Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1451-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1451-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 13 Oct 2022
| 13 Oct 2022
A clustering approach to determine biophysical provinces and physical drivers of productivity dynamics in a complex coastal sea
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Elise M. Olson
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Susan E. Allen
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Debby Ianson
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Karyn D. Suchy
Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Related authors
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Tereza Jarníková, John Dacey, Martine Lizotte, Maurice Levasseur, and Philippe Tortell
Biogeosciences, 15, 2449–2465, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents some of the first high-resolution measurements of a biologically-produced climate-active sulfur gas (dimethylsulfide – DMS) ever made in the Canadian Arctic, taken using two novel high-resolution sampling techniques aboard an icebreaker in the summer of 2015. We show increased concentrations of DMS and its precursors in frontal zones and areas of high sea ice accumulation. Our results provide a snapshot of climate-active gas dynamics in a rapidly changing Arctic.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Eleanor Simpson, Debby Ianson, Karen E. Kohfeld, Ana C. Franco, Paul A. Covert, Marty Davelaar, and Yves Perreault
Biogeosciences, 21, 1323–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shellfish aquaculture operates in nearshore areas where data on ocean acidification parameters are limited. We show daily and seasonal variability in pH and saturation states of calcium carbonate at nearshore aquaculture sites in British Columbia, Canada, and determine the contributing drivers of this variability. We find that nearshore locations have greater variability than open waters and that the uptake of carbon by phytoplankton is the major driver of pH and saturation state variability.
Laura Bianucci, Jennifer M. Jackson, Susan E. Allen, Maxim V. Krassovski, Ian J. W. Giesbrecht, and Wendy C. Callendar
Ocean Sci., 20, 293–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-293-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
While the deeper waters in the coastal ocean show signs of climate-change-induced warming and deoxygenation, some fjords can keep cool and oxygenated waters in the subsurface. We use a model to investigate how these subsurface waters created during winter can linger all summer in Bute Inlet, Canada. We found two main mechanisms that make this fjord retentive: the typical slow subsurface circulation in such a deep, long fjord and the further speed reduction when the cold waters are present.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Patrick J. Duke, Roberta C. Hamme, Debby Ianson, Peter Landschützer, Mohamed M. M. Ahmed, Neil C. Swart, and Paul A. Covert
Biogeosciences, 20, 3919–3941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is both impacted by climate change and helps mitigate its effects through taking up carbon from the atmosphere. We used a machine learning approach to investigate what controls open-ocean carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean. Marine heatwaves that lasted 2–3 years increased uptake, while the upwelling strength of the Alaskan Gyre controlled uptake over 10-year time periods. The trend from 1998–2019 suggests carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific open ocean is increasing.
Ben Moore-Maley and Susan E. Allen
Ocean Sci., 18, 143–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-143-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-143-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Inland seas are critical habitats for globally important fisheries, and the local food webs that support these fisheries are often limited by surface nutrient availability. In the Strait of Georgia, which supports several key northern Pacific fisheries, we identify wind-driven upwelling as a dominant source of summer surface nutrients using a high-resolution coupled ecosystem model. This newly identified underlying mechanism will inform interpretations of ecosystem variability in the region.
Benjamin L. Moore-Maley, Debby Ianson, and Susan E. Allen
Biogeosciences, 15, 3743–3760, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3743-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3743-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are vulnerable to ocean acidification, but present-day estuarine pH and aragonite saturation state variability are larger than in the open ocean. Using a numerical model of a large estuary and data from its primary river, we find that changes in river alkalinity relative to river carbon may determine a small but significant portion of this variability, while the majority is controlled by photosynthesis/respiration. Future watershed changes may shift the river alkalinity–carbon balance.
Tereza Jarníková, John Dacey, Martine Lizotte, Maurice Levasseur, and Philippe Tortell
Biogeosciences, 15, 2449–2465, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents some of the first high-resolution measurements of a biologically-produced climate-active sulfur gas (dimethylsulfide – DMS) ever made in the Canadian Arctic, taken using two novel high-resolution sampling techniques aboard an icebreaker in the summer of 2015. We show increased concentrations of DMS and its precursors in frontal zones and areas of high sea ice accumulation. Our results provide a snapshot of climate-active gas dynamics in a rapidly changing Arctic.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
J. M. Spurgin and S. E. Allen
Ocean Sci., 10, 799–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-799-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-799-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Anderies, J. M. and Beisner, B. E.: Fluctuating environments and phytoplankton
community structure: a stochastic model, Am. Nat., 155,
556–569, 2000. a
Boldt, J. L., Thompson, M., Rooper, C. N., Hay, D. E., Schweigert, J. F.,
Quinn II, T. J., Cleary, J. S., and Neville, C. M.: Bottom-up and top-down
control of small pelagic forage fish: factors affecting age-0 herring in the
Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 617,
53–66, 2019. a, b
Chandler, P. C., King, S. A., and Perry, R. I. (Eds.): State of the physical,
biological and selected fishery resources of Pacific Canadian marine
ecosystems in 2016, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, ISBN 978-0-660-09251-5, 2016. a
Cloern, J. E. and Dufford, R.: Phytoplankton community ecology: principles
applied in San Francisco Bay, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 285, 11–28,
2005. a
Collins, A. K., Allen, S. E., and Pawlowicz, R.: The role of wind in
determining the timing of the spring bloom in the Strait of Georgia,
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 66, 1597–1616, 2009. a
Deppe, R. W., Thomson, J., Polagye, B., and Krembs, C.: Predicting deep water
intrusions to Puget Sound, WA (USA), and the seasonal
modulation of dissolved oxygen, Estuar. Coast., 41, 114–127, 2018. a
DFO: Institute of Ocean Sciences Data Archive, Ocean Sciences Division, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada [data set], https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/data-donnees/index-eng.html (last acces: 10 February 2020), 2016. a
Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. J., and Bragg, J. G.: Modeling the coupling of
ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB4017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003405, 2009. a
Evans, W., Pocock, K., Hare, A., Weekes, C., Hales, B., Jackson, J.,
Gurney-Smith, H., Mathis, J. T., Alin, S. R., and Feely, R. A.: Marine
CO2 patterns in the northern Salish Sea, Frontiers in Marine
Science, 5, 536, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00536, 2019. a
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., and Falkowski, P.: Primary
production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components,
Science, 281, 237–240, 1998. a
Fischer, H., List, E., Koh, R., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N.: Mixing in inland
and coastal waters, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-08-051177-1, 1979. a
Follows, M. J., Dutkiewicz, S., Grant, S., and Chisholm, S. W.: Emergent
biogeography of microbial communities in a model ocean, Science, 315,
1843–1846, 2007. a
Gentemann, C. L., Fewings, M. R., and García-Reyes, M.: Satellite sea
surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during
the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 312–319, 2017. a
Giddings, S. N. and MacCready, P.: Reverse Estuarine Circulation Due to Local
and Remote Wind Forcing, Enhanced by the Presence of Along-Coast Estuaries,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 10184–10205,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012479, 2017. a
Gower, J., King, S., Statham, S., Fox, R., and Young, E.: The Malaspina Dragon:
a newly-discovered pattern of the early spring bloom in the Strait of
Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, Prog. Oceanogr., 115, 181–188,
2013. a
Grover, J. P.: Resource competition in a variable environment: phytoplankton
growing according to Monod's model, Am. Nat., 136, 771–789,
1990. a
Grover, J. P., HUDZIAK, J., and Grover, J. D.: Resource competition, Vol. 19,
Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-1-4615-6397-6, 1997. a
Haigh, R. and Taylor, F.: Mosaicism of microplankton communities in the
northern Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Mar. Biol., 110,
301–314, 1991. a
Huisman, J., Sharples, J., Stroom, J. M., Visser, P. M., Kardinaal, W. E. A.,
Verspagen, J. M., and Sommeijer, B.: Changes in turbulent mixing shift
competition for light between phytoplankton species, Ecology, 85, 2960–2970,
2004. a
Jarníková, T.: tjarnikova/CLUSTER_OS: Supplementary Code for Jarnikova et al. 2022 (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7144696, 2022a. a
Jarníková, T.: SalishSeaCast/NEMO-3.6-CLUSTER: Model Source Code for Jarnikova et al. 2022 (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7144812, 2022b. a
Keppler, L., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Lauvset, S., and Stemmler, I.:
Seasonal Carbon Dynamics in the Near-Global Ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006571, e2020GB006571, 2020. a
Khangaonkar, T., Long, W., and Xu, W.: Assessment of circulation and
inter-basin transport in the Salish Sea including Johnstone Strait and
Discovery Islands pathways, Ocean Model., 109, 11–32, 2017. a
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Nakaoka, S., Payne, M. R., Sasse, T. P., and Zeng, J.: A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 10, 7793–7815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013, 2013. a
Legendre, L.: Hydrodynamic control of marine phytoplankton production: the
paradox of stability, Elsev. Oceanogr. Serie., 32, 191–207, 1981. a
Liu, J.: Evaluation of a NEMO model of the Strait of Georgia and
insights into mixing and transport of the Fraser River plume, Master's
thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0343600 (last access: 20 April 2022),
2014. a
Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T., and Caverhill, C.: An estimate of
global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data,
J. Plankton Res., 17, 1245–1271, 1995. a
MacCready, P., McCabe, R. M., Siedlecki, S. A., Lorenz, M., Giddings, S. N.,
Bos, J., Albertson, S., Banas, N., and Garnier, S.: Estuarine circulation,
mixing, and residence times in the Salish Sea, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016738, 2021. a
Mackas, D. L. and Harrison, P. J.: Nitrogenous nutrient sources and sinks in
the Juan de Fuca Strait/Strait of Georgia/Puget Sound estuarine
system: assessing the potential for eutrophication, Estuar. Coast.
Shelf S., 44, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0110, 1997. a
Madec, G., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Bouttier, P.-A., et al.: NEMO ocean engine. In Notes du Pôle de modélisation de l'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) (v3.6-patch, Number 27), Zenodo [software documentation], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248739, 2017. a
Mahara, N., Pakhomov, E., Dosser, H., and Hunt, B.: How zooplankton communities
are shaped in a complex and dynamic coastal system with strong tidal
influence, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 249, 107103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107103, 2021. a
Malick, M. J., Cox, S. P., Mueter, F. J., and Peterman, R. M.: Linking
phytoplankton phenology to salmon productivity along a north–south gradient
in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci., 72, 697–708, 2015. a
Mangiameli, P., Chen, S. K., and West, D.: A comparison of SOM neural network
and hierarchical clustering methods, Eur. J. Oper.
Res., 93, 402–417, 1996. a
Masson, D.: Deep water renewal in the Strait of Georgia, Estuar. Coast.
Shelf S., 54, 115–126, 2002. a
Maulik, U. and Bandyopadhyay, S.: Performance evaluation of some clustering
algorithms and validity indices, IEEE T. Pattern Anal., 24, 1650–1654, 2002. a
Milbrandt, J. A., Bélair, S., Faucher, M., Vallée, M., Carrera, M. L.,
and Glazer, A.: The pan-Canadian high resolution (2.5 km)
deterministic prediction system, Weather Forecast., 31,
1791–1816, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0035.1, 2016. a
Moore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Newton, J. A., Kawase, M., Warner, M. J., and
Kellogg, J. P.: A descriptive analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of
variability in Puget Sound oceanographic properties, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 80, 545–554, 2008. a
Moore-Maley, B. and Allen, S. E.: Wind-driven upwelling and surface nutrient delivery in a semi-enclosed coastal sea, Ocean Sci., 18, 143–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-143-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d
Morrison, J., Foreman, M., and Masson, D.: A method for estimating monthly
freshwater discharge affecting British Columbia coastal waters,
Atmosphere-Ocean, 50, 1–8, 2012. a
Nemcek, N., Hennekes, M., and Perry, I.: Seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton
community in the Salish Sea from HPLC, in: State of the Physical,
Biological and Selected Fishery Resources of Pacific Canadian Marine
Ecosystems in 2019, edited by: Boldt, J. L., Javorski, A., and Chandler,
P. C., chap. 39, 169–173, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 3377, ISBN 978-0-660-34961-9, 2020. a, b
Ocean Sciences Division (Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada):
Institute of Ocean Sciences Data Archive,
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/data-donnees/index-eng.html (last access: 10 April 2022),
2020. a
Pawlowicz, R., Riche, O., and Halverson, M.: The circulation and residence time
of the Strait of Georgia using a simple mixing-box approach,
Atmosphere-Ocean, 45, 173–193, 2007. a
Pawlowicz, R., Suzuki, T., Chappell, R., Ta, A., and Esenkulova, S.: Atlas of
oceanographic conditions in the Strait of Georgia (2015–2019) based on
the Pacific Salmon Foundation's Citizen Science Dataset, Canadian Technical
Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3374, ISBN 9780660349367, 2020. a, b
Pike, R. G., Redding, T., Moore, R., Winkler, R., and Bladon, K. (Eds.):
Compendium of forest hydrology and geomorphology in British Columbia,
Land Management Handbook-Ministry of Forests and Range, in: For. Sci. Prog., Victoria, BC and FORREX Forum for Research and Extension in Natural Resources, Kamloops, BC Land Manag. Handb, Vol. 66, ISBN 978-0-7726-6332-0, 2010. a
Preikshot, D., Beamish, R. J., and Neville, C. M.: A dynamic model describing
ecosystem-level changes in the Strait of Georgia from 1960 to 2010,
Prog. Oceanogr., 115, 28–40, 2013. a
Richardson, A. J.: In hot water: zooplankton and climate change, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65, 279–295, 2008. a
SalishSeaCast Project Contributors: griddap, SalishSeaCast ERDDAP server [data set], https://salishsea.eos.ubc.ca/erddap/index.html, last access: 4 October 2022. a
Sonnewald, M., Dutkiewicz, S., Hill, C., and Forget, G.: Elucidating ecological
complexity: Unsupervised learning determines global marine eco-provinces,
Sci. Adv., 6, eaay4740, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay4740, 2020. a
Soontiens, N., Allen, S. E., Latornell, D., Le Souëf, K., Machuca, I.,
Paquin, J.-P., Lu, Y., Thompson, K., and Korabel, V.: Storm surges in the
Strait of Georgia simulated with a regional model, Atmosphere-Ocean, 54,
1–21, 2016. a
St. John, M., Marinone, S., Stronach, J., Harrison, P., Fyfe, J., and Beamish,
R.: A horizontally resolving physical–biological model of nitrate
concentration and primary productivity in the Strait of Georgia, Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, 1456–1466, 1993. a
Sun, Q., Little, C. M., Barthel, A. M., and Padman, L.: A clustering-based approach to ocean model–data comparison around Antarctica, Ocean Sci., 17, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-131-2021, 2021. a
Sutton, J. N., Johannessen, S. C., and Macdonald, R. W.: A nitrogen budget for the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, with emphasis on particulate nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, Biogeosciences, 10, 7179–7194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7179-2013, 2013.
a
Sverdrup, H.: On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton, J. Cons.
Int. Explor. Mer., 18, 287–295, 1953. a
Thomson, R., Mihály, S., and Kulikov, E.: Estuarine versus transient flow
regimes in Juan de Fuca Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C09022,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003925, 2007. a
Umlauf, L. and Burchard, H.: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical
turbulence models, J. Marine Res., 61, 235–265, 2003. a
Ward Jr., J. H.: Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function,
J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 58, 236–244, 1963. a
Wasser, S. K., Lundin, J. I., Ayres, K., Seely, E., Giles, D., Balcomb, K.,
Hempelmann, J., Parsons, K., and Booth, R.: Population growth is limited by
nutritional impacts on pregnancy success in endangered Southern Resident
killer whales (Orcinus orca), PLoS One, 12, e0179824, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179824, 2017. a
Wishart, D.: 256. Note: An algorithm for hierarchical classifications,
Biometrics, 25, 165–170, 1969. a
Yin, K., Goldblatt, R. H., Harrison, P. J., John, M. A. S., Clifford, P. J.,
and Beamish, R. J.: Importance of wind and river discharge in influencing
nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton production in summer in the central
Strait of Georgia, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 161, 173–183, 1997. a
Short summary
Understanding drivers of phytoplankton biomass in dynamic coastal regions is key to predicting present and future ecosystem functioning. Using a clustering-based method, we objectively determined biophysical provinces in a complex estuarine sea. The Salish Sea contains three major distinct provinces where phytoplankton dynamics are controlled by diverse stratification regimes. Our method is simple to implement and broadly applicable for identifying structure in large model-derived datasets.
Understanding drivers of phytoplankton biomass in dynamic coastal regions is key to predicting...
