de Boyer Montégut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., Lazar, A., and Iudicone, D.: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002378, 2004.
Dommenget, D. and Jansen, M.: Predictions of Indian Ocean SST Indices with a Simple Statistical Model: A Null Hypothesis, J. Climate, 22, 4930–4938, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2846.1, 2009.
Guo, F., Liu, Q., Yang, J., and Fan, L.: Three types of Indian Ocean Basin modes, Clim. Dynam., 51, 4357–4370, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3676-z, 2018.
Japan Meteorological Agency/Japan: JRA-55: Japanese 55-year Reanalysis, Daily 3-Hourly and 6-Hourly Data, Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory [data set], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6HH6H41, 2013.
Jofia, J., Girishkumar, M. S., Ashin, K., Sureshkumar, N., Shivaprasad, S., and Pattabhi Ram Rao, E.: Mixed Layer Temperature Budget in the Arabian Sea During Winter 2019 and Spring 2019: The Role of Diapycnal Heat Flux, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 128, e2022JC019088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019088, 2023.
Joseph, P. V.: Warm pool in the Indian Ocean and monsoon onset, Tropical Ocean-Atmos. News Let., 53, 1–5, 1990.
Kim, S. T., Yu, J. Y., and Lu, M.-M.: The distinct behaviors of Pacific and Indian Ocean warm pool properties on seasonal and interannual time scales, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016557, 2012.
Klein, S. A., Soden, B. J., and Lau, N.-C.: Remote Sea Surface Temperature Variations during ENSO: Evidence for a Tropical Atmospheric Bridge, J. Climate, 12, 917–932, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0917:RSSTVD>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Oosterhof, D. K., and Mehta, A. V.: Air–Sea Interaction on the Time Scale of 30 to 50 Days, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1304–1322, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1304:AIOTTS>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Kumar, P., Hamlington, B., Cheon, S.-H., Han, W., and Thompson, P.: 20th Century Multivariate Indian Ocean Regional Sea Level Reconstruction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016270, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016270, 2020.
Kumar, P. V. H., Joshi, M., Sanilkumar, K. V., Rao, A. D., Anand, P., Kumar, K. M. A., and Rao, C. V. K. P.: Growth and decay of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool during May 2000: Observations and simulations, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56,, 528–540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.004, 2009.
Kurian, J. and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Mechanisms of formation of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool in a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C05009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003631, 2007.
Lau, K.-M. and Chan, P. H.: Intraseasonal and Interannual Variations of Tropical Convection: A Possible Link between the 40–50 Day Oscillation and ENSO?, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 506–521, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0506:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Lau, N.-C. and Nath, M. J.: Impact of ENSO on the Variability of the Asian–Australian Monsoons as Simulated in GCM Experiments, J. Climate, 13, 4287–4309, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4287:IOEOTV>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Lau, N.-C. and Nath, M. J.: Atmosphere–Ocean Variations in the Indo-Pacific Sector during ENSO Episodes, J. Climate, 16, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0003:AOVITI>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Li, S., Lu, J., Huang, G., and Hu, K.: Tropical Indian Ocean Basin Warming and East Asian Summer Monsoon: A Multiple AGCM Study, J. Climate, 21, 6080–6088, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2433.1, 2008.
Li, X., Xu, F., and Chen, H.: Correlation analysis of the cycle process between the western Pacific warm pool and ENSO during 1980–2016, Journal of Marine Meteorology, 37, 85–94, 2017.
Li, Y., Han, W., Wang, W., and Ravichandran, M.: Intraseasonal Variability of SST and Precipitation in the Arabian Sea during the Indian Summer Monsoon: Impact of Ocean Mixed Layer Depth, J. Climate, 29, 7889–7910, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0238.1, 2016.
Liu, Y., Yu, W., and Li, K.: Mixed layer heat budget in Bay of Bengal: Mechanism of the generation and decay of spring warm pool, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 35, 1–8, 2013.
Liu, Z. and Chu, Z.: The effects of penetration radiation and salinity on mixed layer depth, Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2, 19–25, 2007.
Meyers, G., McIntosh, P., Pigot, L., and Pook, M.: The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and Interactions with the Tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 20, 2872–2880, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4152.1, 2007.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Shankar, D., Aparna, S. G., Fernando, V., and Kankonkar, A.: Observed variability of the East India Coastal Current on the continental shelf during 2010–2018, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 129, 106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-1353-9, 2020.
Nagamani, P. V., Ali, M. M., Goni, G. J., Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S., McCreary, J. P., Weller, R. A., Rajeevan, M., Gopala Krishna, V. V., and Pezzullo, J. C.: Heat content of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool is increasing, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 17, 39–42, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.596, 2016.
Nogueira Neto, A. V., Giordani, H., Caniaux, G., and Araujo, M.: Seasonal and Interannual Mixed-Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5298–5322, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013436, 2018.
Pang, S., Wang, X., Liu, H., and Shao, C.: Multi-Scale Variations of Barrier Layer in the Tropical Ocean and Its Impacts on Air-Sea Interaction: A Review, Adv. Earth Sci., 36, 139–153, https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.022, 2021.
Picaut, J., Ioualalen, M., Menkes, C. E., Delcroix, T., and Mcphaden, M. J.: Mechanism of the Zonal Displacements of the Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for ENSO, Science, 274, 1486–1489, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5292.1486, 1996.
Rao, R. and Sivakumar, R.: On the possible mechanisms of the evolution of a mini-warm pool during the pre-summer monsoon season and the genesis of onset vortex in the South-Eastern Arabian Sea, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 787–809, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555503, 1999.
Rao, R. R., Jitendra, V., GirishKumar, M. S., Ravichandran, M., and Ramakrishna, S. S. V. S.: Interannual variability of the Arabian Sea Warm Pool: observations and governing mechanisms, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2119–2136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2243-0, 2015.
Sabu, P. and Revichandran, C.: Mixed layer processes of the Arabian Sea Warm Pool during spring intermonsoon: a study based on observational and satellite data, Int. J. Remote. Sens., 32, 5425–5441, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.501350, 2011.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360–363, https://doi.org/10.1038/43854, 1999.
Sanilkumar, K. V., Kumar, P. V. H., Joseph, J., and Panigrahi, J. K.: Arabian Sea mini warm pool during May 2000, Curr. Sci., 86, 180–184,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109531, 2004.
Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary Jr., J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245, 2009.
Seetaramayya, P. and Master, A.: Observed air-sea interface conditions and a monsoon depression during MONEX-79, Arch. Meteorol., Geophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. A., 33, 61–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265431, 1984.
Sengupta, D., Parampil, S. R., Bhat, G. S., Murty, V. S. N., Ramesh Babu, V., Sudhakar, T., Premkumar, K., and Pradhan, Y.: Warm pool thermodynamics from the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C10008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004623, 2008.
Shankar, D. and Shetye, S. R.: On the dynamics of the Lakshadweep high and low in the southeastern Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 12551–12562, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00465, 1997.
Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Unnikrishnan, A. S.: The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 52, 63–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00024-1, 2002.
Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shankar, D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Vinayachandran, P. N., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S., and Nampoothiri, G.: Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 14011–14025, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03307, 1996.
Song, Q., Vecchi, G. A., and Rosati, A. J.: Indian Ocean Variability in the GFDL Coupled Climate Model, J. Climate, 20, 2895–2916, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4159.1, 2007.
Sprintall, J. and Tomczak, M.: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 7305–7316, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00407, 1992.
Sullivan, S. C., Schiro, K. A., Stubenrauch, C., and Gentine, P.: The Response of Tropical Organized Convection to El Niño Warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 8481–8500, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031026, 2019.
Thandlam, V., Rahaman, H., Rutgersson, A., Sahlee, E., Ravichandran, M., and Ramakrishna, S. S. V. S.: Quantifying the role of antecedent Southwestern Indian Ocean capacitance on the summer monsoon rainfall variability over homogeneous regions of India, Sci. Rep., 13, 5553, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32840-w, 2023.
Thandlam, V., T. V. S., U. B., Hasibur, R., De Luca, P., Sahlée, E., Rutgersson, A., Ravichandran, M., and Ramakrishna, S. S. V. S.: A sea-level monopole in the equatorial Indian Ocean, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 3, 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0127-z, 2020.
Venugopal, T., Ali, M. M., Bourassa, M. A., Zheng, Y., Goni, G. J., Foltz, G. R., and Rajeevan, M.: Statistical Evidence for the Role of Southwestern Indian Ocean Heat Content in the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall, Sci. Rep., 8, 12092, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30552-0, 2018.
Webster, P. J. and Lukas, R.: TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377–1416, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1377:TCTCOR>2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J., and Leben, R. R.: Coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98, Nature, 401, 356–360, https://doi.org/10.1038/43848, 1999.
