455–2476, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how topographical sills suppress basal glacier melt in Greenlandic fjords. The basal melt drives an exchange flow over the sill, but there is an upper flow limit set by the Atlantic Water features outside the fjord. If this limit is reached, the flow enters a new regime where the melt is suppressed and its sensitivity to the Atlantic Water temperature is reduced.
Gabriel West, Darrell S. Kaufman, Martin Jakobsson, and Matt O'Regan
Geochronology, 5, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-285-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-285-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report aspartic and glutamic acid racemization analyses on Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi from the Arctic Ocean (AO). The rates of racemization in the species are compared. Calibrating the rate of racemization in C. wuellerstorfi for the past 400 ka allows the estimation of sample ages from the central AO. Estimated ages are older than existing age assignments (as previously observed for N. pachyderma), confirming that differences are not due to taxonomic effects.
Eva Ehrnsten, Oleg Pavlovitch Savchuk, and Bo Gustav Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3337–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of benthic fauna, animals living on or in the seafloor, on the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus using a model of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. By eating and excreting, the animals transform a large part of organic matter sinking to the seafloor into inorganic forms, which fuel plankton blooms. Simultaneously, when they move around (bioturbate), phosphorus is bound in the sediments. This reduces nitrogen-fixing plankton blooms and oxygen depletion.
Karol Kuliński, Gregor Rehder, Eero Asmala, Alena Bartosova, Jacob Carstensen, Bo Gustafsson, Per O. J. Hall, Christoph Humborg, Tom Jilbert, Klaus Jürgens, H. E. Markus Meier, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Michael Naumann, Jørgen E. Olesen, Oleg Savchuk, Andreas Schramm, Caroline P. Slomp, Mikhail Sofiev, Anna Sobek, Beata Szymczycha, and Emma Undeman
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 633–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper covers the aspects related to changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, P) external loads; their transformations in the coastal zone; changes in organic matter production (eutrophication) and remineralization (oxygen availability); and the role of sediments in burial and turnover of C, N, and P. Furthermore, this paper also focuses on changes in the marine CO2 system, the structure of the microbial community, and the role of contaminants for biogeochemical processes.
Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Karen M. Assmann, Wieslaw Maslowski, Göran Björk, Martin Jakobsson, Sara Jutterström, Younjoo J. Lee, Robert Osinski, Igor Semiletov, Adam Ulfsbo, Irene Wåhlström, and Leif G. Anderson
Ocean Sci., 18, 29–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use data crossing Herald Canyon in the Chukchi Sea collected in 2008 and 2014 together with numerical modelling to investigate the circulation in the western Chukchi Sea. A large fraction of water from the Chukchi Sea enters the East Siberian Sea south of Wrangel Island and circulates in an anticyclonic direction around the island. To assess the differences between years, we use numerical modelling results, which show that high-frequency variability dominates the flow in Herald Canyon.
Amanda T. Nylund, Lars Arneborg, Anders Tengberg, Ulf Mallast, and Ida-Maja Hassellöv
Ocean Sci., 17, 1285–1302, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic and satellite observations of turbulent ship wakes show that ships can mix the water column down to 30 m depth and that a temperature signature of the wake can last for tens of kilometres after ship passage. Turbulent wakes deeper than 12 m were frequently detected, which is deeper than previously reported. The observed extent of turbulent ship wakes implies that in areas with intensive ship traffic, ship mixing should be considered when assessing environmental impacts from shipping.
Henrieka Detlef, Brendan Reilly, Anne Jennings, Mads Mørk Jensen, Matt O'Regan, Marianne Glasius, Jesper Olsen, Martin Jakobsson, and Christof Pearce
The Cryosphere, 15, 4357–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we examine the Nares Strait sea ice dynamics over the last 7000 years and their implications for the late Holocene readvance of the floating part of Petermann Glacier. We propose that the historically observed sea ice dynamics are a relatively recent feature, while most of the mid-Holocene was marked by variable sea ice conditions in Nares Strait. Nonetheless, major advances of the Petermann ice tongue were preceded by a shift towards harsher sea ice conditions in Nares Strait.
Matt O'Regan, Thomas M. Cronin, Brendan Reilly, Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup, Laura Gemery, Anna Golub, Larry A. Mayer, Mathieu Morlighem, Matthias Moros, Ole L. Munk, Johan Nilsson, Christof Pearce, Henrieka Detlef, Christian Stranne, Flor Vermassen, Gabriel West, and Martin Jakobsson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4073–4097, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ryder Glacier is a marine-terminating glacier in north Greenland discharging ice into the Lincoln Sea. Here we use marine sediment cores to reconstruct its retreat and advance behavior through the Holocene. We show that while Sherard Osborn Fjord has a physiography conducive to glacier and ice tongue stability, Ryder still retreated more than 40 km inland from its current position by the Middle Holocene. This highlights the sensitivity of north Greenland's marine glaciers to climate change.
Tobias Peter Bauer, Peter Holtermann, Bernd Heinold, Hagen Radtke, Oswald Knoth, and Knut Klingbeil
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4843–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the coupled atmosphere–ocean model system ICONGETM. The added value and potential of using the latest coupling technologies are discussed in detail. An exchange grid handles the different coastlines from the unstructured atmosphere and the structured ocean grids. Due to a high level of automated processing, ICONGETM requires only minimal user input. The application to a coastal upwelling scenario demonstrates significantly improved model results compared to uncoupled simulations.
Qing Li, Jorn Bruggeman, Hans Burchard, Knut Klingbeil, Lars Umlauf, and Karsten Bolding
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4261–4282, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Different ocean vertical mixing schemes are usually developed in different modeling framework, making the comparison across such schemes difficult. Here, we develop a consistent framework for testing, comparing, and applying different ocean mixing schemes by integrating CVMix into GOTM, which also extends the capability of GOTM towards including the effects of ocean surface waves. A suite of test cases and toolsets for developing and evaluating ocean mixing schemes is also described.
Colin Ware, Larry Mayer, Paul Johnson, Martin Jakobsson, and Vicki Ferrini
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 375–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-375-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-375-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) are widely used in geospatial applications, and terrains are often defined by regular grids in geographic coordinates. However, because of convergence of lines of longitude near the poles there is oversampling in the latitude (zonal) direction. Also, there is no standard way of defining a hierarchy of grids to consistently deal with data having different spatial resolutions. The proposed global geographic grid system solves both problems.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Elizabeth K. Robertson, Daniel J. Conley, Martijn Hermans, Christoph Humborg, L. Joëlle Kubeneck, Wytze K. Lenstra, and Caroline P. Slomp
Biogeosciences, 17, 2745–2766, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2745-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2745-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the removal of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the eutrophic Stockholm archipelago (SA). High sedimentation rates and sediment P contents lead to high P burial. Benthic denitrification is the primary nitrate-reducing pathway. Together, these mechanisms limit P and N transport to the open Baltic Sea. We expect that further nutrient load reduction will contribute to recovery of the SA from low-oxygen conditions and that the sediments will continue to remove part of the P and N loads.
Francesco Muschitiello, Matt O'Regan, Jannik Martens, Gabriel West, Örjan Gustafsson, and Martin Jakobsson
Geochronology, 2, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a new marine chronology of the last ~30 000 years for a sediment core retrieved from the central Arctic Ocean. Our new chronology reveals substantially faster sedimentation rates during the end of the last glacial cycle, the Last Glacial Maximum, and deglaciation than previously reported, thus implying a substantial re-interpretation of paleoceanographic reconstructions from this sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Zhongshi Zhang, Qing Yan, Ran Zhang, Florence Colleoni, Gilles Ramstein, Gaowen Dai, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Stefan Liess, Denis-Didier Rousseau, Naiqing Wu, Elizabeth J. Farmer, Camille Contoux, Chuncheng Guo, Ning Tan, and Zhengtang Guo
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-38, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Whether an ice sheet once grew over Northeast Siberia-Beringia has been debated for decades. By comparing climate modelling with paleoclimate and glacial records from around the North Pacific, this study shows that the Laurentide-Eurasia-only ice sheet configuration fails in explaining these records, while a scenario involving the ice sheet over Northeast Siberia-Beringia succeeds. It highlights the complexity in glacial climates and urges new investigations across Northeast Siberia-Beringia.
Kelly A. Hogan, Martin Jakobsson, Larry Mayer, Brendan T. Reilly, Anne E. Jennings, Joseph S. Stoner, Tove Nielsen, Katrine J. Andresen, Egon Nørmark, Katrien A. Heirman, Elina Kamla, Kevin Jerram, Christian Stranne, and Alan Mix
The Cryosphere, 14, 261–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial sediments in fjords hold a key record of environmental and ice dynamic changes during ice retreat. Here we use a comprehensive geophysical survey from the Petermann Fjord system in NW Greenland to map these sediments, identify depositional processes and calculate glacial erosion rates for the retreating palaeo-Petermann ice stream. Ice streaming is the dominant control on glacial erosion rates which vary by an order of magnitude during deglaciation and are in line with modern rates.
Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Christian Stranne, Elizabeth Weidner, Jim Hansson, Richard Gyllencreutz, Christoph Humborg, Tina Elfwing, Alf Norkko, Joanna Norkko, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied coastal sea floor terraces in parts of the Baltic Sea using various types of sonar data, sediment cores, and video. Terraces (~1 m high, > 100 m long) are widespread in depths < 15 m and are formed in glacial clay. Our study supports an origin from groundwater flow through silty layers, undermining overlying layers when discharged at the sea floor. Submarine groundwater discharge like this may be a significant source of freshwater to the Baltic Sea that needs to be studied further.
Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Lars Arneborg, and Helén C. Andersson
Ocean Sci., 15, 1399–1418, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1399-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1399-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assess storm surges in the Baltic Sea and how they are represented in a regional climate model. We show how well different model formulations agree with each other and how this model uncertainty relates to observational uncertainty. With an ensemble of model solutions that represent today's climate, we show that this uncertainty is of the same size as the observational uncertainty. The second part of this study compares climate uncertainty with scenario uncertainty and natural variability.
Christian Stranne, Matt O'Regan, Martin Jakobsson, Volker Brüchert, and Marcelo Ketzer
Solid Earth, 10, 1541–1554, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1541-2019, 2019
Martin Jakobsson, Christian Stranne, Matt O'Regan, Sarah L. Greenwood, Bo Gustafsson, Christoph Humborg, and Elizabeth Weidner
Ocean Sci., 15, 905–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-905-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-905-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The bottom topography of the Baltic Sea is analysed using the digital depth model from the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) published in 2018. Analyses include depth distribution vs. area and seafloor depth variation on a kilometre scale. The limits for the Baltic Sea and analysed sub-basins are from HELCOM. EMODnet is compared with the previously most widely used depth model and the area of deep water exchange between the Bothnian Sea and the Northern Baltic Proper.
Filippa Fransner, Agneta Fransson, Christoph Humborg, Erik Gustafsson, Letizia Tedesco, Robinson Hordoir, and Jonas Nycander
Biogeosciences, 16, 863–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-863-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-863-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Although rivers carry large amounts of organic material to the oceans, little is known about what fate it meets when it reaches the sea. In this study we are investigating the fate of the carbon in this organic matter by the use of a numerical model in combination with ship measurements from the northern Baltic Sea. Our results suggests that there is substantial remineralization taking place, transforming the organic carbon into CO2, which is released to the atmosphere.
Erik Gustafsson, Mathilde Hagens, Xiaole Sun, Daniel C. Reed, Christoph Humborg, Caroline P. Slomp, and Bo G. Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 16, 437–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-437-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-437-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work highlights that iron (Fe) dynamics plays a key role in the release of alkalinity from sediments, as exemplified for the Baltic Sea. It furthermore demonstrates that burial of Fe sulfides should be included in alkalinity budgets of low-oxygen basins. The sedimentary alkalinity generation may undergo large changes depending on both organic matter loads and oxygen conditions. Enhanced release of alkalinity from the seafloor can increase the CO2 storage capacity of seawater.
Birgit Wild, Natalia Shakhova, Oleg Dudarev, Alexey Ruban, Denis Kosmach, Vladimir Tumskoy, Tommaso Tesi, Hanna Joß, Helena Alexanderson, Martin Jakobsson, Alexey Mazurov, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-229, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The thaw and degradation of subsea permafrost on the Arctic Ocean shelves is one of the key uncertainties concerning natural greenhouse gas emissions since difficult access limits the availability of observational data. In this study, we describe sediment properties and age constraints of a unique set of three subsea permafrost cores from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, as well as content, origin and degradation state of organic matter at the current thaw front.
Zhongshi Zhang, Qing Yan, Elizabeth J. Farmer, Camille Li, Gilles Ramstein, Terence Hughes, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Ran Zhang, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Christophe Dumas, and Chuncheng Guo
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-79, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Our study challenges the widely accepted idea that the Laurentide-Eurasian ice sheets gradually extended across North America and Northwest Eurasia, and suggests the growth of the NH ice sheets is much more complicated. We find climate feedbacks regulate the distribution of the NH ice sheets, producing swings between two distinct ice sheet configurations: the Laurentide-Eurasian and a circum-Arctic configuration, where large ice sheets existed over Northeast Siberia and the Canadian Rockies.
Christian Stranne, Larry Mayer, Martin Jakobsson, Elizabeth Weidner, Kevin Jerram, Thomas C. Weber, Leif G. Anderson, Johan Nilsson, Göran Björk, and Katarina Gårdfeldt
Ocean Sci., 14, 503–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-503-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-503-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean surface mixed layer depth (MLD) is an important parameter within several research disciplines, as variations in the MLD influence air–sea CO2 exchange and ocean primary production. A new method is presented in which acoustic mapping of the MLD is done remotely by means of echo sounders. This method allows for observations of high-frequency variability in the MLD, as horizontal and temporal resolutions can be increased by orders of magnitude compared to traditional in situ measurements.
Göran Björk, Martin Jakobsson, Karen Assmann, Leif G. Andersson, Johan Nilsson, Christian Stranne, and Larry Mayer
Ocean Sci., 14, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents detailed bathymetric data along with hydrographic data at two deep passages across the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. The southern channel is relatively smooth with a sill depth close to 1700 m. Hydrographic data reveals an eastward flow in the southern part and opposite in the northern part. The northern passage is characterized by a narrow and steep ridge with a sill depth of 1470 m. Here, water exchange appears to occur in well-defined but irregular vertical layers.
Laura Gemery, Thomas M. Cronin, Robert K. Poirier, Christof Pearce, Natalia Barrientos, Matt O'Regan, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1473–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1473-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1473-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous, highly abundant and well-preserved fossil ostracodes were studied from radiocarbon-dated sediment cores collected on the Lomonosov Ridge (Arctic Ocean) that indicate varying oceanographic conditions during the last ~50 kyr. Ostracode assemblages from cores taken during the SWERUS-C3 2014 Expedition, Leg 2, reflect paleoenvironmental changes during glacial, deglacial, and interglacial transitions, including changes in sea-ice cover and Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin.
Matt O'Regan, Jan Backman, Natalia Barrientos, Thomas M. Cronin, Laura Gemery, Nina Kirchner, Larry A. Mayer, Johan Nilsson, Riko Noormets, Christof Pearce, Igor Semiletov, Christian Stranne, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1269–1284, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Past glacial activity on the East Siberian continental margin is poorly known, partly due to the lack of geomorphological evidence. Here we present geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope revealing the presence of a glacially excavated cross-shelf trough reaching to the continental shelf edge north of the De Long Islands. The data provide direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum.
Tommaso Tesi, Marc C. Geibel, Christof Pearce, Elena Panova, Jorien E. Vonk, Emma Karlsson, Joan A. Salvado, Martin Kruså, Lisa Bröder, Christoph Humborg, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
Ocean Sci., 13, 735–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-735-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-735-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recent Arctic studies suggest that sea-ice decline and permafrost thawing will affect the phytoplankton in the Arctic Ocean. However, in what way the plankton composition will change as the warming proceeds remains elusive. Here we show that the carbon composition of plankton might change as a function of the enhanced terrestrial organic carbon supply and progressive sea-ice thawing.
Thomas M. Cronin, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Laura Gemery, Michael Toomey, Igor Semiletov, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1097–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Global sea level rise during the last deglacial flooded the Siberian continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean. Sediment cores, radiocarbon dating, and microfossils show that the regional sea level in the Arctic rose rapidly from about 12 500 to 10 700 years ago. Regional sea level history on the Siberian shelf differs from the global deglacial sea level rise perhaps due to regional vertical adjustment resulting from the growth and decay of ice sheets.
Martin Jakobsson, Christof Pearce, Thomas M. Cronin, Jan Backman, Leif G. Anderson, Natalia Barrientos, Göran Björk, Helen Coxall, Agatha de Boer, Larry A. Mayer, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Johan Nilsson, Jayne E. Rattray, Christian Stranne, Igor Semiletov, and Matt O'Regan
Clim. Past, 13, 991–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic and Pacific oceans are connected by the presently ~53 m deep Bering Strait. During the last glacial period when the sea level was lower than today, the Bering Strait was exposed. Humans and animals could then migrate between Asia and North America across the formed land bridge. From analyses of sediment cores and geophysical mapping data from Herald Canyon north of the Bering Strait, we show that the land bridge was flooded about 11 000 years ago.
Johan Nilsson, Martin Jakobsson, Chris Borstad, Nina Kirchner, Göran Björk, Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, and Christian Stranne
The Cryosphere, 11, 1745–1765, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1745-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1745-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recent data suggest that a 1 km thick ice shelf extended over the glacial Arctic Ocean during MIS 6, about 140 000 years ago. Here, we theoretically analyse the development and equilibrium features of such an ice shelf. The ice shelf was effectively dammed by the Fram Strait and the mean ice-shelf thickness was controlled primarily by the horizontally integrated mass balance. Our results can aid in resolving some outstanding questions of the state of the glacial Arctic Ocean.
Clint M. Miller, Gerald R. Dickens, Martin Jakobsson, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, Matt O'Regan, Francesco Muschitiello, Christian Stranne, and Carl-Magnus Mörth
Biogeosciences, 14, 2929–2953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea are assumed to hold large amounts of methane. We present pore water chemistry from the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. These are among the first results generated from this vast climatically sensitive region, and they imply that abundant methane, including gas hydrates, do not characterize the East Siberian Sea slope or rise. This contradicts previous modeling and discussions, which due to the lack of data are almost entirely based assumption.
Leif G. Anderson, Göran Björk, Ola Holby, Sara Jutterström, Carl Magnus Mörth, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Igor Semiletov, Christian Stranne, Tim Stöven, Toste Tanhua, Adam Ulfsbo, and Martin Jakobsson
Ocean Sci., 13, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use data collected in 2014 to show that the outflow of nutrient-rich water occurs much further to the west than has been reported in the past. We suggest that this is due to much less summer sea-ice coverage in the northwestern East Siberian Sea than in the past decades. Further, our data support a more complicated flow pattern in the region where the Mendeleev Ridge reaches the shelf compared to the general cyclonic circulation within the individual basins as suggested historically.
Christof Pearce, Aron Varhelyi, Stefan Wastegård, Francesco Muschitiello, Natalia Barrientos, Matt O'Regan, Thomas M. Cronin, Laura Gemery, Igor Semiletov, Jan Backman, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 303–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-303-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-303-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of the Alaskan Aniakchak volcano of 3.6 thousand years ago was one of the largest Holocene eruptions worldwide. The resulting ash is found in several Alaskan sites and as far as Newfoundland and Greenland. In this study, we found ash from the Aniakchak eruption in a marine sediment core from the western Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean. Combined with radiocarbon dates on mollusks, the volcanic age marker is used to calculate the marine radiocarbon reservoir age at that time.
Erik Gustafsson, Christoph Humborg, Göran Björk, Christian Stranne, Leif G. Anderson, Marc C. Geibel, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Marcus Sundbom, Igor P. Semiletov, Brett F. Thornton, and Bo G. Gustafsson
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-115, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we quantify key carbon cycling processes on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. A specific aim is to determine the pathways of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) supplied by rivers and coastline erosion – and particularly to what extent degradation of terrestrial OC contributes to air-sea CO2 exchange. We estimate that the shelf is a weak CO2 sink, although this sink is considerably reduced mainly by degradation of eroded OC and to a lesser extent by degradation of riverine OC.
F. O. Nitsche, K. Gohl, R. D. Larter, C.-D. Hillenbrand, G. Kuhn, J. A. Smith, S. Jacobs, J. B. Anderson, and M. Jakobsson
The Cryosphere, 7, 249–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-249-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-249-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Approach: In situ Observations | Properties and processes: Internal waves, turbulence and mixing
Internal-tide vertical structure and steric sea surface height signature south of New Caledonia revealed by glider observations
Enhanced bed shear stress and mixing in the near wake of an offshore wind turbine monopile
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Luc Rainville, Clément Vic, Guillaume Sérazin, Fabien Durand, Frédéric Marin, and Jean-Luc Fuda
Ocean Sci., 20, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-945-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A unique dataset of glider observations reveals tidal beams south of New Caledonia – an internal-tide-generation hot spot in the southwestern tropical Pacific. Observations are in good agreement with numerical modeling output, highlighting the glider's capability to infer internal tides while assessing the model's realism of internal-tide dynamics. Discrepancies are in large part linked to eddy–internal-tide interactions. A methodology is proposed to deduce the internal-tide surface signature.
Martin J. Austin, Christopher A. Unsworth, Katrien J. J. Van Landeghem, and Ben J. Lincoln
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2056, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2056, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Novel hydrodynamic observations 40 m away from an offshore wind turbine monopile show that the turbulent tidal wake doubles the drag acting on the seabed, potentially enhancing sediment transport and impacting the seabed and the organisms that utilise it. It also enhances the vertical mixing of seawater, which drives the transport of heat, nutrients and oxygen. As offshore wind farms rapidly expand into deeper waters, array-scale wakes may have significant ecological impacts on our oceans.
Cited articles
Ahola, M.: Climate Change in the Baltic Sea2021 Fact Sheet: Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings no. 180, HELCOM/Baltic Earth 2021, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental research and monitoring, ISSN: 0357-2994, 2021.
Arneborg, L., Jansson, P., Staalstrøm, A., and Broström, G.: Tidal energy loss, internal tide radiation, and local dissipation for two-layer tidal flow over a sill, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 1521–1538, 2017.
Beckholmen, M. and Tiren, S. A.: The geological history of the Baltic Sea, A review of the literature and investigation tools, Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, ISSN: 2000-0456, 2009.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, eaam7240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Burchard, H., Bolding, K., Feistel, R., Gräwe, U., Klingbeil, K., MacCready, P., Mohrholz, V., Umlauf, L., and van der Lee, E. M.: The Knudsen theorem and the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework applied to the Baltic Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 165, 268–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.04.004, 2018.
Carstensen, J., Andersen, J. H., Gustafsson, B. G., and Conley, D. J.: Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 5628–5633, 2014.
Chrysagi, E., Umlauf, L., Holtermann, P., Klingbeil, K., and Burchard, H.: High-Resolution Simulations of Submesoscale Processes in the Baltic Sea: The Role of Storm Events, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 126, e2020JC016411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016411, 2021.
Cummins, P. F., Armi, L., and Vagle, S.: Upstream Internal Hydraulic Jumps, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 753–769, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2894.1, 2006.
Dargahi, B., Kolluru, V., and Cvetkovic, V.: Multi-layered stratification in the Baltic Sea: Insight from a modeling study with reference to environmental conditions, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 5, 2, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5010002, 2017.
Eilola, K. and Stigebrandt, A.: Spreading of juvenile freshwater in the Baltic proper, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 103, 27795–27807, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC02369, 1998.
Elken, J., Raudsepp, U., and Lips, U.: On the estuarine transport reversal in deep layers of the Gulf of Finland, J. Sea Res., 49, 267–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(03)00018-2, 2003.
Elken, J., Malkki, P., Alenius, P., and Stipa, T.: Large halocline variations in the Northern Baltic Proper and associated meso- and basin-scale processes, Oceanologia, 48, 91–117, 2006.
EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium: EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM 2020), https://doi.org/10.12770/BB6A87DD-E579-4036-ABE1-E649CEA9881A, 2020.
Farmer, D. and Armi, L.: Stratified flow over topography: the role of small-scale entrainment and mixing in flow establishment, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 455, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0448, 1998.
Geyer, W. R. and MacCready, P.: The estuarine circulation, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 46, 175–197, 2014.
Geyer, W. R., Lavery, A. C., Scully, M. E., and Trowbridge, J. H.: Mixing by shear instability at high Reynolds number, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045272, 2010.
Green, J. M., Liljebladh, B., and Omstedt, A.: Physical oceanography and water exchange in the Northern Kvark Strait, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 721–732, 2006.
Gregg, M. C., D'Asaro, E. A., Riley, J. J., and Kunze, E.: Mixing Efficiency in the Ocean, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 10, 443–473, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063643, 2018.
Gröger, M., Arneborg, L., Dieterich, C., Höglund, A., and Meier, H. E. M.: Summer hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak projected in an ensemble of climate scenarios downscaled with a coupled regional ocean–sea ice–atmosphere model, Clim. Dynam., 53, 5945–5966, 2019.
Gustafsson, B. G., Schenk, F., Blenckner, T., Eilola, K., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Neumann, T., Ruoho-Airola, T., Savchuk, O. P., and Zorita, E.: Reconstructing the Development of Baltic Sea Eutrophication 1850–2006, AMBIO, 41, 534–548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0318-x, 2012.
Håkansson, B., Alenius, P., and Brydsten, L.: Physical environment in the Gulf of Bothnia, Ambio, 5–12, 1996.
Hela, I.: A hydrographical survey of the waters in the Åland Sea, Geophysica, 6, 219–242, 1958.
HELCOM: State of the Baltic Sea – SecondHELCOM holistic assessment 2011–2016, Baltic Sea Environment, Proceedings 155, ISSN 0357-2994, https://helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/holistic-assessments/state-of-the-baltic-sea-2018/reports-and-materials/ (last access: 1 September 2023), 2018.
Hietala, R., Lundberg, P., and Nilsson, J. A. U.: A note on the deep-water inflow to the Bothnian Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 68, 255–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.12.004, 2007.
Jakobsson, M., Stranne, C., O'Regan, M., Greenwood, S. L., Gustafsson, B., Humborg, C., and Weidner, E.: Bathymetric properties of the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 15, 905–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-905-2019, 2019.
Jilbert, T., Conley, D. J., Gustafsson, B. G., Funkey, C. P., and Slomp, C. P.: Glacio-isostatic control on hypoxia in a high-latitude shelf basin, Geology, 43, 427–430, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36454.1, 2015.
Keeling, R. F., Körtzinger, A., and Gruber, N.: Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 199–229, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855, 2010.
Kniebusch, M.: Detection and attribution studies of climate related changes in the Baltic Sea since 1850, University Rostock, https://doi.org/10.18453/ROSDOK_ID00002664, 2019.
Knudsen, M.: Ein hydrographischer Lehrsatz, Ann. Hydrograph. Marit. Meteorol., 28, 316–320, 1900.
Kuliński, K., Rehder, G., Asmala, E., Bartosova, A., Carstensen, J., Gustafsson, B., Hall, P. O. J., Humborg, C., Jilbert, T., Jürgens, K., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Naumann, M., Olesen, J. E., Savchuk, O., Schramm, A., Slomp, C. P., Sofiev, M., Sobek, A., Szymczycha, B., and Undeman, E.: Biogeochemical functioning of the Baltic Sea, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 633–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, 2022.
Kullenberg, G.: Mixing in the Baltic Sea and Implications for the Environmental Conditions, in: Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 34, Elsevier, 399–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)71252-2, 1982.
Kuosa, H., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., Lehtinen, S., Lehtiniemi, M., Nygård, H., Raateoja, M., Raitaniemi, J., Tuimala, J., Uusitalo, L., and Suikkanen, S.: A retrospective view of the development of the Gulf of Bothnia ecosystem, J. Mar. Syst., 167, 78–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.11.020, 2017.
Lavery, A. C. and Ross, T.: Acoustic scattering from double-diffusive microstructure, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 122, 1449–1462, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2764475, 2007.
Leppäranta, M. and Myrberg, K.: Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer Science and Business Media, 423 pp., Springer, ISBN: 3540797033, 2009.
Lessin, G., Raudsepp, U., and Stips, A.: Modelling the influence of major baltic inflows on near-bottom conditions at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, PLoS One, 9, e112881, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112881, 2014.
Markus Meier, H. E., Feistel, R., Piechura, J., Arneborg, L., Burchard, H., Fiekas, V., Golenko, N., Kuzmina, N., Mohrholz, V., Nohr, C., Paka, V. T., Sellschopp, J., Stips, A., and Zhurbas, V.: Ventilation of the Baltic Sea deep water: A brief review of present knowledge from observations and models, Oceanologia, 48, 133–164, 2006.
Marmefelt, E. and Omstedt, A.: Deep water properties in the Gulf of Bothnia, Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 169–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90104-6, 1993.
Matthäus, W. and Franck, H.: Characteristics of major Baltic inflows – a statistical analysis, Cont. Shelf Res., 12, 1375–1400, 1992.
Meier, H. E. M.: Modeling the age of Baltic Seawater masses: Quantification and steady state sensitivity experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 110, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002607, 2005.
Meier, H. M.: Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt-and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 74, 610–627, 2007.
Meier, H. M., Döscher, R., and Faxén, T.: A multiprocessor coupled ice-ocean model for the Baltic Sea: Application to salt inflow, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 108, 3278, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000521, 2003.
Meier, H. M., Edman, M. K., Eilola, K. J., Placke, M., Neumann, T., Andersson, H. C., Brunnabend, S.-E., Dieterich, C., Frauen, C., and Friedland, R.: Assessment of eutrophication abatement scenarios for the Baltic Sea by multi-model ensemble simulations, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 440, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00440, 2018.
Muchowski, J., Umlauf, L., Arneborg, L., Holtermann, P., Weidner, E., Humborg, C., and Stranne, C.: Potential and Limitations of a Commercial Broadband Echosounder for Remote Observations of Turbulent Mixing, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 39, 1985–2003, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0169.1, 2022a.
Muchowski, J. C., Arneborg, L., Umlauf, L., Holtermann, P. L., Eisbrenner, E., Humborg, C., Jakobsson, M., and Stranne, C.: Diapycnal Mixing Induced by Rough Small-Scale Bathymetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103514, 2022b.
Muchowski, J. C., Stranne, C., Jakobsson, M., Arneborg, L., Umlauf, L., and Holtermann, P.: Acoustic and in-situ observations of stratified turbulent mixing near rough bathymetry in the Baltic Sea, Feb–Mar 2019 and 2020, Dataset version 1, Bolin Centre Database [data sets and video supplement], https://doi.org/10.17043/muchowski-2023-aland-sea-2019-2020-1, 2023.
Myrberg, K. and Andrejev, O.: Modelling of the circulation, water exchange and water age properties of the Gulf of Bothnia, Oceanologia, 48, 55–74, 2006.
Neumann, T., Siegel, H., Moros, M., Gerth, M., Kniebusch, M., and Heydebreck, D.: Ventilation of the northern Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 16, 767–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-767-2020, 2020.
Olofsson, M., Klawonn, I., and Karlson, B.: Nitrogen fixation estimates for the Baltic Sea indicate high rates for the previously overlooked Bothnian Sea, Ambio, 50, 203–214, 2021.
Osborn, T. R.: Estimates of the Local Rate of Vertical Diffusion from Dissipation Measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0083:EOTLRO>2.0.CO;2, 1980.
Palosuo, E.: A description of the seasonal variations of water exchange between the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Bothnia, 1964.
Polyakov, I. V., Tikka, K., Haapala, J., Alkire, M. B., Alenius, P., and Kuosa, H.: Depletion of Oxygen in the Bothnian Sea Since the Mid-1950s, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.917879, 2022.
Raateoja, M.: Deep-water oxygen conditions in the Bothnian Sea, Boreal Environ. Res., 18, 235–249, 2013.
Reissmann, J. H., Burchard, H., Feistel, R., Hagen, E., Lass, H. U., Mohrholz, V., Nausch, G., Umlauf, L., and Wieczorek, G.: Vertical Mixing in the Baltic Sea and Consequences for Eutrophication – A Review, Prog. Oceanogr., 2009.
Rolff, C. and Elfwing, T.: Increasing nitrogen limitation in the Bothnian Sea, potentially caused by inflow of phosphate-rich water from the Baltic Proper, Ambio, 44, 601–611, 2015.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399, 2017.
Seifert, T. and Kayser, B.: A high resolution sperical grid topography of the Baltic Sea”, Meeresw. Berichte, Marine Science Reports, No. 9, 72–88, 1995.
Seifert, T., Tauber, F., and Kayser, B.: A high resolution spherical grid topography of the Baltic Sea, 2nd Edn., Baltic Sea Science Congress, Stockholm, 25–29 November, Poster no. 147, https://www.io-warnemuende.de/topography-of-the-baltic-sea.html (last access: 15 December 2023), 2001.
Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P. and Andrén, E.: Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in?, in: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, edited by: Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Schubert, H., and Radziejewska, T., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 23–84, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2_2, 2017.
Stranne, C., Mayer, L., Weber, T. C., Ruddick, B. R., Jakobsson, M., Jerram, K., Weidner, E., Nilsson, J., and Gårdfeldt, K.: Acoustic Mapping of Thermohaline Staircases in the Arctic Ocean, Sci. Rep., 7, 15192, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15486-3, 2017.
Stranne, C., Mayer, L., Jakobsson, M., Weidner, E., Jerram, K., Weber, T. C., Anderson, L. G., Nilsson, J., Björk, G., and Gårdfeldt, K.: Acoustic mapping of mixed layer depth, Ocean Sci., 14, 503–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-503-2018, 2018.
Tuomi, L., Myrberg, K., and Lehmann, A.: The performance of the parameterisations of vertical turbulence in the 3D modelling of hydrodynamics in the Baltic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 50/51, 64–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.08.007, 2012.
Tuomi, L., Miettunen, E., Alenius, P., and Myrberg, K.: Evaluating hydrography, circulation and transport in a coastal archipelago using a high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic model, J. Mar. Syst., 180, 24–36, 2018.
Väli, G., Meier, H. E. M., and Elken, J.: Simulated halocline variability in the Baltic Sea and its impact on hypoxia during 1961–2007, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 6982–7000, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009192, 2013.
Westerlund, A. and Tuomi, L.: Vertical temperature dynamics in the Northern Baltic Sea based on 3D modelling and data from shallow-water Argo floats, J. Mar. Syst., 158, 34–44, 2016.
Westerlund, A., Miettunen, E., Tuomi, L., and Alenius, P.: Refined estimates of water transport through the Åland Sea in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 18, 89–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-89-2022, 2022.
Short summary
We show observational data of highly increased mixing and vertical salt flux rates in a sparsely sampled region of the northern Baltic Sea. Co-located acoustic observations complement our in situ measurements and visualize turbulent mixing with high spatial resolution. The observed mixing is generally not resolved in numerical models of the area but likely impacts the exchange of water between the adjacent basins as well as nutrient and oxygen conditions in the Bothnian Sea.
We show observational data of highly increased mixing and vertical salt flux rates in a sparsely...
