Articles | Volume 18, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-255-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-255-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 24 Feb 2022
| 24 Feb 2022
Global distribution and variability of subsurface chlorophyll a concentrations
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, 237-0061,
Japan
Tsuneo Ono
Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
Kosei Sasaoka
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, 237-0061,
Japan
Kanako Sato
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, 237-0061,
Japan
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Cited
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Response of oceanic subsurface chlorophyll maxima to environmental drivers in the Northern Indian Ocean S. Garg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117528
- Spatial variations and controlling factors in phytoplankton composition at deep chlorophyll maxima in the Bay of Bengal V. Sarma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2025.105539
- Variation in SCM Supply Effects as Reflected by Coupling Relationship with Pycnocline J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17193283
- Evidence of colony- and individual-level variation in habitat usage of Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) I. Cleasby et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-024-04502-6
- Decadal analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, algal blooms and driving factors from a fixed-point observing system in the Northern Adriatic Sea S. Toller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109423
- Relative depths of the subsurface peaks of phytoplankton abundance conserved over ocean provinces M. Sato et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12222
- LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry C. Nissen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024
- Status and prospects of biogeochemical Argo observations of chlorophyll-a in the northwest Pacific H. Hayashida et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-025-00750-2
- How important is the damping effect of phytoplankton on ENSO? K. Koike et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae16bd
- Light‐Driven and Nutrient‐Driven Displacements of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Depth in Subtropical Gyres X. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104510
- Large impact of light on alkenone-inferred temperatures from continuous cultures of the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa (Emiliania) huxleyi under nutrient limitation J. Sachs & M. Wolhowe https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.12.057
- Mesoscale Eddy Modulation of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers in the South China Sea W. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007648
- Delineating morphological traits of oceanic micro-phytoplankton as potential ecological indicators P. Paul & J. Patil https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116952
- Impacts of IOD and ENSO on the phytoplankton’s vertical variability in the Northern Indian Ocean Q. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1523434
- Visible radiation-driven photomineralization and photoproduction of dissolved organic matter in a large estuary: implications for coastal ocean biogeochemical cycles G. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EM01004G
- Exploitation status and spawning potential ratio of banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) after trawling ban in Kaimana, West Papua A. Pane et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102884
- Photoacclimation contributes to Arctic primary production under sea ice and around the subsurface chlorophyll maximum Y. Masuda et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03181-z
- Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes V. Di Biagio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022
- Intelligent Sparse2Dense Profile Reconstruction for Predicting Global Subsurface Chlorophyll Maxima Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3464850
- The Indonesian Seas as a Potential Regional Exception to Global Ocean Darkening: Indications of Long-term Euphotic Zone Depth (Zeu) Deepening Associated with Suspended Particulate Matter and Surface Shortwave Radiation Q. Sari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2026.105067
- Simulated decadal variations of surface and subsurface phytoplankton in the upstream Kuroshio Extension region T. Tozuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-022-00532-0
- Seasonal and interannual variability of biogeochemical parameters in the Arabian sea and its relation to extreme climatic events M. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2025.2581419
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Dissolved oxygen as an indicator of multiple drivers of the marine ecosystem: the southern Adriatic Sea case study V. Di Biagio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023
- Response of oceanic subsurface chlorophyll maxima to environmental drivers in the Northern Indian Ocean S. Garg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117528
- Spatial variations and controlling factors in phytoplankton composition at deep chlorophyll maxima in the Bay of Bengal V. Sarma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2025.105539
- Variation in SCM Supply Effects as Reflected by Coupling Relationship with Pycnocline J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17193283
- Evidence of colony- and individual-level variation in habitat usage of Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) I. Cleasby et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-024-04502-6
- Decadal analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, algal blooms and driving factors from a fixed-point observing system in the Northern Adriatic Sea S. Toller et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109423
- Relative depths of the subsurface peaks of phytoplankton abundance conserved over ocean provinces M. Sato et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12222
- LIGHT-bgcArgo-1.0: using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatiotemporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry C. Nissen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6415-2024
- Status and prospects of biogeochemical Argo observations of chlorophyll-a in the northwest Pacific H. Hayashida et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-025-00750-2
- How important is the damping effect of phytoplankton on ENSO? K. Koike et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae16bd
- Light‐Driven and Nutrient‐Driven Displacements of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Depth in Subtropical Gyres X. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104510
- Large impact of light on alkenone-inferred temperatures from continuous cultures of the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa (Emiliania) huxleyi under nutrient limitation J. Sachs & M. Wolhowe https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.12.057
- Mesoscale Eddy Modulation of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers in the South China Sea W. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007648
- Delineating morphological traits of oceanic micro-phytoplankton as potential ecological indicators P. Paul & J. Patil https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116952
- Impacts of IOD and ENSO on the phytoplankton’s vertical variability in the Northern Indian Ocean Q. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1523434
- Visible radiation-driven photomineralization and photoproduction of dissolved organic matter in a large estuary: implications for coastal ocean biogeochemical cycles G. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EM01004G
- Exploitation status and spawning potential ratio of banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) after trawling ban in Kaimana, West Papua A. Pane et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102884
- Photoacclimation contributes to Arctic primary production under sea ice and around the subsurface chlorophyll maximum Y. Masuda et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03181-z
- Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes V. Di Biagio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022
- Intelligent Sparse2Dense Profile Reconstruction for Predicting Global Subsurface Chlorophyll Maxima Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3464850
- The Indonesian Seas as a Potential Regional Exception to Global Ocean Darkening: Indications of Long-term Euphotic Zone Depth (Zeu) Deepening Associated with Suspended Particulate Matter and Surface Shortwave Radiation Q. Sari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2026.105067
- Simulated decadal variations of surface and subsurface phytoplankton in the upstream Kuroshio Extension region T. Tozuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-022-00532-0
- Seasonal and interannual variability of biogeochemical parameters in the Arabian sea and its relation to extreme climatic events M. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2025.2581419
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 01 Jun 2026
Short summary
Chlorophyll a (Chl a), which is the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, often retains its maximum value in the subsurface layer rather that at the surface. In this study, we integrate Chl a concentration data from recent biogeochemical floats, as well as from historical ship-based and other observations, and present global maps of subsurface Chl a concentration and seasonal and interannual variations with related variables, i.e., light intensity, nitrate concentration, and oxygen production.
Chlorophyll a (Chl a), which is the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, often retains its...
